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Handbook of Informatics for Nurses & Health Care Professionals, 6e (Hebda)

Chapter 1 An Overview of Informatics in Healthcare
1) A large healthcare organization is planning to implement a clinical information system. What

should be considered when selecting this system?
A) Training on the system should be limited.
B) Nursing staff documentation needs are the priority.
C) The organization needs to meet multiple competing demands.
D) Laboratory data and pharmacy integration is considered nonessential.
Answer: C
Explanation: A) No evidence supports limiting training on the system.
B) Every department in a large healthcare organization has an essential role in patient care.
C) The healthcare organization today is a complex system faced with multiple, competing
demands.
D) Every department in a large healthcare organization has an essential role in patient care.
Page Ref: 1
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need & Sub: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
Standards: QSEN Competencies: VI.A.1. Explain why information and technology skills are
essential for safe patient care | AACN Essential Competencies: IV.7. Recognize the role of
information technology in improving patient care outcomes and creating a safe care environment
| NLN Competencies: Quality & Safety | Nursing/Integrated Concepts:
Assessment/Communication and Documentation
Learning Outcome: Provide an overview of the current state of healthcare delivery.
1
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
2) The leadership team of a multisystem healthcare organization are analyzing potential clinical
documentation systems. Which demands should the team keep in mind when selecting the
system? Select all that apply.
A) Adopting new models of care
B) Eliminating disparities in care
C) Financing the system
D) Evolving roles for practitioners
E) Ensuring quality, safety, and transparency
Answer: A, B, D, E
Explanation: A) The healthcare delivery system today is a complex system faced with multiple,
competing demands. Among these demands are the need to adopt new models of care.
B) The healthcare delivery system today is a complex system faced with multiple, competing
demands. Among these demands are efforts to eliminate disparities in care.
C) The healthcare delivery system today is a complex system faced with multiple, competing
demands. Financing the system is not an identified demand.
D) The healthcare delivery system today is a complex system faced with multiple, competing
demands. Among these demands are evolving roles for practitioners.
E) The healthcare delivery system today is a complex system faced with multiple, competing
demands. Among these demands are the need for quality, safety, and transparency.
Page Ref: 1
| NLN Competencies: Quality & Safety | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Planning/Communication
and Documentation
Learning Outcome: Provide an overview of the current state of healthcare delivery.
2
3) The leadership team of a multisystem healthcare organization is hesitant to agree that the
current electronic medical record should be replaced with one that would integrate information
throughout the entire system. For which reasons should the organization update the system?
Select all that apply.
A) Decrease costs
B) Reduce staff turnover
C) Improve communication
D) Enable the delivery of safe quality care
E) Ensure care is provided in an effective, efficient manner
Answer: A, C, D, E
Explanation: A) Technology is a pervasive part of every aspect of society, including healthcare
delivery. Health information technology (HIT) provides the tools to decrease costs.
B) Technology is a pervasive part of every aspect of society, including healthcare delivery.
Health information technology (HIT) is not identified as a mechanism to reduce staff turnover.
C) Technology is a pervasive part of every aspect of society, including healthcare delivery.
Health information technology (HIT) provides the tools to improve communication.
D) Technology is a pervasive part of every aspect of society, including healthcare delivery.
Health information technology (HIT) enables the delivery of safe, quality care.
E) Technology is a pervasive part of every aspect of society, including healthcare delivery.
Health information technology (HIT) ensures care is provided in an effective, efficient manner.
Page Ref: 1
and Documentation
Learning Outcome: Discuss the role that technology plays in healthcare.
3
4) A healthcare provider practice associated with a multisystem healthcare organization uses
paper documentation for patient notes and stores laboratory data in the electronic health record.
What does this process exemplify?
A) Resistance to change
B) Insufficient number of electronic devices
C) Slow to use technology to its full potential
D) Limited time to learn the electronic system
Answer: C
Explanation: A) The healthcare sector has been slow to adopt and use technology to its full
potential. This may or may not be due to resistance to change.
B) The healthcare sector has been slow to adopt and use technology to its full potential. This may
or may not be due to an insufficient number of electronic devices.
C) The healthcare sector has been slow to adopt and use technology to its full potential. This is
viewed as being due to the complexity of healthcare delivery.
D) The healthcare sector has been slow to adopt and use technology to its full potential. This
may or may not be due to the time required to learn the electronic system.
Page Ref: 2
Assessment/Communication and Documentation
Learning Outcome: Discuss the role that technology plays in healthcare.
4
5) The informatics nurse is preparing a presentation for new nursing staff. Which definition
should the nurse use when explaining informatics to these colleagues?
A) A subspecialty of nursing that focuses on training in the use of computers
B) A specific area of medicine that highlights the importance of technology in patient care
C) A profession that is seeking an identity separate from medicine, nursing, or other behavioral
sciences
D) An interdisciplinary field that includes computer, decision, information, management, and
cognitive sciences
Answer: D
Explanation: A) Informatics is not a subspecialty of nursing that focuses on training in the use of
computers.
B) Informatics is not a specific area of medicine that highlights the importance of technology in
patient care.
C) Informatics is not a profession that is seeking an identity separate from medicine, nursing, or
other behavioral sciences.
D) The American Medical Informatics Association states that informatics is an interdisciplinary
field that draws from, as well as contributes to, computer science, decision science, information
science, management science, and cognitive science.
Page Ref: 2
Planning/Teaching/Learning
Learning Outcome: Provide a definition for informatics.
5
6) The nurse is considering attending a program that focuses on informatics. On which field will
the curriculum most likely be based?
A) Clinical informatics
B) Public health informatics
C) Translational bioinformatics
D) Consumer health informatics
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Clinical informatics focuses on the delivery of timely, safe, efficient, effective,
evidence-based, and patient-centered care. Nursing informatics is an example of this field.
B) Public health informatics focuses on surveillance, prevention, health promotion, and
preparedness.
C) Translational bioinformatics focuses on the storage, analysis, and interpretation of large
volumes of data.
D) Consumer health informatics focuses on the consumer, or patient, view and the structures and
processes that enable consumers to manage their own health.
Page Ref: 2
Assessment/Teaching/Learning
Learning Outcome: Provide a definition for informatics.
6
7) The nurse is preparing a white paper, explaining how informatics supports the use of data.
Which example should the nurse include that demonstrates a structure for data use?
A) Care plans
B) Concept map
C) Nursing process
D) Nursing diagnosis
Answer: D
Explanation: A) Care plans are not identified as a structure to use data.
B) Concept maps are not identified as a structure to use data.
C) The nursing process is a problem-solving approach to provide patient care. It is not a structure
to use data.
D) To be useful, data and information must be available when needed and in a form that can be
analyzed or used. Improved communication among professionals requires the adoption of
standardized languages and terminologies. An example of a standardized language is NANDA,
which provides standardized terms for nursing diagnoses.
Page Ref: 4
Planning/Teaching/Learning
Learning Outcome: Discuss the significance of informatics for healthcare.
7
8) The informatics nurse is focusing on the analysis of big data. What would be an expected
outcome of this analysis? Select all that apply.
A) Support decisions
B) Recommend actions
C) Enhance staff satisfaction
D) Forecast the likelihood of an event
E) Improve patient perception of care providers
Answer: A, B, D
Explanation: A) Real-time analytics use current data from multiple sources to support decisions.
B) Analysis of big data, or analytics, looks for patterns in data, then uses models to recommend
actions.
C) Analysis of big data is not used to enhance staff satisfaction.
D) Analytics can be used to forecast the likelihood of an event.
E) Analytics is not used to improve patient perception of care providers.
Page Ref: 5
and Documentation
9) The quality improvement committee is analyzing ways to prevent errors. Which approaches
should this committee consider? Select all that apply.
A) Checklists
B) Automation
C) Using big data
D) Hand-off tools
E) Standardization
Answer: A, B, D, E
Explanation: A) Steps to prevent errors in healthcare include checklists that can prevent slips
and lapses.
B) Steps to prevent errors in healthcare include automation when possible.
C) Big data is not identified as a step to prevent errors in healthcare.
D) Steps to prevent errors in healthcare include using hand-off tools to improve communication.
E) Steps to prevent errors in healthcare include standardization.
Page Ref: 7
Client Need & Sub: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control
and Documentation
8
10) The leadership team of a multisystem healthcare organization is strategizing ways to create a
culture that values informatics. On which foundational skills should the team focus? Select all
that apply.
A) Health literacy
B) Establish policies
C) Computer literacy
D) Information literacy
E) Enforce competencies
Answer: A, C, D
Explanation: A) Health literacy is a foundational skill required for an information-driven culture
and is the ability to understand and act upon basic healthcare information.
B) Policy establishment is a separate action that needs to be developed to create an information-
driven culture.
C) Computer literacy is a foundational skill required for an information-driven culture. It is a
term used to refer to the basic understanding and use of computers, software tools, spreadsheets,
databases, presentation graphics, social media, and communication via email.
D) Information literacy is a foundational skill required for an information-driven culture. It is
defined as the ability to read and understand the written word and numbers as well as the ability
to recognize when information is needed.
E) Competency development and enforcement is a separate action that needs to be developed to
create an information-driven culture.
Page Ref: 8
and Documentation
Learning Outcome: Describe the process required to create an informatics culture.
9
11) The committee working on the implementation plan for the clinical information system is
finalizing a policy to address responsibilities when safeguarding sensitive information. Which
ethical values should the committee emphasize in this policy? Select all that apply.
A) Justice
B) Veracity
C) Autonomy
D) Beneficence
E) Non-maleficence
Answer: A, C, D, E
Explanation: A) Justice refers to the standards practiced by healthcare professionals.
B) Veracity refers to telling the truth; however, it is not identified as a guiding principle for
moral action with informatics.
C) Autonomy is the individual's freedom to control interferences by others, retaining a personal
capacity for intentional action.
D) Beneficence refers to actions that result in positive outcomes in which benefits and utility are
balanced.
E) Non-maleficence is the obligation to do no harm.
Page Ref: 9
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I.A.7. Explore ethical and legal implications of patient-
centered care | AACN Essential Competencies: IV.8. Uphold ethical standards related to data
security, regulatory requirements, confidentiality, and clients' right to privacy | NLN
Competencies: Personal & Professional Development | Nursing/Integrated Concepts:
Planning/Caring
10
12) The nurse on the clinical information system committee is charged with locating information
on technical infrastructure. Which federal agencies should the nurse research before the next
committee meeting? Select all that apply.
A) The Joint Commission (TJC)
B) National Institutes of Health (NIH)
C) Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
D) Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
E) Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONCHIT)
Answer: B, D, E
Explanation: A) TJC is not a federal agency that addresses technical infrastructure.
B) The NIH provides funding for research to improve health.
C) The CMS does not address technical infrastructure.
D) The AHRQ is a division of the U.S. Health and Human Services committed to research and
evidence to improve the safety and quality of healthcare and to provide education for healthcare
professionals that will enable them to improve care.
E) The ONCHIT was funded with a grant from the Public Health Service Act (PHSA) and
provides electronic health record certification. Its structure includes multiple offices that are
relevant for HIT.
Page Ref: 10
essential for safe patient care | AACN Essential Competencies: V.4. Examine legislative and
regulatory processes relevant to the provision of health care | NLN Competencies: Quality &
Safety | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Planning/Communication and Documentation
11
13) The clinical information system committee is finalizing health-information standards to
safeguard collected data. Which categories of standards need to be addressed by this committee?
Select all that apply.
A) Process
B) Content
C) Transport
D) Vocabulary
E) Privacy/security
Answer: B, C, D, E
Explanation: A) Process is not a category of health-information data standards.
B) Content standards establish the structure and organization of the content.
C) Transport standards establish the format for exchange.
D) Vocabulary standards improve communication through the use of structured terms and
facilitate the organization of data.
E) Privacy standards protect personal health information, whereas security standards provide
administrative, physical, and technical actions that provide patient confidentiality as well as the
availability and integrity of health information.
Page Ref: 11
Client Need & Sub: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control
essential for safe patient care | AACN Essential Competencies: IV.3. Apply safeguards and
decision-making support tools embedded in patient care technologies and information systems to
support a safe practice environment for both patients and healthcare workers | NLN
Competencies: Quality & Safety | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Implementation/Communication
and Documentation
12
14) The nurse enters the room of a patient whose cardiac monitor alarm is sounding. Which
action should the nurse take first?
A) Greet the patient.
B) Turn off the alarm.
C) Look at the monitor.
D) Check for lead placement.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Electronic devices should not be a replacement for compassionate patient care.
B) Turning off the alarm could harm the patient if it is not reset once the reason for the alarm is
discovered.
C) Ignoring the patient when entering the room gives the impression that the machine is more
important than the patient.
D) Immediately searching for lead placement before talking with the patient gives the impression
that the machine is more important than the patient.
Page Ref: 12
essential for safe patient care | AACN Essential Competencies: IV.2. Use telecommunication
technologies to assist in effective communication in a variety of healthcare settings | NLN
Competencies: Relationship Centered Care | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment/Caring
Learning Outcome: Examine the relationship between technology, informatics, and caring.
15) While assessing a new patient, the nurse's phone rings. Which action should the nurse take to
demonstrate caring?
A) Answer the phone.
B) Leave the patient's room.
C) Place it on the windowsill.
D) Apologize for the interruption.
Answer: D
Explanation: A) Limitations to building a trusting, caring relationship come when patients
perceive the nurse as not caring or being distracted during interactions, such as answering the
phone during a nurse-patient interaction.
B) Leaving the patient's room indicates that the phone call is more important than the patient.
C) Placing the phone on the windowsill is distracting to the nurse and patient.
D) Apologizing for the interruption is the best approach to demonstrate care.
Page Ref: 13
essential for safe patient care | AACN Essential Competencies: IV.2. Use telecommunication
technologies to assist in effective communication in a variety of healthcare settings | NLN
Competencies: Relationship Centered Care | Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment/Caring
Learning Outcome: Examine the relationship between technology, informatics, and caring.
13
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A HUMOROUS COMPOSITION
ADDRESSED TO LOUIS KRAFT.
The host of Hotel de Prusse, in Leipsic.
It seems at first as if this theme could picture for us only that

beating. But in the second act Alberich’s brother, Mime, who has
been plotting to get the Rhine treasure for himself, is slain by
Siegfried. Then Alberich, who is concealed in the forest and
witnesses the scene, laughs aloud in bitter scorn of his fallen foe; and
his laugh consists of that Nibelung theme sung fortissimo. Then we
perceive that the theme fully embodies both of the characteristics of
the dwarfs, of which the second is the product of the first. To rise a
step higher, in the first act of “Die Walküre,” when Siegmund and
Sieglinde, the only living members of the race of Volsungs, are gazing
into one another’s eyes and learning to sympathize with one
another’s sorrows, the orchestra, always revealing to us the most
secret feelings of the actors, plays this passage:—
The bass phrase is the motive of the Volsung race, and its
melancholy character is intended to remind us that this is a race of
tragic heroes whose heritage is woe. The treble phrase is the motive
of sympathy. It is, therefore, written in thirds, the closest and most
elementary of those harmonic agreements called consonances, and it
is, in melody as well as harmony, expressive of sympathy. In the
second act of the drama of “Siegfried,” when the young hero lies
under the tree in the forest and wonders what manner of being his
mother was, the orchestra reminds us that he is a Volsung by
intoning the motive in this form:—
And again when Siegfried in “Die Götterdämmerung” has sobbed

forth his last words and lies dead among Gunther’s appalled vassals,
the basses of the orchestra once more wail out this sad motive,
accentuated by muttered beats of the kettle drums. Thus we see that
this motive is always heard when the two thoughts—Volsung race
and its woe—are especially significant in the drama. We learn that it
refers to these two things by the text with which it is associated, and
we then find that it intensifies for us the feeling of that text.
UNFINISHED BUST OF RICHARD
WAGNER.
Last work of Lorenz Gedon, in possession

of Friedrich Schön, of Worms.
The association with the text is, of course, the key-note of

Wagner’s leit motif system. There can be no successful refutation of
the assertion that a few of the leading themes of the Bayreuth music-
dramas are arbitrary in their formation. There are themes which are
intended to represent purely intellectual processes, and this is
something that music cannot do. But we need never be at a loss as to
Wagner’s intent. No lecturer nor handbook is necessary as a guide
through the music of these works when the hearer has once grasped
the idea that every leit motif is associated with the words or the acts
which explain its design, and this, too, almost invariably on its first
appearance. All that the hearer needs to know is the text. It was not a
part of Wagner’s theory that his listeners should commit to memory
a string of titles of motives, such as the “Love Renunciation Motive,”
the “Hero Idea,” the “Love Thrills,” the “Decree of Fate.” Many of
these titles have been invented by the handbook makers, who, in
their eagerness to explain Wagner to the world, have done much to
persuade the world that he is incomprehensible. The student of
Wagner needs no translation of the music, except the text. Wagner
did not believe, as many have asserted, that music was capable of
definite expression as words are. On the contrary, in his prose works,
he again and again declared that music was incapable of telling a
story, that it demanded the assistance of text, and that the two must
be joined in such close wedlock that they would operate upon the
mind and emotions of the hearer as a single indivisible force.
Therefore the student of these works needs only to make himself
master of the poems, and then to note carefully the music that
accompanies every sentiment or deed. In the Nibelung tetralogy, the
music of “Rheingold” is the foundation of all that follows, and it must
be known first. As each new motive appears in that work, it is
explained. Two or three illustrations will suffice. In the first scene,
the three Rhine-maidens sing this:—
Rhinegold, Rhinegold, lustrous delight,

Thou laughest in radiance rare.
When Siegfried, having slain the dragon, comes out of the cave,
that music is heard in the orchestra. Does any one need a handbook
to tell him that it refers to the hero’s being now the master of the
Rhine gold? Again, after telling Alberich that he who can make a ring
out of the Rhine gold will have unlimited power, one of the girls sings
this:—
But he who passion’s power forswears,
And from delights of love forbears,
But he the magic commandeth the prize to mould to a ring.
Here the text fully identifies the music as the motive of

renunciation, and as such we recognize this melody when Wotan in
the last scene of “Die Walküre” parts from his best beloved daughter,
Brünnhilde. This first identification of a theme enables the composer
to attain some of his finest effects, for he makes some motives have
an air of prophecy. For instance, two motives are especially
connected with Siegfried, and one of them refers to his being a great
hero. This motive is first heard in the last scene of “Die Walküre”
before Siegfried is born, and before Brünnhilde knows that he is to
be her lover. Yet it is Brünnhilde who voices it in foretelling his birth
to Sieglinde:—
The highest hero of worlds hid’st thou,

O wife, in sheltering shrine.
Thenceforward we know that melody to be the theme of Siegfried,

the hero. Immediately following this is introduced a theme which
appears again in the full voicing of the orchestra after Brünnhilde has
restored the Rhine gold to its rightful owners and immolated herself
on Siegfried’s funeral pyre at the end of the last drama of the series.
If we wonder at its meaning there, we refer to its first appearance in
“Die Walküre,” and find that Sieglinde utters it as a proclamation of
the divine womanhood of Brünnhilde:—
Oh, marvelous sayings,

Maiden divine.
Another example will show how a representative theme may be

modified, according to the development of the person whom it
represents, without losing its identity. The theme which has special
reference to Siegfried’s buoyancy of spirit, the producer of youthful
enthusiasm, is intoned by the hero on his horn thus:—
In “Die Götterdämmerung,” when Siegfried has become a fully

developed man, this melody is modified so as to signify his mature
heroism. It is then proclaimed by the orchestra thus:—
As the writer has had occasion to say elsewhere, “The alteration to
which the music is subjected is one of rhythm. The motif changes
from six-eight to common rhythm. The effect produced is one of
those which are founded upon the nature of music. A six-eight
rhythm is light and tripping; a four-beat rhythm is firm and solid.”
This alteration of the representative theme, then, “develops the
character of the melody along the same lines as Siegfried’s character
has developed,—from lightness and ebulliency to firmness and
solidity.” These examples should be sufficient to give the reader a
tolerable comprehension of the manner in which Wagner worked out
his new operatic form. It seems necessary now only to lay special
stress upon the suggestion already offered, that the listener at the
performance of a Wagner music-drama does not treat either himself
or the composer fairly when he busies his mind wholly with the
identification of the themes as they present themselves successively
to his hearing. The proper effort is to get at the organic connection
between action or thought and the music, to read each by the light of
the other, and to see whether it is not possible to penetrate by means
of the two into the spirit of the drama. If the hearer accomplishes
this, he will have at least the right to say that he has approached the
consideration of this art work of Wagner’s in a spirit of fairness; and
though he may not know the title of a single theme, he will have a far
better understanding of their meaning than they who have
committed to memory some one of the thematic handbooks.
This exposition of Wagner’s theories will have failed to achieve its
purpose if the reader does not now clearly perceive that its
fundamental postulate is that the opera is a drama in which music is
merely the chief vehicle of expression. This ruling idea led Wagner
not only to abandon the old formulæ, but to do many things which
would, perhaps, be inexpedient to attempt in absolute music. The
great Bayreuth master has been severely censured, by those who
cling to the belief that music should always be pretty, for having
written many harsh progressions and for having indulged in
remarkable boldness in his harmonies. These so-called sins of the
master must find their justification in the fact that he was not aiming
at purely musical beauty. The whole purpose of his work was “exact
and lifelike embodiment of the poet’s thought.” When the emotion of
an actor was harsh, the music had to be harsh. When the emotions
were grand and beautiful, the music had to be of a similar character.
It is for these reasons that we find the snarling anger of Alberich and
Mime, the bitter hatred of Ortrud, the fury of Isolde, voiced in music
which is not pretty, but which is truthful. But on the other hand,
when Wagner has to express the sorrows of the Volsungs, the fierce
and sudden passion of Siegmund and Sieglinde, the awful revulsion
of feeling in the death of Siegfried, or the highest elevation of
woman’s love in the last moments of Isolde, he rises to a sublime
height of melody, an overwhelming dignity of harmony, and an
irresistible eloquence of instrumentation not equalled by any other
composer. As Louis Ehlert, not a Wagnerite, has well said: “Wagner’s
music always impresses us with the idea that we are in the presence
of genius. It may at times be ugly, obtrusive, and noisy; but it is never
silly and insignificant.”[20]
Much of the pungency of Wagner’s music, which makes it
disagreeable to timid ears, is due to his progressiveness in the matter
of harmony. He has gone to the furthest limit in the use of passing
notes, as primarily embodied in the polyphony of Bach. He has
followed the rule thus formulated by Dr. Parry:—
“Suspensions are now taken in any form and position which can in
the first place be possibly prepared even by passing notes, or in the
second place be possibly resolved even by causing a fresh discord, so
long as the ultimate resolution into concord is feasible in an
intelligible manner.”[21]
Many of Wagner’s harmonic progressions belong to that class
which instruct rather than obey the theorists. These progressions
have all been found capable of justification by analysis, and will
therefore remain as part of Wagner’s contributions to the
development of musical science and art. In considering these
novelties, we must remember that genius is usually in advance of its
day, and what sounded strange at first by reason of its novelty will in
good time become part of the common diction of the art. In
instrumentation, Wagner also made many innovations, and it is
indisputable that he was the greatest master of the art of scoring who
has ever lived. He showed a profounder insight into the individual
capacity of every instrument than any composer except Berlioz, and
in fecundity of combination he excelled even the gifted Frenchman.
He enriched the body of tone of the modern orchestra by the
employment of the tenor tuba, and emphasized the value of the
neglected bass trumpet. His addition to the customary number of
horn parts splendidly improved the mellow tone and solidity of the
brass choir, and his use of the bass clarinet, not simply as a solo
instrument, but as a re-enforcement of the organ-like bass of the
woodwind department, was a stroke of genius. He further developed
the expressiveness of the woodwind band by the novelty of his
distribution of harmony among its members. Not only did he allot
solos to them with unerring judgment, but departing from the
conventional style of the classic symphonists, who used their wood
instruments in pairs playing in thirds and sixths, he wrote for these
instruments in a marvellously effective dispersed harmony. In
writing for the strings, Wagner divided them more frequently than
his predecessors had done, often making six or eight real parts
among the violins alone. Altogether his instrumentation is richer in
its polyphony and more solid in its body of tone than that of any
other composer. He has been accused of being noisy, but power of
sound is not necessarily noise. There is more noise in some of Verdi’s
shrieking piccolo passages, accentuated with bass-drum thumps,
than in the loudest passage that Wagner ever wrote.
Taking him by and large, as the sailors say, Wagner is the most
striking figure in the history of music. Whether the future will or will
not accord to him the position granted by the musical world of the
present—that of the greatest genius (though not the profoundest
musician) the art has produced—he will remain fixed upon the
records as the most commanding intellect that ever sought to express
its thought and accomplish its purposes though the medium of
music. His influence upon his contemporaries has been larger than
that of any other master since the science of modern music began.
One has only to study the latest operas of that real genius, Verdi, to
perceive how one of the most gifted musical minds of our time was
forced to yield to the convincing truth of Wagner’s ideas. As for those
of less original force than Verdi, they have one and all—even
Mascagni, who is as purely Italian as Wagner was purely Teutonic—
been swayed by his irresistible influence. Even the symphonic writers
have been guided by him, and no man can ever again write an
orchestral score as if Wagner had not lived. The futile controversy
about his theories and his style will probably be kept alive for some
years by those who persistently refuse to remodel their inflexible
conceptions of what ought to be after the splendid pattern of what is.
But Wagner’s theories will live, for he was the fulfillment of the
prophetic words of Herder on Gluck: “The progress of the century led
us to a man, who, despising the frippery of wordless tones, perceived
the necessity of an intimate connection of human feeling and of the
myth itself with his tones. From that imperial height on which the
ordinary musician boasts that poetry serves his art he stepped down
and made his tones only serve the words of feeling, the action itself.
He has emulators, and perhaps some one will soon outstrip him in
zeal, overthrowing the whole shop of slashed and mangled opera-
jingle, and erecting an Odeon, a consistently lyric edifice, in which
poetry, music, action, and decoration unite in one.”
THE ANIMATED FORGE MOVEMENT.
PANTHEON OF GERMAN MUSICIANS
(1740–1867.)
Reproduction of a painting by W. Lindenschmit.

MUSIC IN GERMANY
Germany, the foremost of musical nations, owes her present

supremacy not only to the genius of her great masters, from Bach to
Wagner, but also in a large degree to the native impulse of her
people, who for centuries have been distinguished for their earnest
love of music.
In the Middle Ages the Germans possessed in their folk-songs
(Volkslieder), Minnesongs and church chorals a rich fund of music,
inexpressibly dear to the people. These precious heirlooms have been
cherished and preserved, and their peculiar earnestness, purity of
style, and depth of sentiment have rendered them sources of lofty
inspirations to the great masters who have achieved for Germany her
world-wide fame in music. It is unfortunate that our knowledge of
German popular music in the Middle Ages is not as full and
trustworthy as that concerning the beginnings of contrapuntal art in
the Netherlands,[22] and the development of Catholic Church music.
We have the best inferential evidence that the sense of melody and
rhythm existed in definite form among the people earlier than in
church music. This evidence comes to us from an observation of the
devices to which the monks of St. Gallen resorted, in order to
popularize the Gregorian song in Germany. For, whereas the plain
chant of Gregory seems never to have been musically enjoyable to the
Germans, certain sequentiæ introduced by these monks, notably by
Notker, surnamed the Stammerer ( † 912), became universally
popular among the people. These “sequences” should not be
confounded with the so-called sequences defined in our modern
treatises on harmony. A sequentia was a hymn, with words in
rhymed Latin set to fitting music. Such sequentiæ were sung by
trained choirs at certain moments in the service, and the
congregation joined in the phrases like “Kyrie” and “Alleluia” which
followed. “Veni Sancte Spiritus,” “Stabat Mater,” and “Dies Iræ” are
sequences of this sort. These sequences are really concessions to the
popular taste of the time. The mass of the people loved melody and
rhythm, characteristics which were ultimately recognized as
necessary to church music.
The folk-songs of Germany are quite unlike the Minnelieder (love-
songs). This is evident both in the words and melodies. The folk-song
is more naïve, tender and rhythmical than the heavy and solemn
Minnelied. In most cases the latter resembles the choral in having
slow and equal notes. Comparatively few of the old folk-songs have
come down to us unchanged, and of still fewer do we know the date
of composition. Probably we owe many of them to travelling
minstrels, who went about from place to place.
During the sway of the Troubadours, the love of poetry and song
spread over Europe, and Germany was directly influenced by them.
The Minnesingers were a similar class of knightly lyrists. Their
favorite meeting-place was the Wartburg, near Eisenach, at the Court
of Hermann, Landgrave of Thuringia. Among the most celebrated of
these poet-singers were Wolfram von Eschenbach, Walther von der
Vogelweide, Heinrich Schreiber and Heinrich von Zwetschin. The
influence of the Minnesingers was greatest in the thirteenth century,
and rapidly died out in the following. They were succeeded by the
Mastersingers who were of the burgher class, and included in their
ranks schoolmasters, clerks and mechanics. The foremost
Mastersinger was Hans Sachs, the famous poet-cobbler, who lived in
Nuremberg in the sixteenth century. The music of the Mastersingers
was in general heavy and expressionless, very much like church
psalmody.
Wagner has immortalized both classes of mediæval singers in his
“Tannhäuser” and “Mastersingers,” but the true source of his
inspiration was not their music, but the poetic and dramatic
characteristics of the picturesque life of those days.
The folk-songs were more rhythmical and melodious than either
the Minnesongs or Mastersongs. It is certain that as an element of
influence in the practice and development of music in the latter part
of the Middle Ages and at the time of the Reformation, popular
music in Germany had risen to an eminence hardly second to the
Gregorian song.
Some of the music of the Minnesingers was a direct outgrowth
from the folk-songs. Their poems were composed principally to
interest those who lived at court, but the music, so far as it had
melodic character, was imitated and developed from the melodies of
the people. A rude and simple instrumental accompaniment was
characteristic of these productions. The element of declamation, too,
must have been very important, for even up to the thirteenth century
the “singing” and the “saying” of poetry were identical in meaning.
The folk-songs had great influence, as we have seen, on the
melodic invention of composers of the Reformation. Other influences
were potent, however, in determining the various forms of
composition. The development of counterpoint in the Netherlands,
and the higher a capella church style in Italy, were important for
Germany. Attempts were made to treat secular melodies in the
elaborate style of the Netherlanders, with the melody in the tenor,
accompanied by several contrapuntal parts.
Heinrich Isaak, who was a member of the choir of the Emperor
Maximilian from 1493 to 1519, enjoyed Italian training, and wrote
sacred and secular music in the prevailing Flemish style. He won for
himself the title of the “German Orpheus.” His contemporary,
Heinrich Finck, was likewise famous and beloved. Also Stephan
Mahu, a singer in the choir of Ferdinand I., was of the same school,
and wrote motets and “lamentations” in a simple but sublime style.
The earliest Protestant music was in the style of these masters, and
the choral with contrapuntal accompaniment was suggested by their
treatment of sacred chants and secular melodies. Under the
influence of the Reformation, sacred music was cultivated with
renewed fervor.
Martin Luther, the head and front of the great movement, took a
profound interest in music, which he exemplified by his noble “Ein’
feste Burg,” and other melodies and hymns. Associated with him
were the musicians Johann Walther and Louis Senfl. Their labors did
not extend beyond the middle of the sixteenth century, and may be
said to mark the first period of Protestant Church music. Walther
was court musician at Torgau when called by Luther to Wittenberg to
collaborate with the singer, Conrad Rupff, concerning the
arrangement of the German mass. Walther’s choral book was the
first one published. It appeared at Wittenberg in 1524, under the
supervision of Luther, who wrote a preface to the work.
LUDWIG SENFL.
The most able musical character of the period was Ludwig Senfl.
He was born and educated in Switzerland, and was a pupil of
Heinrich Isaak. He became a member of the choir of Emperor
Maximilian, and in 1530 was chosen director of church music at the
Bavarian court in Munich, a position afterward held by Orlando
Lasso.
Senfl was not only a composer of motets and other church music,
but also, according to the custom of his day, set to music many
ancient odes, particularly those of Horace. A collection of these odes
was published in 1534 at Nuremberg. Senfl did not compose original
chorals, but in his contrapuntal treatment of them displayed a higher
degree of skill and taste than his contemporaries, and he was clearly
the forerunner of masters like Eccard and Michael Prætorius. A pure,
religious spirit animates his works, and the chaste style of his themes
and counterpoint renders his music interesting. Among other
masters of this period who were influenced by the Flemish school
may be mentioned Heinrich Finck, Rahw, Resinarius, Agricola,
Duces, Dietrich and Stolzer. Finck is especially noted for his motet-
like arrangements of chorals; and Rahw published in 1544 a
collection of chorals to which the above-named composers and
others contributed.
As has been said, this activity in Protestant music was not without
parallel in Catholic music. Indeed, the works of these same
composers were sung in the Catholic cathedrals of their native land.
Heinrich Isaak, who has already been mentioned, was the only
noteworthy composer of this time who devoted himself exclusively to
Catholic Church music. His work, in common with that of a
multitude of lesser masters, was surpassed infinitely by the
achievements of Orlando Lasso. This great musician, although a
Belgian by birth, spent much of his life in Germany, and from his
prominent position at Munich wielded a powerful influence on the
musical life of his age.
The second period in the development of Protestant Church music
may be said to have begun about the middle of the sixteenth century,
when it became the fixed custom to place the melody in the highest
part of the harmony. When given to the tenor, the melody could
never assert its rights, for it was often lost in the polyphonic
complexity of the other voices. Its transference to the soprano—a
reform suggested by the stile familiare of Josquin de Près and by the
Italian frottole and villanelle—had been determined by the Calvinist
psalm collections of 1542 and later. This new style of composition
was assiduously cultivated during the latter half of the century, and
its ablest representatives were Hassler, Eccard and Michael
Prætorius.
Hans Leo Hassler was born at Nuremberg in 1564, and died in
1612. He was educated in music by Andreas Gabrieli at Venice. He
was one of the first organists of his time, and a clever contrapuntist
and composer. Although a disciple of the Venetian school, his
compositions have a genuine German simplicity and strength; but
the most justly celebrated German composer of the century was
Johannes Eccard, who was born at Mülhausen in 1553. It was
conjectured that he was a pupil of Lasso. Eccard’s music is simple
compared with that of his contemporaries of the Venetian and
Roman schools. He was content to use his gifts in a less pretentious
way, but nevertheless his Festival Songs deserve a place among the
best church music. They are a perfect embodiment of religious
devotion, and show a complete mastery of the peculiar form which
he adopted in his music. In his works the melody appears in the
soprano, but is not sufficiently individualized to be separated from
the harmony. The parts are generally five in number, they move
freely, and are well adapted to the voices of the singers. Eccard was
likewise the composer of sacred songs, which are noble in
comparison with similar music of his day; but his attention was
devoted chiefly to church music. Two of his pupils became celebrated
musicians, Johann Stobäus and Heinrich Albert. The latter had an
important influence on the early development of the German Lied.
HANS LEO HASSLER.

TITLE-PAGE OF “SYNTAGMA
MUSICUM.”
(See page 573.)
One of the most prominent masters of the early part of the

seventeenth century was Michael Prætorius (1571–1621). He
witnessed the great change which was then taking place in music, but
contributed nothing to it himself. He endeavored, however, to
educate his countrymen to appreciate the new style of secular music
which, in Italy, was then making rapid headway in the operas of Peri,
Caccini and others. For a number of years he was organist and
director of music at Brunswick, where he died. In his great
admiration and study of the new Italian masters, he did not, like his
eminent successor, Heinrich Schütz, lose his nationality. The number
of works he composed, collected, and elaborated is two thousand.
His most important contribution to music, however, is his
“Syntagma Musicum,” a theoretical work of great value to students of
musical history. Concerning instruments and the theory of music, it
is a rich source of knowledge.

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Reproduction of a painting by W. Lindenschmit.

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(See page 573.)

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