• Adolescence is one of the most exciting

yet challenging periods in human

development.
• Adolescence is the period of life that
occurs between 12 and 21 years of age.
• GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• Puberty is the period of rapid growth and
development during which a child physically
develops into an adult and becomes capable of
reproduction.
• It is initiated by the increased production of
reproductive hormones such as estrogen,
progesterone, and testosterone.
• It is characterized by the outward appearance of
secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast
development in females and the appearance of
facial hair in males.
Psychologic Changes
• The physical growth of puberty transforms
the teen body into an adult
• the social and emotional development of
adolescence lags behind.
• Cognitive and emotional development may
vary greatly among adolescents, with some
adolescents maturing faster than others.
 Psychosocial development can affect
health and nutritional status in many ways,
including the following:
• Preoccupation with body size, body shape,
and body image
• Diminishing trust and respect for adults
• More pronounced social, emotional, and
financial independence.
• Stress
• Developed future orientation, which is
required to understand the link between
current behavior and chronic health risks.
• Development of social, emotional, financial,
and physical independence from family as
teens leave home to attend college or seek
employment
• Development of a core set of values and
beliefs
 Sexual Maturity
• Sexual maturity rating (SMR), also known
as Tanner staging, is used to assess
clinically the degree of sexual maturation
during puberty.
• Among males, SMR is based on genital and
pubic hair development.
• Among females SMR is assessed by breast
and pubic hair development.
 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
• Energy
• Estimated energy requirements (EERs) vary
greatly among males and females because of
variations in growth rate, body composition,
and physical activity level (PAL).
• EERs are calculated using an adolescent’s
gender, age, height, weight, and PAL,
• with an additional 25 kilocalories (kcal) per
day added for energy deposition or growth.
• Counseling related to excessive energy
intakes among adolescents should focus
on intake of discretionary calories,
especially those from :-
- added sweeteners consumed through soft
drinks and candy
- from solid fats consumed through snack
foods and fried food
 Protein
• During adolescence protein requirements
vary with degree of physical maturation.
• The DRIs for protein intake are estimated
to allow for adequate pubertal growth and
positive nitrogen balance.
 Carbohydrates and Fiber
• Carbohydrate requirements of adolescents
are estimated to be 130 g/day.
• Teens who are very active or actively
growing need additional carbohydrates to
maintain adequate energy intake.
• Teens who are inactive or have a chronic
condition that limits mobility, may require
fewer carbohydrates.
• Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and
legumes. are the preferred source of
carbohydrates because these foods provide
vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
• Intake of carbohydrate is adequate in most
teens
• Fiber intakes of youth are low because of
poor intake of whole grains, fruits, and
vegetables.
• The adequate intake (AI) values for fiber
intake among adolescents are 31 g/day
for males 9 to 13 years old, 38 g/day for
males 14 to 18 years old,
• The adequate intake (AI) values for fiber
intake among adolescents are 26 g/day
for 9- to 18-year-old females .
• Fat
• total fat intakes not exceed 30% to 35% of
overall energy intake.
• No more than 10% of calories coming
from saturated fatty acids.
• Estimated requirements for omega-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids among teens
are 1.2 g/day for 9- to 13-year-old males, 1
g/day for 9- to 13-year-old females, 1.6 g/
day for 14- to 18-year-old males, and 1.1 g/
day for 14- to 18-year-old females
• Minerals and Vitamins
• Micronutrient needs of youth are elevated
‫ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬during adolescence to support physical
growth and development.
• The micronutrients involved in the synthesis
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬of lean body mass, bone, and red blood
cells.
• Vitamins and minerals involved in protein,
ribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonucleic acid
synthesis are needed in the greatest amounts
during the growth spurt ‫ﻃﻔﺮة‬
• iron. most micronutrients during puberty,
with the exception of In general,
adolescent males require greater amounts
of
• among some subgroups of teens,
especially among females. . Micronutrient
intakes during adolescence are often
inadequate
• Calcium
• Because of accelerated ‫ ﺗﺴﺎرع‬muscular,
skeletal, and endocrine development,
calcium needs are greater during puberty
and adolescence than during childhood or
the adult years.
• The RDA for calcium is 1300 mg for all
adolescents.
• Interventions to promote ‫ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬calcium
consumption among youth should be focus
on :-
- increasing dairy product intake
- decreasing intakes of soft drinks
- increasing intakes of calcium-rich foods
such as fortified orange juice and ready-to-eat
cereals, breads and other grains, dark leafy
green vegetables.
• Iron
• Iron requirements are increased during
adolescence to:-
- Support the deposition of lean body mass.
- increase in red blood cell volume.
- need to replace iron lost during menses
among females.
• The DRI for iron among females increases
from 8 mg/day before age 13 (or before
the onset of menses) to 15 mg/day after
the onset of menses .
• Among adolescent males recommended
intakes increase from 8 to 11 mg/day.
• adolescent females at risk for iron
deficiency and anemia.
• During adolescence, iron deficiency
anemia may :-
- impair the immune response
- decrease resistance to infection.
- decrease cognitive functioning. and
short-term memory‫اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة اﻟﻤﺪى‬