SIYENSIKULA SCRIPT

A black hole is a place at the center of all large galaxies, even the milky way. It is a place
where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. It sucks and pulls any matter.
The gravity is so extreme because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space.
Astronomers discovered that almost every galaxy has a black hole at its center, which is
starved most of the time but bursts intermittently for tens of millions of years at a time.

Let’s now move on to the properties & structures of a black hole. According to Mendoza, A.
(2019), black holes have 5 parts; these are the event horizon, singularity, photon sphere,
relativistic jet, and accretion disc. First, the two main parts of a black hole are the event
horizon and singularity. The singularity is the center of a black hole where matter has
compacted into an infinite density zone. Everything that falls into a black hole eventually
ends up here. While the event horizon is the radius around a singularity beyond which
energy or anything cannot escape the gravity of the black hole, the point of no return. Then,
the accretion disc is a disc of hot gas and dust that whirls at rapid speed around a black
hole, releasing electromagnetic radiation (x-ray). While the relativistic jet is the part that gets
formed particles and radiation are blasted by absorbed stars. Lastly, in the photon sphere, a
photon released by hot plasma near the black hole bends its path, creating a bright light ring.

Now that we have more knowledge about black holes, Let’s see how these mysterious
places are formed. According to an article by StrongGravity (2022), black holes are formed
when the core of a star collapses in on itself. When this happens, a supernova occurs. A
supernova is an exploding star that blasts part of the star into space. They can collide and
form a single black hole. This procedure takes between 50 and 100 million years to
complete. The black holes arise as a final evolution stage of stars.

Now, we’re moving on to the classifications of black holes. According to Wei-Haas, M.

(2019), black holes have four main classifications; these are stellar, intermediate,
supermassive, and miniature black holes. Based on an article by Madaan, A.S (2017), a
supermassive black hole is the most massive form, with an unquantifiable number of solar
masses like the Sagittarius A in our galaxy. After that comes the intermediate-mass black
hole. There are only indirect evidences for their existence. These are black holes with a
mass that ranges from a hundred to a million solar masses. Another classification would be
the stellar-mass black holes. The masses of these black holes range from five to a hundred
solar masses. And lastly, the miniature or micro black holes. Their existence was proposed
by Stephen Hawking and according to Britannica, these black holes tend to lose mass over
time and disappear through Hawking radiation.

Now, the million-dollar question is, do black holes exist? Since we are now in the
year 2022, it is quite safe to say that Black Holes DO EXIST. Firstly, let’s
acknowledge the theory of General Relativity definitely that played an important role
to fuel the discovery of black holes. Although the theory doesn’t directly state the
existence of black holes, it definitely predicted their existence. This basically sums
up how black holes come to be in our universe. It all revolves around how gravity
distorts the way light behaves. Thus an occurrence of this takes place near a black
hole wherein light is bent is and is now what we currently call the Event Horizon.
Now, for the observational evidence that have been collected. Starting off, according
to May, A. (2021) we can prove the existence of black holes with the gravitational
waves detected from these, gravitational effects on the movements of stars,
especially near the center of our galaxy, x-ray emissions, the accretion disk a newly
taken direct image, and etc.

So, here are a few questions about black holes that are still left unsolved. You may
ponder or research more about these for a deeper understanding. The first one
would be what happens when something gets pulled in by a black hole? We might
never really know unless we find an indirect way to answer this in the near future.
And lastly, we also have no current explanation for the paradox that is the Black Hole
Information Paradox. According to Sutter, P. (2019), black holes kind of defy a rule
within our universe wherein information is neither created nor destroyed, but due to
the evaporation of a black hole, it eventually loses its energy and mass, meaning it
carries along the information once it disappears. Thus, the paradox is created.
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Wei-Haas, Maya. “What Is a Black Hole?” What Is a Black Hole? National Geographic, May
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https://api.nationalgeographic.com/distribution/public/amp/science/article/black-holes.

Madaan, About Sonia. “What Is a Black Hole and Types of Black Holes.” Earth Eclipse,
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