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Chapter 2
Second-Order Differential
Equations
2.1 The Linear Second-Order Equation

1. It is a routine exercise in differentiation to show that y1 (x) and y2 (x) are
solutions of the homogeneous equation, while yp (x) is a solution of the
nonhomogeneous equation. The Wronskian of y1 (x) and y2 (x) is
sin(6x) cos(6x)
W (x) = = −6 sin2 (x) − 6 sin2 (x) = −6,
6 cos(6x) −6 sin(6x)
and this is nonzero for all x, so these solutions are linearly independent
on the real line. The general solution of the nonhomogeneous differential
equation is
1
y = c1 sin(6x) + c2 cos(6x) + (x − 1).
36
For the initial value problem, we need
1
y(0) = c2 − = −5
36
so c2 = −179/36. And
1
y 0 (0) = 2 = 6c1 +
36
so c1 = 71/216. The unique solution of the initial value problem is
71 179 1
y(x) = sin(6x) − cos(6x) + (x − 1).
216 36 36
2. The Wronskian of e4x and e−4x is

e4x e−4x
W (x) = = −8 = 0
4e4x −4e−4x
37
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
38 CHAPTER 2. SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
so these solutions of the associated homogeneous equation are indepen-

dent. With the particular solution yp (x) of the nonhomogeneous equation,
this equation has general solution
1 2 1
y(x) = c1 e4x + c2 e−4x − x − .
4 32
From the initial conditions we obtain
1
y(0) = c1 + c2 − = 12
32
and
y 0 (0) = 4c1 − 4c2 = 3.
Solve these to obtain c1 = 409/64 and c2 = 361/64 to obtain the solution
409 4x 361 −4x 1 2 1
y(x) = e + e − x − .
64 64 4 32
3. The associated homogeneous equation has solutions e−2x and e−x . Their
Wronskian is
e−2x e−x
W (x) =
= e−3x
−2e−2x −e−x
and this is nonzero for all x. The general solution of the nonhomogeneous
differential equation is
15
y(x) = c1 e−2x + c2 e−x + .
2
For the initial value problem, solve
15
y(0) = −3 = c1 + c2 +
2
and
y 0 (0) = −1 = −2c1 − c2
to get c1 = 23/2, c2 = −22. The initial value problem has solution
23 −2x 15
y(x) = e − 22e−x + .
2 2
4. The associated homogeneous equation has solutions
y1 (x) = e3x cos(2x), y2 (x) = e3x sin(2x).
The Wronskian of these solutions is

e3x cos(2x) e3x sin(2x)
W (x) = = e6x = 0
3e3x cos(2x) − 2e3x sin(2x) 3e3x sin(2x) + 2e3x cos(2x)
2.1. THE LINEAR SECOND-ORDER EQUATION 39
for all x. The general solution of the nonhomogeneous equation is

1 x
y(x) = c1 e3x cos(2x) + c2 e3x sin(2x) − e .
8
To satisfy the initial conditions, it is required that
1
y(0) = −1 = c1 −
8
and
1
3c1 + 2c2 −
= 1.
8
Solve these to obtain c1 = −7/8 and c2 = 15/8. The solution of the initial
value problem is
7 15 1
y(x) = − e3x cos(2x) + e3x sin(2x) − e x .
8 8 8
5. The associated homogeneous equation has solutions
y1 (x) = ex cos(x), y2 (x) = ex sin(x).
These have Wronskian

ex cos(x) ex sin(x)
W (x) = = e2x = 0
ex cos(x) − ex sin(x) ex sin(x) + ex cos(x)
so these solutions are independent. The general solution of the nonhomo-

geneous differential equation is
5 2 5
y(x) = c1 ex cos(x) + c2 ex sin(x) − c − 5x − .
2 2
We need
5
y(0) = c1 − =6
2
and
y 0 (0) = 1 = c1 + c2 − 5.
Solve these to get c1 = 17/2 and c2 = −5/2 to get the solution
17 x 5 5 5
y(x) = e cos(x) − ex sin(x) − x2 − 5x − .
2 2 2 2
6. Suppose y1 and y2 are solutions of the homogeneous equation (2.2). Then
y 100 + py01 + qy1 = 0

and
y 00 0
2 + py2 + qy2 = 0.
Multiply the first equation by y2 and the second by −y1 and add the
resulting equations to obtain
y100 y2 − y200 y1 + p(y10 y2 − y20 y1 ) = 0.
We want to relate this equation to the Wronskian of these solutions, which

is
W = y1 y20 − y2 y10 .
Now
W 0 = y1 y200 − y2 y 100 .
Then
W 0 + pW = 0.
This is a linear first-order differential equation for W . Multiply this equa-
tion by the integrating factor
R
p(x) dx
e
to obtain R R
p(x) dx p(x) dx
We + pW e = 0,
which we can write as

R 0
p(x) dx
We = 0.
Integrate this to obtain R

p(x) dx
We = k,
with k constant. Then
R
W (x) = ke− p(x) dx
.
This shows that W (x) = 0 for all x (if k = 0), and W (x) = 0 for all x (if
k = 0).
Now suppose that y1 and y2 are independent and observe that
d y2 y 1 y 0 −y 2 y 0 1
2 1 =
= y2 W (x).
dx y1 1 y12
If k = 0, then W (x) = 0 for all x and the quotient y2 /y1 has zero derivative
and so is constant:
y2
=c
y1
for some constant c. But then y2 (x) = cy1 (x), contradicting the assump-
tion that these solutions are linearly independent. Therefore k = 0 and
W (x) = − for all x, as was to be shown.
2.2. THE CONSTANT COEFFICIENT HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION 41
7. The Wronskian of x2 and x3 is
x2 x3
W (x) = = x4 .
2
2x 3x
Then W (0) = 0, while W (x) = 0 if x = 0. This is impossible if x2 and

x3 are solutions of equation (2.2) for some functions p(x) and q(x). We
conclude that these functions are not solutions of equation (2.2).
8. It is routine to verify that y1 (x) and y2 (x) are solutions of the differential
equation. Compute
x x2
W (x) = = x2 .
1 2x
Then W (0) = 0 but W (x) > 0 if x = 0. However, to write the differential
equation in the standard form of equation (2.2), we must divide by x2 to
obtain
2 2
y 00 − y 0 + 2 y = 0.
x x
This is undefined at x = 0, which is in the interval −1 << 1, so the
theorem does not apply.
9. If y2 (x) and y2 (x) both have a relative extremum (max or min) at some
x0 within (a, b), then
y 0 (x0 ) = y20 (x0 ) = 0.
But then the Wronskian of these functions vanishes at 0, and these solu-
tions must be independent.
10. By assumption, ϕ(x) is the unique solution of the initial value problem
y 00 + py 0 + qy = 0; y(x0 ) = 0.
But the function that is identically zero on I is also a solution of this initial
value problem. Therefore these solutions are the same, and ϕ(x) = 0 for
all x in I.
11. If y1 (x0 ) = y2 (x0 ) = 0, then the Wronskian of y1 (x) and y2 (x) is zero at
x0 , and these two functions must be linearly dependent.
2.2 The Constant Coefficient Homogeneous

Equa- tion
1. From the differential equation we read the characteristic equation
λ2 − λ − 6 = 0,
which has roots −2 and 3. The general solution is
y(x) = c1 e−2x + c2 e3x .
2. The characteristic equation is
λ2 − 2λ + 10 = 0
with roots 1 ± 3i. We can write a general solution
y(x) = c1 ex cos(3x) + c2 ex sin(3x).
λ2 + 6λ + 9 = 0
with repeated roots −3, −3. Then
y(x) = c1 e−3x + c2 xe−3x
is a general solution.
λ2 − 3λ = 0
with roots 0, 3, and
y(x) = c1 + c2 e3x
is a general solution.
5. characteristic equation λ2 + 10λ + 26 = 0, with roots −5 ± i; general

solution
y(x) = c1 e−5x cos(x) + c2 e−5x sin(x).
6. characteristic equation λ2 +6λ−40 = 0, with roots 4, −10; general solution
y(x) = c1 e4x + c2 e−10x .

√
7. characteristic equation λ2 +3λ+18 = 0, with roots −3/2±3 7i/2; general
solution
√ ! √ !
3 7x 3 7x
y(x) = c2 e −3x/2
cos + c2 e−3x/2 sin .
2 2
8. characteristic equation λ2 + 16λ + 64 = 0, with repeated roots −8, −8;

general solution
y(x) = e−8x (c1 + c2 x).
9. characteristic equation λ2 − 14λ + 49 = 0, with repeated roots 7, 7; general

solution
y(x) = e7x (c1 + c2 x).
√
10. characteristic equation λ2 −6λ+7 = 0, with roots 3± 2i; general solution
√ √
y(x) = c1 e3x cos( 2x) + c2 e3x sin( 2x).
In each of Problems 11–20 the solution is found by finding a general solution

of the differential equation and then using the initial conditions to find the
particular solution of the initial value problem.
11. The differential equation has characteristic equation λ2 + 3λ = 0, with

roots 0, −3. The general solution is
y(x) = c1 + c2 e−3x .
Choose c1 and c2 to satisfy:
y(0) = c1 + c2 = 3,
y 0 (0) = −3c2 = 6.
Then c2 = −2 and c1 = 5, so the unique solution of the initial value

problem is
y(x) = 5 − 2e−3x .
12. characteristic equation λ2 + 2λ − 3 = 0, with roots 1, −3; general solution
y(x) = c1 ex + c2 e−3x .
Solve
y(0) = c1 + c2 = 6, y 0 (0) = c1 − 3c2 = −2
to get c1 = 4 and c2 = 2. The solution is
y(x) = 4ex + 2e−3x .
13. The initial value problem has the solution y(x) = 0 for all x. This can
be seen by inspection or by finding the general solution of the differential
equation and then solving for the constants to satisfy the initial conditions.
14. y(x) = e2x (3 − x)
15. characteristic equation λ2 + λ − 12 = 0, with roots 3, −4. The general
solution is
y(x) = c1 e3x + c2 e−4x .
We need
y(2) = c1 e6 + c2 e−8 = 2 y 0 (2)
and
= 3c1 e6 − 4c2 e−8 = −1. c1 =
Solve these to obtain

e−6 , c2 = e8 .
The solution of the initial value problem is

y(x) = e−6 e3x + e8 e−4x .
This can also be written
y(x) = e3(x−2) + e−4(x−2) .
16. √
6 √ √
y(x) = ex e 6x
− e− 6x
4
17. y(x) = ex−1 (29 − 17x)
18.
8 √ √
y(x) = √ sin( 23)e5x/2 cos( 23x/2)
e5 23
8 √ √
− √ cos( 23)e5x/2 sin( 23x/2)
e5 23
19.
h √
y(x) = e(x+2)/2 cos( 15(x + 2)/2)
5 √
+√ sin( 15(x + 2)/2)
15
20. √ √
5)x/2
y(x) = ae(−1 + 5)x/2 + be(−1− ,
where
√ ! √
√ !
√
9 + 7 5 7 5 −9
a= √ e−2+ 5 and b = √ e−2− 5
2 5 2 5
21. (a) The characteristic equation is λ2 − 2αλ + α2 = 0, with α as a repeated

root. The general solution is
y(x) = (c1 + c2 x)eαx .
(b) The characteristic equation is λ2 − 2αλ + (α2 − 2)

= 0, with roots
α + , α − . The general solution is
y (x) = c1 e(α+ )x
+ c2 e(α− )x
.
We can also write
y (x) = c1 e x
+ c2 e− x eαx .
In general,
lim y (x) = (c1 + c2 )eαx = y(x).
→0
Note, however, that the coefficients in the differential equations in (a) and
(b) can be made arbitrarily close by choosing sufficiently small.
22. With a2 = 4b, one solution is y1 (x) = e−ax/2 . Attempt a second solution
y2 (x) = u(x)e−ax/2 . Substitute this into the differential equation to get
a2
u00 − au0 + u + a u0 − a u + bu e−ax/2 = 0.
4 2
Because a2 − 4b = 0, this reduces to
u00 (x) = 0.
Then u(x) = cx + d, with c and d arbitrary constants, and the functions

(cx + d)e−ax/2 are also solutions of the differential equation. If we choose
c = 1 and d = 0, we obtain y2 (x) = xe−ax/2 as a second solution. Further,
this solution is independent from y1 (x), because the Wronskian of these
solutions is
e−ax/2 xe−ax/2
W (x) = = e−ax ,
−(a/2)e−ax/2 e−ax/2 − (a/2)xe−ax/2
and this is nonzero.

23. The roots of the characteristic equation are
√ √
−a +
ψ a2 −4b and λ = −a− a2 −4b .
λ1 = 2
2
2
Because a2 − 4b < a2 by assumption, λ1 and λ2 are both negative (if

a2 − 4b ≥ 0), or complex conjugates (if a2 − 4b < 0). There are three
cases.
Case 1 - Suppose λ1 and λ2 are real and unequal. Then the general
solution is
y(x) = c1 eλ1 x + c2 eλ2 x
and this has limit zero as x → ∞ because λ1 and λ2 are negative.
Case 2 - Suppose λ1 = λ2 . Now the general solution is
y(x) = (c1 + c2 x)eλ1 x ,
and this also has limit zero as x → ∞.
Case 3 - Suppose λ1 and λ2 are complex. Now the general solution is

h p p i
y(x) = c1 cos( 4b − a2 x/2) + c2 sin( 4b − a2 x/2) e−ax/2 ,
and this has limit zero as x → ∞ because a > 0.

√
If, for example, a = 1 and b = −1, then one solution is e(−1+ 5)x/2 ,
and
this tends to ∞ as x → ∞.
2.3 Particular Solutions of the Nonhomogeneous

Equation
1. Two independent solutions of y 00 + y = 0 are y1 (x) = cos(x) and y2 (x) =
sin(x), with Wronskian
cos(x) sin(x)
W (x) = = 1.
− sin(x) cos(x)
Let f (x) = tan(x) and use equations (2.7) and (2.8). First,
Z Z
y2 (x)f (x)
u1 (x) = − = − tan(x) sin(x) dx
W (x)
Z
sin2 (x)
=− dx
cos(x)
Z
1 − cos2 (x)
=− dx
cos(x)
Z Z
= cos(x) dx − sec(x) dx
= sin(x) − ln | sec(x) + tan(x)|.

Next,
Z Z
y1 (x)f (x)
u2 (x) = dx = cos(x) tan(x) dx
W (x)
Z
= sin(x) dx = − cos(x).
The general solution is
y(x) = c1 cos(x) + c2 sin(x) + u1 (x)y1 (x) + u2 (x)y2 (x)

= c1 cos(x) + c2 sin(x) − cos(x) ln | sec(x) + tan(x)|.
2. Two independent solutions of the associated homogeneous equation are

y1 (x) = e3x and y2 (x) = ex . Their Wronskian is W (x) = −2e4x . Compute
Z
2ex cos(x + 3)
u1 (x) = − dx
−2e4x
Z
= e−3x cos(x + 3) dx
3 −3x 1 −3x
=− e cos(x + 3) + e sin(x + 3)
10 10
2.3. PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS OF THE NONHOMOGENEOUS EQUATION47
and
Z
2e3x cos(x + 3)
u2 (x) = dx
−2e4x
Z
= e−x cos(x + 3) dx
1 1
= e−x cos(x + 3) − e−x cos(x + 3).
2 2
The general solution is
y(x) = c1 e3x + c2 ex
3 1
− cos(x + 3) + sin(x + 3)
10 10
1 1
+ cos(x + 3) − sin(x + 3).
2 2
More compactly, the general solution is

1 2
y(x) = c1 e3x + c2 ex + cos(x + 3) − sin(x + 3).
5 5
For Problems 3–6, some details of the calculations are omitted.

3. The associated homogeneous equation has independent solutions y1 (x) =
cos(3x) and y2 (x) = sin(3x), with Wronskian 3. The general solution is
4
y(x) = c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x) + 4x sin(3x) + cos(3x) ln | cos(3x)|.
3
4. y1 (x) = e3x and y2 (x) = e−x , with W (x) = −4e−2x . With

f (x) = 2 sin2 (x) = 1 − cos(2x)
we find the general solution

1 7 4
y(x) = c1 e3x + c2 e−x − + cos(2x) + sin(2x).
3 65 65
5. y1 (x) = ex and y2 (x) = e2x , with Wronskian W (x) = e3x . With f (x) =
cos(e−x ), we find the general solution
y(x) = c1 ex + c2 e2x − e2x cos(e−x ).
6. y1 (x) = e3x and y2 (x) = e2x , with Wronskian W (x) = e−5x . Use the
identity
8 sin2 (4x) = 4 cos(8x) − 1
in determining u1 (x) and u2 (x) to write the general solution
2 58 40
y(x) = c1 e3x + c2 e2x + + cos(8x) + sin(8x).
3 1241 1241
In Problems 7–16 the method of undetermined coefficients is used to find

a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation. Details are included
for Problems 7 and 8, and solutions are outlined for the remainder of these
problems.
7. The associated homogeneous equation has independent solutions y1 (x) =

e2x and e−x . Because 2x2 +5 is a polynomial of degree 2, attempt a second
degree polynomial
yp (x) = Ax2 + Bx + C
for the nonhomogeneous equation. Substitute yp (x) into this nonhomoge-
neous equation to obtain
2A − (2Ax + B) − 2(Ax2 + Bx + C) = 2x2 + 5.
Equating coefficients of like powers of x on the left and right, we have the
equations
−2A = 2( coefficients of x2 )
−2A − 2B − 0( coefficients of x
2A − 2B − 2C = 5( constant term.)
Then A = −1, B = 1 and C = −4. Then
yp (x) = −x2 + x − 4
and a general solution of the (nonhomogeneous) equation is
y = c1 e2x + c2 e−x − x2 + x − 4.
8. y1 (x) = e3x and y2 (x) = e−2x are independent solutions of the associated
homogeneous equation. Because e2x is not a solution of the homogeneous
equation, attempt a particular solution yp (x) = Ae2x of the nonhomoge-
neous equation. Substitute this into the differential equation to get
4A − 2A − 6A = 8,
so A = −2 and a general solution is
y(x) = c1 e3x + c2 e−2x − 2e2x .
9. y1 (x) = ex cos(3x) and y2 (x) = ex sin(3x) are independent solutions of

the associated homogeneous equation. Try a particular solution yp (x) =
Ax2 + Bx + C to obtain the general solution
y(x) = c1 ex cos(3x) + c2 ex sin(3x) + 2x2 + x − 1.
10. For the associated homogeneous equation, y1 (x) = e2x cos(x) and y2 (x) =
e2x sin(x). Try yp (x) = Ae2x to get A = 21 and obtain the general solution
y(x) = c1 e2x cos(x) + c2 e2x sin(x) + 21e2x .
11. For the associated homogeneous equation, y1 (x) = e2x and y2 (x) = e4x .
Because ex is not a solution of the homogeneous equation, attempt a
particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation of the form yp (x) =
Aex . We get A = 1, so a general solution is
y(x) = c1 e2x + c2 e4x + ex .
12. y1 (x) = e−3x and y2 (x) = e−3x . Because f (x) = 9 cos(3x) (which is not
a solution of the associated homogeneous equation), attempt a particular
solution
yp (x) = A cos(3x) + B sin(3x).
This attempt includes both a sine and cosine term even though f (x) has
only a cosine term, because both terms may be needed to find a particular
solution. Substitute this into the nonhomogeneous equation to obtain
A = 0 and B = 1/2, so a general solution is
1
y(x) = (c1 + c2 x)e−3x + sin(3x).
2
In this case yp (x) contains only a sine term, although f (x) has only the
cosine term.
13. y1 (x) = ex and y2 (x) = e2x . Because f (x) = 10 sin(x), attempt
yp (x) = A cos(x) + B sin(x).
Substitute this into the (nonhomogeneous) equation to find that A = 3

and B = 1. A general solution is
y(x) = c1 ex + c2 e2x + 3 cos(x) + sin(x).
14. y1 (x) = 1 and y2 (x) = e−4x . Finding a particular solution yp (x) for this
problem requires some care. First, f (x) contains a polynomial term and
an exponential term, so we are tempted to try yp (x) as a second degree
polynomial Ax2 + Bx + C plus an exponential term De3x to account for
the exponential term in the equation. However, note that y1 (x) = 1, a
constant solution, is one term of the proposed polynomial part, so multiply
this part by x to try
yp (x) = Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + De3x .
Substitute this into the nonhomogeneous differential equation to get
6Ax + 2B + 9De3x − 4(3Ax2 + 2Bx + C + 3De3x ) = 8x2 + 2e3x .
Matching coefficients of like terms, we conclude that
2B − 4C = 0( from the constant terms)

6A − 8B = 0( from the x terms),
−12A = 8( from the x2 terms)
−3D = 2.
Then D = − 32 , A = − 23 , B = − 12 and C = − 14 . Then

2 3 1 2 1 2 3x
yp (x) = − x − x − x − e
3 2 4 3
and a general solution of the nonhomogeneous equation is

2 3 1 2 1 2 3x
y(x) = c1 + c2 e−4x − x − x − x − e .
3 2 4 3
15. y1 (x) = e2x cos(3x) and y2 (x) = e2x sin(3x). Try
yp x = Ae2x + Be3x .
This will work because neither e2x nor e3x is a solution of the associated
homogeneous equation. Substitute yp (x) into the differential equation and
obtain A = 1/3, B = −1/2. The differential equation has general solution
1 1
y(x) = [c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x)]e2x + e2x − e3x .
3 2
16. y1 (x) = ex and y2 (x) = xex . Try
yp (x) = Ax + B + C cos(3x) + D sin(3x).

This leads to the general solution
3
y(x) = (c1 + c2 x)ex + 3x + 6 + cos(3x) − 2 sin(3x).
2
In Problems 17–24 the strategy is to first find a general solution of the dif-
ferential equation, then solve for the constants to find a solution satisfying the
initial conditions. Problems 17–22 are well suited to the use of undetermined co-
efficients, while Problems 23 and 24 can be solved fairly directly using variation
of parameters.
17. y1 (x) = e2x and y2 (x) = e−2x . Because e2x is a solution of the asso-
ciated homogeneous equation, use xe2x in the method of undetermined
coefficients, attempting
yp (x) = Axe2x + Bx + C.
Substitute this into the nonhomogeneous differential equation to obtain
4Axe2x + 4Axe2x − 4Axe2x − 4Bx − 4C = −7e2x + x.
Then A = −7/4, B = −1/4 and C = 0, so the differential equation has

the general solution
7 2x 1
y(x) = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x − xe − x.
4 4
We need
y(0) = c1 + c2 = 1
and
7 1
y 0 (0) = 2c1 − 2c2 −
= 3. −
4 4
Then c1 = 7/4 and c2 = −3/4. The initial value problem has the unique
solution
7 3 7 1
y(x) = e2x − e−2x − xe2x − x.
4 4 4 4
18. y1 = 1 and y2 (x) = e−4x are independent solutions of the associated

homogeneous equation. For yp (x), try
yp (x) = Ax + B cos(x) + C sin(x),
with the term Ax because 1 is a solution of the homogeneous equation.

This leads to the general solution
y(x) = c1 + c2 e−4x + 2x − 2 cos(x) + 8 sin(x).

Now we need
y(0) = c1 + c2 − 2 = 3
and
y 0 (0) = −4c2 + 2 + 8 = 2.
Then c1 = 3 and c2 = 2, so the initial value problem has the solution
y(x) = 3 + 2e−4x + 2x − 2 cos(x) + 8 sin(x).

19. We find the general solution
1 −x 7
y(x) = c1 e−2x + c2 e−6x + e + .
5 12
3 −2x 19 −6x 1 −x 7
y(x) = e − e + e + .
8 120 5 12
20. 1 and e3x are independent solutions of the associated homogeneous equa-
tion. Attempt a particular solution
yp (x) = Ae2x cos(x) + Be2x sin(x)
of the nonhomogeneous equation to find the general solution
1
y(x) = c1 + c2 e3x − e2x (cos(x) + 3 sin(x)).
5
1 1
y(x) = + e3x − (cos(x) + 3 sin(x)).
5 5
21. e4x and e−2x are independent solutions of the associated homogeneous
equation. The nonhomogeneous equation has general solution
y(x) = c1 e4x + c2 e−2x − 2e−x − e2x .
y(x) = 2e4x + 2e−2x − 2e−x − e2x .
22. The general solution of the differential equation is

" √ ! √ !#
x/2 c cos 3 3
y(x) = e 1 x + c2 sin x + 1.
2 2
It is easier to fit the initial conditions specified at x = 1 if we write this

general solution as
" √ ! √ !#
3 3
y(x) = e x/2 d cos
1 (x − 1) + d2 sin (x − 1) + 1.
2 2
Now
√
1
0 3
y(1) = e 1/2
d1 + 1 = 4 and y (1) = e1/2 d1 + e1/2 d2 = −2.
2
2
√
Solve these to obtain d1 = 3e−1/2 and d2 = −7e−1/2 / 3. The solution of
the initial value problem is
" √ ! √ !#
3 7 3
y(x) = e (x−1)/2 3 cos (x − 1) − √ sin (x − 1) + 1.
2 3 2
23. The differential equation has general solution

y(x) = c1 ex + c2 e−x − sin2 (x) − 2.
y(x) = 4e−x − sin2 (x) − 2.
2.4. THE EULER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 53
24. The general solution is
y(x) = c1 cos(x) + c2 sin(x) − cos(x) ln | sec(x) + tan(x)|,
and the solution of the initial value problem is
y(x) = 4 cos(x) + 4 sin(x) − cos(x) ln | sec(x) + tan(x)|.
2.4 The Euler Differential Equation

Details are included with solutions for Problems 1–2, while just the solutions
are given for Problems 3–10. These solutions are for x > 0.
1. Read from the differential equation that the characteristic equation is
r2 + r − 6 = 0
with roots 2, −3. The general solution is
y(x) = c1 x2 + c2 x−3 .
r 2 + 2r + 1 = 0
with repeated root −1, −1. The general solution is
y(x) = c1 x−1 + c2 x−1 ln(x).

We can also write
1
y(x) = (c1 + c2 ln(x))
x
for x > 0.
3.
y(x) = c1 cos(2 ln(x)) + c2 sin(2 ln(x))
4.
1
y(x) = c1 x2 + c1
x2
5.
1
y(x) = c1 x2 + c1
x4
6.
1
y(x) = (c2 cos(3 ln(x)) + c2 sin(3 ln(x)))
x2
7.
1 1
y(x) = c1 + c2 3
x2 x
8.
y(x) = x2 (c1 cos(7 ln(x)) + c2 sin(7 ln(x)))
9.
1
y(x) = (c1 + c2 ln(x))
x12
10.
y(x) = c1 x7 + c2 x5
11. The general solution of the differential equation is
y(x) = c1 x3 + c2 x−7 .
From the initial conditions, we need
y(2) = 8c1 + 2−7 c2 = 1 and y 0 (2) = 3c1 22 − 7c2 2−8 = 0.
Solve for c1 and c2 to obtain the solution of the initial value problem
7 x 3 3 x −7
y(x) = + .
10 2 10 2
12. The initial value problem has the solution

y(x) = −3 + 2x2 .
13. y(x) = x2 (4 − 3 ln(x))
14. y(x) = −4x−12 (1 + 12 ln(x))
15. y(x) = 3x6 − 2x4
16.
11 2 17
y(x) = x + x−2
4 4
17. With Y (t) = y(et ), use the chain rule to get

dY dt 1
y 0 (x) = = Y 0 (t)
dt dx x
and then
d 1 0
y 00 (x) = dx x
Y (t)
1 0 1 d
=− Y (t) + (Y 0 (t))
x2 x dx
1 1 dY 0 dt
= − 2 Y 0 (t) +
x x dt dx
1 0 1 1 00
= − 2 Y (t) + Y (t)
x xx
1
= 2 (Y 00 (t) − Y 0 (t)).
x
Then
x2 y 00 (x) = Y 00 (t) − Y 0 (t).
Substitute these into Euler’s equation to get
Y 00 (t) + (A − 1)Y 0 (t) + BY (t) = 0.
This is a constant coefficient second-order homogeneous differential equa-

tion for Y (t), which we know how to solve.
18. If x < 0, let t = ln(−x) = ln |x|. We can also write x = −et . Note that
dt 1 1
= (−1) =
dx −x x
just as in the case x > 0. Now let y(x) = y(−et ) = Y (t) and proceed with
chain rule differentiations as in the solution of Problem 17. First,
dY dt 1
y 0 (x) = = Y 0 (t)
dt dx x
and
d 1 0
y 00 (x) = dx x
Y (t)
1 0 1 dt 00
=− Y (t) + Y (t)
x2 x dx
1 1 00
= − 2 Y 0 (t) + Y (t).
x x2
Then
x2 y 00 (x) = Y 00 (t) − Y 0 (t)
just as we saw with x > 0. Now Euler’s equation transforms to

00
Y + (A − 1)Y 0 + BY = 0.
We obtain the solution in all cases by solving this linear constant coefficient
second-order equation. Omitting all the details, we obtain the solution of
Euler’s equation for negative x by replacing x with |x| in the solution for
positive x. For example, suppose we want to solve
x2 y 00 + xy 0 + y = 0
for x < 0. Solve this for x > 0 to get
y(x) = c1 cos(ln(x)) + c2 sin(ln(x)).
The solution for x < 0 is
y(x) = c1 cos(ln |x|) + c2 sin(ln |x|).
19. The problem to solve is
x2 y 00 − 5dxy 0 + 10y = 0; y(1) = 4, y 0 (1) = −6.
We know how to solve this problem. Here is an alternative method, us-

ing the transformation x = et , or t = ln(x) for x > 0 (since the initial
conditions are specified at x = 1). Euler’s equation transforms to
00
Y − 6Y 0 + 10Y = 0.
However, also transform the initial conditions:
Y (0) = y(1) = 4, Y 0 (0) = (1)y 0 (1) = −6.
This differential equation for Y (t) has general solution
Y (t) = c1 e3t cos(t) + c2 e3t sin(t).

Now
Y (0) = c2 = 4
and
Y 0 (0) = 3c1 + c2 = −6,
so c2 = −18. The solution of the transformed initial value problem is
Y (t) = 4e3t cos(t) − 18e3t sin(t).
The original initial value problem therefore has the solution
y(x) = 4x3 cos(ln(x)) − 19x3 sin(ln(x))
for x > 0. The new twist here is that the entire initial value problem
(including initial conditions) was transformed in terms of t and solved for
Y (t), then this solution Y (t) in terms of t was transformed back to the
solution y(x) in terms of x.
20. Suppose
x2 y 00 + Axy 0 + By = 0
has repeated roots. Then the characteristic equation
r 2 + (A − 1)r + B = 0
has (1 − A)/2 as a repeated root, and we have only one solution y1 (x) =
x(1−A)/2 so far. For another solution, independent from y1 , look for a
solution of the form y2 (x) = u(x)y1 (x). Then
y20 = u 0 y1 + uy10
and
y200 = u00 y1 + 2u 0 y10 + uy100.
Substitute y2 into the differential equation to get
x2 (u00 y1 + 2u0 y 01 + uy 001 ) + Ax(u0 y1 + uy 01) + Buy1 = 0.
Three terms in this equation cancel, because
u(x2 y100 + Axy10 + By1 ) = 0
by virtue of y1 being a solution. This leaves
x2 u00 y1 + 2x2 u0 y 10 + Axu0 y1 = 0.
Assuming that x > 0, divide by x to get
xu00 y1 + 2xu0 y10 + Au0 y1 = 0.
Substitute y1 (x) = x(1−A)/2 into this to obtain

1 −A
xu00 x(1−A)/2 + 2xu0 x(−1−A)/2 + Au0 x(1−A)/2 = 0.
2
Divide this by x(1−A)/2 to get
xu00 + (1 − A)u0 + Au0 = 0,

and this reduces to
xu00 + u0 = 0.
Let z = u0 to obtain
xz 0 + z = 0,
or
(xz)0 = 0.
Then xz = c, constant, so
c
z = u0 = .
x
Then u(x) = c ln(x) + d. We only need one second solution, so let c = 1
and d = 0 to get u(x) = ln(x). A second solution, independent from y1 (x),
is
y2 (x) = y1 (x) ln(x),
as given without derivation in the chapter.
2.5 Series Solutions

2.5.1 Power Series Solutions
P∞
1. Put y(x) = n=0 an xn into the differential equation to obtain
∞
X ∞
X
y 0 − xy = nan xn−1 − an xn+1
n=1 n=0
∞ ∞
X X
= nan xn−1 − an−2 xn−1
n=1 n=2
∞
X
= a1 + (2a2 − a0 )x + (nan − an−2 )x n−1
n=3
= 1 − x.
Then a0 is arbitrary, a1 = 1, 2a2 − a0 = −1, and

1
an = an−2 for n = 3, 4, · · · .
n
This is the recurrence relation. If we set a0 = c0 + 1, we obtain the

coefficients
1 1 1
a2 = c0 , a4 = c0 , a6 = c0 ,
2 2·4 2·4·6
and so on. Further,
1 1 1
a1 = 1, a3 = , a5 = , a7 =
3 3·5 3·5·7
and so on. The solution can be written
∞
X 1
y(x) = 1 + x2n+1
n=0
3 · 5 · · · 2n + 1
∞
!
X 1 2n
+ c0 1+ x .
2 · 4 · · · 2n
n=1
2. Write
∞
X ∞
X
y 0 − x3 y = nan xn−1 − an xn+3
n=1 n=0
∞
X
= a1 + 2a2 x + 3a3 x + 2
(nan − an −4 )xn−1 = 4.
n=4
The recurrence relation is

1
an = an−4 for n = 4, 5, · · · ,
n
2.5. SERIES SOLUTIONS 59
with a0 arbitrary, a1 = 4 and a2 = a3 = 0. This yields the solution

∞
X 1
y(x) = 4 x4n+1
n=0
1 · 5 · 9 · · · (4n + 1)
∞
!
X 1
+ a0 1 + x4n .
4 · 8 · 12 · · · 4n
n=1
3. Write
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
y 0 + (1 − x2 )y = nan xn−1 + an xn − an xn+2
n=1 n=0 n=0
∞
X
= (a1 + a0 ) + (2a2 + a1 )x + (nan + an −1 − an−3 )xn−1
n=3
= x.
nan + an−1 − an−3 = 0 for n = 3, 4, · · · .
Here a0 is arbitrary, a1 + a0 = 0 and 2a2 + a1 = 1. This gives us the

solution
1 2 1 7 19 5
y(x) = a0 1−x + x + x3 − x 4 + x + ···
2! 3! 4! 5!
1 2 1 1 11 − 31
+ x − x3 + x4 + x5 6! x6 + · · · .
2! 3! 4! 5!
4. Begin with
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
y 00 + 2y 0 − xy = n(n − 1)an xn−2 + 2nan xn−1 + an xn+1
n=2 n=1 n=0
= (2a2 + 2a1 ) + (3 · 2a3 + 2 · 2a2 + a0 )x

X∞
+ (n(n − 1)an + 2(n − 1)an−1 + an−2 )x n−2 = 0.
n=1
n(n − 1)an + 2(n − 1)an−1 + an−2 = 0 for n = 4, 5, · · · .

Further, a0 and a1 are arbitrary, a2 = −A1 and
6a3 + 4a2 + a0 = 0.
Taking a0 = 1, a1 = 0, we obtain the solution
1 1 4 1 1 6
y1 (x) = 1 − x3 + x − x 5+ x + ··· .
6 12 30 60
With a0 = 0, a1 = 1 we get a second, linearly independent solution

2 3 5 7
y2 (x) = x − x2 + x − x4 + x5 + · · · .
3 12 60
5. Write
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
y 00 − xy 0 + y = n(n − 1)n xn−2 − nan xn + a n xn
n=2 n=1 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
X X X
= 2a2 + a0 + (n + 2)(n + 1)an+2 xn − nan xn + an xn = 3.
n=0 n=1 n=0
Here a0 and a1 are arbitrary and a2 = (3 − a0 )/2. The recurrence relation

is
n−1
a n+2 = for n = 1, 2, · · · .
(n + 2)(n + 1)
This yields the general solution
3 −a0 2 3 −a0 4
y(x) = a0 + a1 x + x + x
2 4!
3(3 −a0 ) 6 3 ·5(3 −a0 ) 8
+ x + x + ··· .
6! 8!
6. Begin with
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
y 00 + xy 0 + xy = n(n − 1)axn xn−2 + nan xn + an xn+1
n=2 n=1 n=0
∞
X
= 2a2 + (n(n − 1)an + (n − 2)an−2 + an−3 )x n−2 = 0.
n=3
Here a0 and a1 are arbitrary and a2 = 0. The recurrence relation is

(n−2)an−2 −an−3
an = − for n = 3, 4, · · · .
n(n − 1)
With a0 = 1 and a1 = 0, we obtain one solution

2 3
y1 (x) = 1 − x3 + x5
3 2·3·4·5
1 3 ·5
+ x6 − x7 + · · · .
2·3·5·6 2·3·4·5·6·7
With a0 = 0 and a1 = 1, we obtain a second, linearly independent solution

1 1
y2 (x) = x − x3 − x 4
2·3 3·4
3 3 ·5
+ x5 + x6 + · · · .
2·3·4·5 2·3·5·6
7. We have
∞
X
y 00 − x2 y 0 + 2y = n(n − 1)an xn−2
n=2
∞
X ∞
X
− nan xn+1 + 2an xn
n=1 n=0
= 2a2 + 2a0 + (6a3 + 2a1 )x

∞
X
+ (n(n − 1)an − (n − 3)an−3 + 2an−2 )x n−2 = x.
n=1
Then a0 and a1 are arbitrary, a2 = −a0 , and 6a3 +2a1 = 1. The recurrence
relation is
(n−3)an−3 −2an−2
an =
n(n − 1)
for n = 4, 5, · · · . The general solution has the form

1 1 1
y(x) = a0 1 − x2 + x4 − x5 − x6 + · · ·
6 10
90
1 1 4 1 5 7
+ a1 x − x3 + x + z + ···
3 12 30
− 6x
1 1 1 1 180
1
+ x3 − x5 + x6 + x7 − x8 + · · · .
6 6 60 1260 480
Note that a0 = y(0) and a1 = y 0 (0). The third series represents the
solution obtained subject to y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0.
8. Using the Maclaurin expansion for cos(x), we have

∞
X ∞
X
y 0 + xy = nan xn − 1 + an xn+1
n=1 n=0
∞
X
= a1 + (2na2n + a2n −2 )x2n−1
n=0
∞
X
+ ((2n + 1)a2n+1 + a2n −1 )x2n
n=1
X∞
(−1) n 2n
= cos(x) = x .
n=0
(2n)!
a0 is arbitrary and a1 = 1. The recurrence relation is

1 −a2n−1 + n(−1)
a2n = − a2n−2 and a2n+1 =
2n /((2n)!)
2n +
1
for n = 1, 2, · · · . This yields the solution
1 1 4 2 ·4 ·6 6
y(x) = a0 1 − x2 + x − + ···
2 2·4 x
3 3 13 5 79 7 633 9
+ x− x + x − x + x + ··· .
3! 5! 7! 9!
9. We have
∞
X
y 00 + (1 − x)y 0 + 2y = n(n − 1)an xn−2
n=2
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
+ nan xn−1 − nan xn + 2 an xn
n=1 n=1 n=0
∞
X
= (2a2 + a1 + 2a0 ) + (n(n − 1)an + (n − 1)an−1 − (n − 4)a2n−2 )x n−2
n=3
= 1 − x2 .
Then a0 and a1 are arbitrary, 2a2 + a1 + 2a0 = 1, 6a3 + 2a2 + a1 = 0, and

12a4 + 3a3 = −1. The recurrence relation is
−(n−1)an−1 + an−4 an−2
a n=
n(n − 1)
for n = 5, 6, · · · . The general solution is
1 3 1 4 1
y(x) = a0 1 − x2 + x − x + x5 − · · ·
3 12 30
1 1 1 1 1 1 7
+ a1 x − x 2 + x2 − x 3 − x 4 + x + ··· .
2 2 6 24 − 6 2520
x
360
Here a0 = y(0) and a1 = y 0 (0).

10. Using the Maclaurin expansion of ex , we have
∞
X ∞
X
y 00 + xy 0 = n(n − 1)an xn−2 + nan xn
n=2 n=1
∞
X
= 2a2 + (n(n − 1)an + (n − 2)an−2 )x n−2
n=3
∞
X 1
=− xn−2 .
(n − 2)!
n=3
Then a0 and a1 are arbitrary, a2 = 0 and

− (n−2)an−2 −1/(n−2)!
an =
n(n − 1)
for n = 3, 4, · · · . This leads to the solution

1 3 15 105 9
y(x) = a0 + a1 x − x3 + x5 − x 7 + x + ···
3! 5! 7! 9!
1 3 1 2 3 11 19 8
+ − x − x 4 + x5 + x6 − x 7 + x + ··· .
3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 8!
Note that a0 = y(0) and a1 = y 0 (0).
2.5.2 Frobenius Solutions

P∞ n+r
1. Substitute y(x) = n=0 cn x into the differential equation to get
∞
X
xy 00 + (1 − x)y 0 + y = (n + r)(n + r − 1)cn xn+r−2
n=0
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
+ (n + r)cn xn+r−1 − (n + r)cn xn+r + cn xn+r
n=0 n=0 n=0
∞
X
= r 2 c0 xr−1 + ((n + r)2 cn − (n + r − 2)cn −1 )xn+r−1
n=1
= 0.
Because c0 is assumed to be nonzero, r must satisfy the indicial equation

r 2 = 0, so r1 = r2 = 0. One solution has the form
∞
X
y1 (x) = cn x n ,
n=0
while a second solution has the form

∞
X
y2 (x) = y1 (x) ln(x) + c∗n xn .
n=0
For the first solution, choose the coefficients to satisfy c0 = 1 and
n −2
cn = cn−1 for n = 1, 2, · · · .
n2
This yields the solution y1 (x) = 1 − x. The second solution is therefore
∞
X
y2 (x) = (1 − x) ln(x) + c∗n xn .
n=0
Substitute this into the differential equation to obtain
2 1 −x 1 −x
x − − 2
+ (1 − x) − ln(x) +
x x x
∞ ∞
X X
+ (1 − x) ln(x) + n(n − 1)c∗nxn−1 + (1 − x) c∗nxn−1
n=2 n=1
∞
X
+ cn∗ xn
n=1
∞
X
= (−3 + c∗ ) + (1 + 4c∗ )x + (n2 c∗ − (n − 2)c∗ )xn−2
1 2 n n−1
n=3
= 0.
The coefficients are determined by c∗1 = 3, c∗2 = −1/4, and

n −2
c∗n = for n = 3, 4, · · · .
n2
A second solution is
∞
X 1
y2 (x) = (1 − x) ln(x) + 3x − xn .
n=2
n(n − 1)
2. Omitting some routine details, the indicial equation is r(r − 1) = 0, so

r1 = 1 and r2 = 0. There are solutions
∞
X ∞
X
y1 (x) = cn xn+1 and y2 (x) = ky1 (x) ln(x) c∗nxn .
n=0 n=0
For y1 , the recurrence relation is
2(n+ r−2)
cn = cn−1
(n + r)(n + r − 1)
for n = 1, 2, · · · . With r = 1 and c0 = 1, this yields
y1 (x) = x,
a solution that can be seen by inspection from the differential equation.

For the second solution, substitute y2 (x) into the differential equation to
get
(2c∗0 + k) + 2(c∗2 − k)x

X ∞
+ (n(n − 1)c∗ − 2(n − 2)c∗ )xn−1 = 0.
n n−1
n=1
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letters from, to Grossett, 385, 390, 392-6, 399;
letter to, from Grossett, 397.
Fleury, André Hercule de, cardinal, 4 and n, 14 n;
his death, 8, 9, 11, 12 and n, 21-3, 57.
Foothy (Foot O’ Dee), 115 and n.
Fochabers, 155, 207, 288.
Forbes of Blackford, 124.
—— of Brucehill, 121.
—— of Echt, 138;
taken prisoner by the rebels, 145.
—— of Inverernan, 114.
—— of New, 114.
—— of Scheves, 124, 138.
—— Alexander, lord Forbes of Pitsligo, 119 and n, 122, 151 n,
410.
—— sir Arthur, 124.
—— Duncan, of Culloden, 99 n, 104, 107 n, 109, 205, 227 n, 270,
280 and n, 283;
attempts to dissuade Lochiel from joining the rebellion, 95 and
n;
his offer of only one company to the Grants resented, 275;
his explanation satisfactory, 276;
described by captain Daniel, 206-7 and n.
—— George, of Skeleter, 113 and n, 152, 307.
—— James, lord, 123 and n.
—— Robert, printer, son of Forbes of New, 114 n.
Formartine, 124 and n, 131.
Fort Augustus, 206;
siege of, 182 n;
taken by the rebels, 313.
Fort George, taken by the rebels, 306 n.
Fortrose, Kenneth, lord, 75, 77, 91, 104 and n-5, 110, 205.
Fort William, siege of, 183 n.
Fouay. See Fuyia.
Foudline hill, 154.
Fowke, Thomas, brigadier-general, 340 and n, 341.
Fraser, brother to Inverallochy, 121.
—— Archibald Campbell, son of lord Lovat, 44 and n.
—— Charles, 4th lord, 98 n.
—— —— of Castle Fraser, 98 n.
—— —— of Inverallochy, 98 and n, 99 n.
—— James, of Foyers, 99 and n.
—— Simon. See Lovat, lord.
—— —— master of Lovat, 98 and n, 281 n, 282, 320-1.
—— Thomas, moderator of Abertarf presbytery, 316.
—— —— of Gortuleg, entertains prince Charles, 228 and n.
—— William, of Inverallochy, 98 n.
Frasers of Aird, 76 n.
—— of Lovat, at the battle of Falkirk, 409;
at Culloden, 417.
Frederick, king of Sweden, 22 n.
—— landgrave of Hesse, 22 n.
Freebairn, Robert, bishop of Edinburgh, 18 and n.
Fuyia, 245 and n, 253.
Garden, of Troup, 124.

Gardiner, colonel, 340.
Garrioch, 131.
Garstang, 168-9.
Garviemore, 216.
Geanies, 107 n.
—— lairds of. See Macleod.
Geohagan. See Gorogan.
Gibson, Herbert Mends, attorney, 166.
Gilchrist, James, minister at Thurso, 72 and n.
Glascoe, major Nicolas, 155 n, 208.
Glasgow, fined by the rebels, 191 and n.
—— regiment, 345 n, 350 and n, 351, 359 n;
at the battle of Falkirk, 372 n, 411, 413.
Glasterum. See Gordon.
Glenbucket, garrisoned, 161.
—— estate, 116.
—— laird of. See Gordon, John.
Glencoe, 86.
—— laird of. See Macdonald, Alexander.
Glenelg, 80.
Glengarry people are papists and notorious thieves, 88.
—— laird of. See Macdonald.
Glenkindy, laird of. See Leith.
Glenlivat, 91, 92, 274.
Glenmoriston, 89.
—— lairds of. See Grant.
Glennevis, 86.
Glen Quoich (Glenkuaak), 240.
Glenshiel or Muick, 76 and n, 77.
Gordon, major, 140.
—— of Aberlour, 136.
—— yr. of Ardoch, 107.
—— of Ardvach, 145.
—— of Avochy, 114, 128, 130, 136, 141, 143, 287.
—— of Birkenbush, 144, 288 n.
—— of Carnusy, 121.
—— of Cupbairdy, 121.
—— Mrs., of Cupbairdy, 157 and n.
—— of Glasterum, 121.
—— of Hallhead, 121.
—— of Mill of Kincardine, 121.
—— yr. of Logie, 121.
—— lady, of Park, 157.
—— Alexander, minister of Kintore, 141.
—— —— of Auchintoul, 25 and n.
—— lady Anne, 123 n.
—— Barbara, wife of Mackenzie of Fairburn, 100 n.
—— Catherine, duchess of, 209 and n.
—— Charles, of Blelack, 118, 129.
—— Christiana, wife of Gordon of Glenbucket, 113 n.
—— Cosmo, duke of, 86-7, 92, 123, 128 n, 131, 274 n, 284 n.
—— Henrietta, duchess of, 128 and n, 342.
—— Isabella, wife of George, earl of Cromartie, 95 n.
—— James, roman catholic bishop, 17 n.
—— John, of Glenbucket, 25 n, 103-4, 113 and n-116, 149, 152,
161, 274 and n, 307, 410.
—— lord Lewis, 92, 150;
joins the rebels, 102, 127 and n-128;
lord lieut. of Aberdeenshire, 128;
obtains recruits by threats, 129;
interview with lord John Drummond, 132;
issues his burning order, 134-5 and n;
at the battle of Inverury, 107, 140, 143-6, 178 and n;
letter from, to the laird of Grant on recruiting for prince Charles,
283-4;
his arbitrary conduct and insolence, 148;
letter from, to Grant of Achoynanie, making a demand for men
with accoutrements, 287 n;
letter from, to Grant, demanding to know what his intentions are,
291 n;
at the battle of Falkirk, 410.
—— Mirabel de, 182 n, 192 and n.
—— Patrick, of Achleuris, 25 n.
—— Theodore, moderator, 152.
—— Thomas, professor in King’s College, Aberdeen, 138.
—— sir Thomas, of Earlston, 43 and n.
—— sir William, of Invergordon, 95 n.
—— —— of Park, 121.
—— castle, 205, 290 n.
Gorogan, or Geohagan, captain, 171 and n.
Gortuleg, laird of. See Fraser, Thomas.
Grant, governor of Fort George, 273-4.
—— lieut., a prisoner with the rebels, 299 n.
—— Mrs., of Ballindalloch, 274.
—— of Daldeagan, 324.
—— of Glenmoriston, 322.
—— of Knockando, 103 n.
—— of Rothiemurchus, 276 n, 280 n.
—— Alex., of Corriemony, 299 n.
—— —— of Sheuglie, 279 n;
denies having had any correspondence with the Pretender’s
son, 323;
induces Grants of Glenmoriston to surrender, 324;
treacherously made prisoner at Inverness, 315, 325, 328;
admits that some of his children joined the Pretender against his
advice;
dies a prisoner, 326 n;
his petition to the duke of Newcastle, 329 and n.
—— —— of Tochineal, Findlater’s chamberlain, 289 n;
letter from, to lord Findlater on the demands on the estate by
lord Lewis Gordon, 287.
—— Allan, of Innerwick, 89 n.
—— sir Archibald, of Monymusk, 124, 138 and n.
—— George, of Culbin, governor of Inverness castle, 108 n, 109.
—— James, of Dell, 283.
—— —— of Sheugly, 315, 323;
after assisting Grant of Grant in obtaining surrenders he is made
prisoner by his orders, 325-30;
examination of, in London, 326;
denies any participation in the rising, 327-8;
his petition to the duke of Newcastle, 329;
to be admitted to bail and tried in Edinburgh, 331.
—— —— chamberlain of Strathspey, 299 and n, 302 and n.
—— sir James, of Grant, 108 n, 269, 306.
—— colonel James Alexander, master of ordnance to prince
Charles, 182 and n, 206.
—— Jean, wife of Forbes of Skeleter, 113 n.
—— John, chamberlain of Urquhart, 299 n, 319, 323;
threatening letter to, from Angus Macdonald, ordering him to
send men to join the rebel standard, 278;
letter to, from Grant of Grant, requiring the gentlemen of
Urquhart to remain peaceably at home, 278 n;
writes to Grant giving an account of his difficult position, 278 n;
letters from, to Grant, on the threat of the Macdonalds and on
the refusal of the Urquhart men to join the rebels, 281 n,
282.
—— —— minister at Urquhart, hardships endured because of his
loyalty, 313, 318;
his house attacked by Macdonalds;
mobbed for praying for king George, 314;
persecuted by the laird of Grant, 315-16, 330;
imprisoned in Inverness, 316, 328;
exonerated by Abertarf presbytery, 316;
removed to London, 317;
Abernethy presbytery bear witness to his loyalty, 317;
examined in London, 319;
declares that the laird of Grant had no objection to some of his
clan joining the rebels;
refuses offer of chaplaincy to the rebels, 320;
his life threatened, 321;
denies having ever aided the rebels, 322;
his petition to the duke of Newcastle, 329.
—— Ludovick, of Grant, 91-2, 153-4;
receives intelligence of the rising of the clans, 269-70;
informs Cope of his efforts against the rebels, 270-1;
sends men to guide Cope through the passes, 272;
Brodie of Brodie sends him a letter of remonstrance for not
assisting Cope, 272 and n, 274;
his conditional offer to help Cope;
sends men to drive Glenbucket from Strathaven, 274;
interview with Forbes of Culloden, 274-5;
accepts the lord president’s offer of a company, 275-6;
writes to the gentlemen of Urquhart, ordering them to remain
peaceably at home, 278 n;
the chamberlain of Urquhart gives him an account of his difficult
position, 279;
letter of instructions to the chamberlain, 279 n;
requested by the lord president to hold his men in readiness;
informs Loudoun of his anxiety to do all in his power for the
king’s service, 280 and n;
letters to, from his chamberlain on the Macdonalds threatening
to ravage the country in case of men not joining the rebels,
281 and n;
his tenants in Urquhart refuse to join the rebels, 281 n, 282;
marches with 600 men for Inverness, 282;
dismisses them on learning that no preparations had been
made, 283;
letter to, from lord Lewis Gordon, asking permission to recruit
among his people for prince Charles, 283 n;
frustrates lord Lewis’s schemes for raising men, 284;
appointed sheriff-depute of Banffshire, 289 n;
sends men to secure the Boat o’ Bridge, 289;
assists Macleod at Cullen, 291;
lord Lewis Gordon writes demanding to know what his intentions
are, 291;
his reply, 292-3 and n;
marches to Strathbogie, and issues his Declaration as to men
forced to join the rebels, 293 and n;
Loudoun and Deskford suggest that as he had no orders for
such an expedition, he should return to Strathspey, 294 and
n;
garrisons his house of Mulben, 295, 297 n;
letter to Elgin magistrates explaining why he cannot march to
their assistance, 296 n, 297;
letters to, from sir Harry Innes, on the need for protecting Elgin,
298 n;
writes to lord Loudoun expressing his desire to do everything
possible for the service of the government, 299 n, 300;
Loudoun’s reply, 301 and n;
on learning of the arrival of the rebels at Blair he again calls out
his men, 301-2 and n;
watches the movements of the rebels, and renews request for
arms, 304-5 n;
Loudoun is unable to comply, 305 n;
reproached by Murray of Broughton for aiding the rebels, 306;
joins the duke of Cumberland in Aberdeen, 307;
forms an advance guard to Strathspey, 308;
returns to Castle Grant;
his persecution of John Grant, minister of Urquhart, 315;
said to be playing double, 319-20, 327;
might have been of great service to the government if so
disposed, 322, 328;
after Culloden he obtains the surrender of the Grants of
Glenmoriston and Urquhart, 324;
his treachery towards the Grants of Sheugly, 325, 330-2;
his possible indiscretions the result of zeal for the weal of the
country, 309.
—— Patrick, moderator of Abernethy presbytery, 319.
—— Robert, adjutant in Loudoun’s regiment, 271.
—— —— son of Easter Duthill, 276.
—— Thomas, of Achoynanie, 286 and n;
letter to, from lord Lewis Gordon, demanding able-bodied men
for the rebels, 287 n.
—— William, yr. of Dellachapple, 276 n.
Grants surrender at Inverness, 322, 324, 328.
—— of Glenmoriston, 89 and n;
at Prestonpans, 407.
Grossett, Alexander, captain in Price’s regiment, killed at Culloden,
336 and n, 343, 401.
—— Walter, of Logie, collector of customs at Alloa, his narrative of
services performed, with an account of money disposed in the
service of the government during the rebellion, 333-76;
letters and orders from his correspondence, 377-99;
rebels plunder his house in Alloa, and drive off his cattle, 375-6,
402;
his narrative certified by the lord justice-clerk, etc., 375-6;
letter of instructions to masters of transports;
list of transports, 398;
report on his services by sir Everard Falconer and John Sharpe,
solicitor to the treasury, 400-2;
letter from, to the lord justice-clerk, 397;
letter to, from the commissioners of customs, 381;
letter to, from Robert Craigie, advocate general, 379;
letter to, from lieut.-general Handasyde, 379-80;
letter to, from captain Knight of the Happy Janet, 387;
letters to, from the lord justice-clerk, 385, 390, 392-3, 394-6,
399;
letters to, from general Guest, 383, 386, 388-9, 391;
letters to, from the earl of Home, 388, 391, 398.
Guest, Joshua, commander-in-chief in Scotland, 51 and n, 340,
345 n, 347-9, 352, 376;
letters from, to Walter Grossett, 383, 385-6, 388-9, 391;
letter from, to captain Knight of the Happy Janet, 389.
Halket, colonel, a prisoner with the rebels, 364.

—— John, schoolmaster in Prestonpans, 44 n.
Hallhead. See Gordon.
Halyburton, John, 132-3 and n.
Hamilton, bailie, in Kinghorn, 399.
—— duke of, 56.
—— governor of Carlisle, 193.
—— John, factor to the duke of Gordon, his insolent conduct in
Aberdeen, 118-19 and n.
Handasyde, lieut.-general Roger, 343, 345 and n, 346, 376;
letters from, to Walter Grossett, 379, 380.
Hanway, captain, of the Milford, captures the Louis XV. transport,
352 and n.
Harper, William, of Edinburgh, 11 n.
Harris, island of, 78.
Harrison, William, catholic priest, 221 and n.
Hartree, Peeblesshire, 52 and n.
Hawley, general Henry C., 99 n, 345 n, 353 and n, 358, 361-6,
394-5;
succeeds Cope, 409;
defeated at Falkirk, 194-6, 410-13;
letter from, to general Blakeney, 393.
Hay, yr. of Ranas, 121.
—— Alexander, of Drumelzier, 19 and n, 26.
—— John, of Restalrig, W.S., 49 n, 219, 223 and n.
—— Thomas, of Huntington, keeper of the signet, 49 and n.
—— William, brother of Drumelzier, 19 and n, 26.
—— —— captain, 25 n.
Henry, Mr., 368 and n.
Hessians, 184 and n, 206;
land at Leith, 305 n, 366, 395.
Higgins Nook, near Alloa, 383-4, 348-9, 354, 387, 389, 394.
Highland soldiers shot in the Tower for desertion, 42 and n.
Highlands, their deplorable condition previous to the rising, 38.
Home, John, author of Douglas, 198 n.
—— William, earl of, 345 n, 350 n, 351, 372 and n, 376;
letters from, to Grossett, 388, 391, 398.
Honeywood, general, defeated by the rebels at Clifton, 185-6 and
n.
Horn, of Westhall, 124, 132, 139, 146.
How, captain Thomas, of the Baltimore, 236.
Howard’s regiment, 418.
‘Humlys,’ 145 and n.
Hunter, of Polmood, death of, 51 and n.
—— Robert, of Burnside, 155 and n.
Huntly Lodge [formerly Sanstoun], 118 n.
Huske, John, major-general, 353-4, 359 and n, 361;
at Culloden, 417;
letter from, to Walter Grossett, 392.
Inglis, sir John, of Cramond, 50 and n.

Innes, sir Harry, of Innes, 290 and n, 295;
letter to Grant on the need for protecting Elgin, 298 n.
Inverallochy, 98 n, 99 n.
—— lairds of. See Fraser.
Inverernan, laird of. See Forbes.
Invergarry castle, 228.
Inverlaidnan, 305 and n.
Inverness pays indemnity to Keppoch, 88;
taken by the rebels, 306 and n.
—— castle, 105 n, 108;
besieged and taken by the rebels, 109.
Invershin pass, 110.
Inverurie, skirmish at, 142-6, 295, 298 n.
Irving, of Drum, 122.
James Francis Stuart. See Stuart.

Johnshaven, 115 and n.
Keith, 207-8, 287-8;

rebels surprise a party of Campbells at, 155-6.
—— George. See Marischal, earl.
—— James, field-marshal, 7 and n, 26, 31, 36.
—— Robert, bishop of Caithness and the Isles, 17 n, 20 and n, 39.
Kelly’s regiment, 149 and n.
Kendal, 184-5.
Kenmure, John, viscount, 25 n, 43, 52.
—— Robert, viscount, 25 n.
—— William, viscount, 25 n.
Ker, Henry, of Graden, 405;
at the battle of Culloden, 213 n.
—— lord Mark, killed at Culloden, 152 n, 161.
—— lord Robert, killed at Culloden, 336 n.
Kessock ferry, 108 and n.
Kilmarnock, earl of, at the battle of Culloden, 214.
Kilmarnock’s Horse, 151 n.
Kincraig. See Culcairn.
Kingairloch, 84-5.
Kingsburgh. See Macdonald, Alexander.
Kinloch Moidart, laird of. See Macdonald, Donald.
Kintail parish, 76 and n.
Kintore, John Keith, earl of, 120, 123 and n, 145-6.
Knight, John, captain of the Happy Janet, letter from, to Grossett,
387;
letter to, from general Guest, 389.
Knoydart people ‘all papists and mostly thieves,’ 81.
Larrey, captain, 171.

Lascelles, colonel Peregrine, 340 n.
Laurence, Robt., of the Speedwell, 398.
Law, George, nonjurant minister, 127 and n.
Lead mines of Strontian, 83 and n.
Legrand, Mr., collector of the customs at Leith, 346.
Leighton (Layton), colonel, 354 and n, 358.
Leith, of Freefield, 124, 147.
—— of Glenkindy, 114, 124.
Levy or militia money, 133-4.
Lewis, island of, acquired by the Mackenzies, 78.
Leys. See Burnett, sir Alex.
Liddel, John, in Haugh of Dalderse, 388.
Ligonier, Francis, colonel, 177 n.
—— sir John, 177 and n.
Ligonier’s regiment, 345 n, 349, 359 n, 410, 417.
Lining, Thomas, minister of Lesmahagow, 83 n.
Linlithgow, 359-60.
Lismore, 84.
Lochaber, 217, 396.
Loch Alsh, battle at, between Mackenzies and Macdonalds, 75
and n.
Locharkaig, 86.
Lochaskivay, 246.
Loch Boisdale, 248-9 n.
Loch Broom, 75, 96.
Loch Carron, 75, 77.
Loch Eynort (Lochynort), 250.
Loch Hourn or Hell Loch, 80.
Lochiel, 84, 86.
See Cameron, Donald.
Loch Maddy, 233.
Lochskiport, 253.
Loch Uskavagh (Lochisguiway), 260.
Lochynort, South Uist, 246.
Lockhart, major, taken prisoner at Falkirk, 199 and n.
Logie, merchant in Aberdeen, 138.
Long Island, 78 and n.
Lonmay. See Moir, William.
Loudoun, John Campbell, earl of, 104, 106-7, 109, 110, 134 and n,
162 n, 206, 271 n, 280 and n, 282-284, 298;
at the Rout of Moy, 101 n, 108 and n;
defeated by lord Lewis Gordon at Inverury, 143-6, 178 and n;
prevails upon Lovat to prevent his clan from rising, 289 n;
censures the laird of Grant for acting without orders, 294 and n;
letter to, from Grant, expressing his anxiety to do everything
possible for the government, 299 n-300;
Loudoun’s reply, 301 and n;
writes to Grant regretting he is unable to supply his men with
arms, 305 and n, 306.
Lovat, Simon Fraser, lord, 26, 41-2, 44 n, 45-6, 48, 82 n, 90 and n,
96, 106, 228 and n, 244 n, 279 n, 289 n.
Lumly, Mr., cipher name of lord Semple, q.v.
Lumsden, James, minister of Towey, 114.
Lundie house, Fife, 393.
Macaulay, Aulay, minister of Harris, 232 and n.

—— John, minister of South Uist, 232 and n, 234.
MacAulays of Kintail, 76 n.
Macbain, Alexander, minister of Inverness, his Memorial
concerning the Highlands, 69-92.
—— Gillise, of Dalmagarrie, major in lady Mackintosh’s regiment,
killed at Culloden, 101 and n.
Macbains join the rebels, 101.
M‘Cay. See Mackay.
MacCrimmon, Donald Ban, piper of Macleod, taken prisoner by
the rebels at Inverurie, 145 and n;
killed at the Rout of Moy, 108 n, 145 n.
M‘Culloch, Roderick, of Glastulich, 98 and n.
Macdonald, Mrs., suspected of being the prince in disguise, 263.
—— of the Isles, earl of Ross, 79.
—— of Moidart, 79.
—— of Morar, 81 and n.
—— Æneas, banker in Paris, 8 and n;
accompanies prince Charles to Scotland, 82 n;
note on, 83 n.
—— Alexander, of Boisdale, 242;
refuses to join the rebels, 83 n;
taken prisoner, 245 and n;
his house plundered, 249.
—— —— of Glencoe, 86 and n.
—— —— yr. of Glengarry, 66 n, 67, 132 n.
—— —— of Keppoch, 88 n.
—— —— of Kingsburgh, 263 and n;
his interview with the prince near Monkstat house, 264.
—— sir Alexander, of Sleat, 25 n, 35 and n, 38, 39 n, 45, 63 n, 79,
83 n, 104, 207, 227 n, 243 n, 250 n, 262 and n, 263, 324.
—— Allan, of Morar, 81 and n, 82 n.
—— —— son of Scotus, 81 n.
—— —— [MacDowell], chaplain with the rebel army, 228 and n,
230, 231 n, 233.
—— Angus, of Borradale, 229 and n, 231.
—— —— yr. of Glengarry, killed at the battle of Sgeir-na-Caillich
[1603], 75.
—— —— son of Glengarry, 97 n;
letter from, to the bailie of Urquhart, threatening to ravage the
country if men do not join his standard, 277-8;
accidentally killed at Falkirk, 277 and n, 302 n.
—— —— of Milltown, 259-60.
—— —— of Scotus, 81 and n.
—— —— [MacEachain], surgeon in Glengarry’s regiment, 229
and n.
—— Angusia, 279 n.
—— Archibald, of Barisdale [d. 1752], 96 and n.
—— —— [d. 1787], son of Coll, of Barisdale, 97 n.
—— Catherine, wife of Macleod of Bernera, 242 n.
—— Coll, of Barisdale, 74, 96 n, 100 n, 230, 240, 279 n, 281 n,
282, 320-1, 415;
sketch of his career, 96 and n.
—— —— [‘Coll of the Cows’], of Keppoch, defeats M‘Intosh at the
battle of Mulroy, 87 and n;
his people papists and thieves, 88.
—— Donald, 231-2.
—— —— son of Clanranald, 242 and n.
—— —— brother of Glencoe, 86 n.
—— —— brother of Keppoch, 278 and n.
—— —— of Kinloch Moidart, 82 and n;
hanged in Carlisle, 83 n.
—— —— of Scotus, at Culloden, 81 n.
—— —— of Tiendrish, 278 and n.
—— —— Roy, 233 n.
—— Dougall, of Clanranald, 81 n.
—— Flora, 229 n, 230 n, 233 n, 250, 256, 266;
her first meeting with prince Charles, 251;
dresses the prince to pass as her maid, 260;
accompanies him to Trotternish, 262;
informs lady Macdonald of the prince’s whereabouts, 263;
a prisoner in London, 373 n.
—— Hugh, of Armadale, 244, 249 and n.
—— —— of Baleshare, 233 n, 243 and n.
—— —— vicar-apostolic of the Highlands, 82 n, 90 n.
—— James, brother of Glencoe, 86 n.
—— —— brother of Kinloch-Moidart, 83 n.
—— John, boatman, 259, 260.
—— —— doctor, 83 n.
—— —— of Glengarry, 25 n, 38.
—— —— of Guidale, 82 n.
—— —— son of Morar, 82 n.
—— —— son of Scotus, 81 n.
—— colonel John Andrew, of Glenaladale, 229 n.
—— lady Margaret, of Sleat, 243 n, 250 and n.
—— [MacEachain], Neil, his narrative of the wanderings of prince
Charles in the Hebrides, 225-66.
—— Ranald, of Clanranald, 38, 79, 232, 237, 241.
—— lady, of Clanranald, 17 n, 20, 243 n, 246, 259, 260.
—— Ranald, yr. of Clanranald, 82 n, 230.
—— —— brother of Neil Maceachain, 238 and n.
—— —— of Kinloch-Moidart, 82 n.
—— —— brother of Kinloch-Moidart, 83 n.
—— —— son of Donald of Scotus, 81 n.
—— —— ‘Walpole,’ 253.
—— Rory, 231, 248, 259, 260.
Macdonalds lacking in loyalty to the throne, 79, 314;
defeated by Mackenzies at Sgeir-na-Caillich [1603], 75 and n;
at the battle of Prestonpans, 407;
many desertions during the retreat to the north, 302 n-304 n;
at the battle of Falkirk, 195, 409, 411;
at Culloden, 213, 239, 417.
—— of Barisdale, 81 and n.
—— of Kinloch Moidart, 81.
M‘Dougall, William, merchant in Edinburgh, 51 and n.
MacDowell, Allan. See Macdonald.
M‘Eachan, Alexander, of Domondrack, 229.
—— or Macdonald, Neil. See Macdonald.
MacEachan-Macdonald of Drimindarach, 229 n.
MacEachans of Howbeg, 229 n.
M‘Gill, commander, 369.
M‘Gillivray (M‘Ilivrae), Alexander, of Dunmaglas, 101 and n, 147.
MacGillivrays join the rebels, 101.
Macgregor, Gregor, of Glengyle, 415.
—— or Drummond, William, of Balhaldy, 3-6, 8, 9, 12, 14 and n,
15 and n, 17, 19, 22, 28-30 and n, 32 n, 33 n, 39, 45-8, 54,
57, 58, 60, 66.
Macgregors, 92;
at the battle of Prestonpans, 407;
at the battle of Falkirk, 409, 411;
ill-treat and plunder citizens of Aberdeen, 148.
Machany, Perthshire, 271 n.

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Solution manual for Advanced Engineering Mathematics

Solution Manual for Advanced Engineering Mathematics,

Basic College Mathematics 8th Edition Tobey Solutions

Fundamentals of Advanced Accounting 8th Edition Hoyle

Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach Cengel 8th

Solution Manual for A Transition to Advanced

Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 8th

2.1 The Linear Second-Order Equation

2. The Wronskian of e4x and e−4x is

so these solutions of the associated homogeneous equation are indepen-

4. The associated homogeneous equation has solutions

y1 (x) = e3x cos(2x), y2 (x) = e3x sin(2x).

The Wronskian of these solutions is

for all x. The general solution of the nonhomogeneous equation is

5. The associated homogeneous equation has solutions

y1 (x) = ex cos(x), y2 (x) = ex sin(x).

These have Wronskian

so these solutions are independent. The general solution of the nonhomo-

6. Suppose y1 and y2 are solutions of the homogeneous equation (2.2). Then

y 100 + py01 + qy1 = 0

y100 y2 − y200 y1 + p(y10 y2 − y20 y1 ) = 0.

We want to relate this equation to the Wronskian of these solutions, which

which we can write as

Integrate this to obtain R

Then W (0) = 0, while W (x) = 0 if x = 0. This is impossible if x2 and

2.2 The Constant Coefficient Homogeneous

y(x) = c1 e−2x + c2 e3x .

2. The characteristic equation is

with roots 1 ± 3i. We can write a general solution

y(x) = c1 ex cos(3x) + c2 ex sin(3x).

3. The characteristic equation is

with repeated roots −3, −3. Then

y(x) = c1 e−3x + c2 xe−3x

with roots 0, 3, and

5. characteristic equation λ2 + 10λ + 26 = 0, with roots −5 ± i; general

6. characteristic equation λ2 +6λ−40 = 0, with roots 4, −10; general solution

y(x) = c1 e4x + c2 e−10x .

8. characteristic equation λ2 + 16λ + 64 = 0, with repeated roots −8, −8;

9. characteristic equation λ2 − 14λ + 49 = 0, with repeated roots 7, 7; general

In each of Problems 11–20 the solution is found by finding a general solution

11. The differential equation has characteristic equation λ2 + 3λ = 0, with

Choose c1 and c2 to satisfy:

Then c2 = −2 and c1 = 5, so the unique solution of the initial value

12. characteristic equation λ2 + 2λ − 3 = 0, with roots 1, −3; general solution

y(x) = 4ex + 2e−3x .

Solve these to obtain

The solution of the initial value problem is

21. (a) The characteristic equation is λ2 − 2αλ + α2 = 0, with α as a repeated

(b) The characteristic equation is λ2 − 2αλ + (α2 − 2)

Because a2 − 4b = 0, this reduces to

Then u(x) = cx + d, with c and d arbitrary constants, and the functions

and this is nonzero.

Because a2 − 4b < a2 by assumption, λ1 and λ2 are both negative (if

Case 2 - Suppose λ1 = λ2 . Now the general solution is

y(x) = (c1 + c2 x)eλ1 x ,

and this also has limit zero as x → ∞.

Case 3 - Suppose λ1 and λ2 are complex. Now the general solution is

and this has limit zero as x → ∞ because a > 0.

2.3 Particular Solutions of the Nonhomogeneous

= sin(x) − ln | sec(x) + tan(x)|.

The general solution is