What is Meteorology?

Is the scientific study of the atmosphere

that focuses on weather processes and
forecasting.
Meteorological phenomena are
observable weather events which
illuminate and are explained by the
science of meteorology.
 Those events are bound by the variables
that exist in Earth's atmosphere.
What is Meteorologists?

 Meteorologists use science and math to

understand and predict weather and
climate.

They also study how the atmospheric and

weather conditions affect the earth and its
human inhabitants.
What is an example of Meteorology?

The chief factors comprised by the science

of meteorology are temperature, barometric
pressure, humidity, sunlight and the
interactions of each variable, as well as their
variability. An example of
meteorology would be the NOAA, who study
the ocean and the atmosphere.
 What are the branches of meteorology?

There are countless subfields of meteorology, far too many

to get into in a short lesson, but some of the most common
include:

 Atmospheric chemistry.
 Atmospheric physics.
 Numerical weather prediction and modeling.
 Tropical and oceanographic meteorology.
 Aviation.
 Hazards.
What is Earth’s Atmosphere?

Earth's atmosphere. Earth's atmosphere is a

layer of gases surrounding the
planet Earth and retained by the
Earth's gravity. It contains roughly 78% nitrogen
and 21% oxygen 0.97% argon and carbon
dioxide 0.04% trace amounts of other gases,
and water vapor. This mixture of gases is
commonly known as air.
What are the 7 layers of the Earth's
atmosphere?

Layers of the atmosphere:

 Troposphere
 Stratosphere
 Mesosphere
 Thermosphere

Earth's atmosphere has a series of layers, each with

its own specific traits. Moving upward from ground
level, these layers are named the troposphere,
stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and
exosphere.
How does the Earth's atmosphere work?

It absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from

the sun, helps keep Earth's surface warm via
the greenhouse effect, and reduces
temperature extremes between day and
night. Yay atmosphere! It keeps Earth livable.
So, thanks to gravity, although some
of Earth's atmosphere is escaping to space,
most is staying here.
Why is Earth's atmosphere important?

 The atmosphere is an important part of what

makes Earth livable. It blocks some of the Sun's
dangerous rays from reaching Earth. It traps heat,
making Earth a comfortable temperature. And
the
oxygen within our atmosphere is essential for life.
The Earth's atmosphere is composed of the
following
molecules: nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (
1%), and then trace amounts of carbon dioxide,
neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen,
nitrous oxide, xenon, ozone, iodine, carbon
monoxide, and ammonia. Lower altitudes also
have quantities of water vapor.Mar 9, 2009.
What do you mean by composition of
atmosphere?

Atmosphere refers to the gases surrounding

a star or planetary body held in place by
gravity. ... The composition of the
Earth's atmosphere is about 78 percent
nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent
argon, with water vapor, carbon dioxide,
and other gases. The atmospheres of other
planets have a different composition.
How has the composition of the Earth's
atmosphere changed over time?

The methane and ammonia in the

atmosphere of the small planets
slowly changed, over billions of years, into
carbon dioxide and nitrogen. More carbon
dioxide and other gases were added to
the atmosphere by erupting volcanoes.
What is the difference between weather and
climate?

Whereas weather refers to short-term

changes in the
atmosphere, climate describes what
the weather is like over a long period of time
in a specific area. Different regions can have
different climates. ... Weather tells you what
to wear each day. Climate tells you what
types of clothes to have in your closet.
What are some examples of weather and
climate?

Climate is the average of that weather.

For example, you can expect snow in the
Northeast in January or for it to be hot and
humid in the Southeast in July. This is climate.
The climate record also includes extreme
values such as record high temperatures or
record amounts of rainfall.
What are the six types of weather conditions?

There are six main components, or parts, of weather.

They are :
1.Temperature
2.Atmospheric pressure
3.Wind
4.Humidity
5.Precipitation
6.Cloudiness.

Together, these components describe the weather at

any given time.
What are the two types of climate?

There are six main components, or parts,

of weather.They are temperature,
atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity,
precipitation, and cloudiness. Together,
these components describe the weather at
any given time.
What are the three major climate zones on
Earth?
Earth's climate can be divided into three
major zones: the coldest polar zone, warm
and humid tropical zone, and the moderate
temperate zone.
Polar Zone
Temperate Zone
Tropical Zone
Considerations
WHY IS WEATHER AND CLIMATE IMPORTANT?

Weather and climate are very important to

man and his environment, the
most important benefit of weather and
climate is that they bring rain, snow and
other forms of precipitation. This precipitation
or rain is what sustains all living things on the
earth surface (humans, plant, animal and
other microorganisms).
Air Pollution

Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles

and gases in the air. Car emissions,
chemicals from factories, dust, pollen and
mold spores may be suspended as
particles. Ozone, a gas, is a major part
of air pollution in cities. When ozone
forms air pollution, it's also called smog.
Some air pollutants are poisonous.
 WHAT CAUSES AIR POLLUTION?

Air pollution is caused by solid and liquid particles and

certain gases that are suspended in the air.
These particles and gases can come from car and truck
exhaust, factories, dust, pollen, mold spores, volcanoes
and wildfires.
The solid and liquid particles suspended in our air are
called aerosols.
 Where do aerosols come from?

Any particle that gets picked up into the air or is formed from
chemical reactions in the air can be an aerosol. Many aerosols
enter the atmosphere when we burn fossil fuels—such as coal
and petroleum—and wood. These particles can come from many
sources, including car exhaust, factories and even wildfires.
Some of the particles and gases come directly from these
sources, but others form through chemical reactions in the air.
Aerosols can come from other places, too, such as ash from an
erupting volcano. Dust, pollen from plants and mold spores are
also examples of aerosols.
 What else causes air pollution?

Certain gases in the atmosphere can cause air

pollution. For example, in cities, a gas
called ozone is a major cause of air pollution.
Ozone is also a greenhouse gas that can be
both good and bad for our environment. It all
depends where it is in Earth’s atmosphere.
Ozone high up in our atmosphere is a good thing. It
helps block harmful energy from the Sun,
called radiation. But, when ozone is closer to the
ground, it can be really bad for our health. Ground
level ozone is created when sunlight reacts with
certain chemicals that come from sources of burning
fossil fuels, such as factories or car exhaust.
When particles in the air combine with ozone, they
create smog. Smog is a type of air pollution that
looks like smoky fog and makes it difficult to see.
How does air pollution affect Earth’s climate?

Aerosols can impact how the Sun’s

light hits Earth. For example, some
aerosols reflect sunlight while others
absorb sunlight. It depends on the color
of the particle.
EXAMPLE:
Dark surfaces—whether it’s a black
t-shirt or a dark particle in the
atmosphere—absorb the Sun's heat.
Lighter-colored surfaces reflect heat
from the Sun.
A white t-shirt reflects the Sun on a
hot day, making you feel cooler. In
the same way, light-colored
particles that reflect the Sun’s light
and heat away from Earth can
make the global temperature
cooler. Dark-colored particles that
absorb the Sun’s light can make the
global temperature warmer.
 How does air pollution affect our health?

 Breathing in polluted air can be very bad for our health. Long-term exposure to air pollution has
been associated with diseases of the heart and lungs, cancers and other health problems. That’s
why it’s important for us to monitor air pollution.
 High air pollution levels can cause immediate health problems including: Aggravated
cardiovascular and respiratory illness
 Added stress to heart and lungs, which must work harder to supply the body with oxygen
 Damaged cells in the respiratory system
 Long-term exposure to polluted air can have permanent health effects such as: Accelerated
aging of the lungs
 Loss of lung capacity and decreased lung function
 Development of diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and possibly cancer
 Shortened life span
 Those most susceptible to severe health problems from air pollution are:
Individuals with heart disease, coronary artery disease or congestive
heart failure
 Individuals with lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema or chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
 Pregnant women
 Outdoor workers
 Older adults and the elderly
 Children under age 14
 Athletes who exercise vigorously outdoors
 People in these groups may experience health impacts at lower air
pollution exposure levels, or their health effects may be of greater
intensity.
CLIMATE CHANGE
 What is a Climate Change?

Climate Change is the defining issue of our time

and we are at a defining moment. From shifting
weather patterns that threaten food production,
to rising sea levels that increase the risk of
catastrophic flooding, the impacts of climate
change are global in scope and unprecedented
in scale. Without drastic action today, adapting
to these impacts in the future will be more
difficult and costly.
Causes of Climate Change

Changes in Sun’s energy and slow changes in

earth’s orbit.
Changes in ocean circulation.
Human activities – burning fossil fuels,
deforestation building developments in cities.
Greenhouse gasses- excess carbon dioxide from
burning fuels and clearing forest.
Global warming
Impacts of Climate Change

Intense drought, storm

Rising sea levels, melting glaciers
Natural calamities- earthquake,
cyclones, flood
Hazardous diseases- cancer from
radiations, incurable allergies
Wildfires
 Acid rain
Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with
the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids.
Helps people and nature adapt to a changing
climate
Advances policies to fight climate change – (COP
Paris by UNFCCC)
Combats deforestation
Introduce automobiles with new fuel system which
reduces 90% pollution
Engages with businesses to reduce carbon emissions
Protecting forests
Make others aware about the problem
Invest in renewable energies
 CASE STUDY
GLOBAL WARMING AND THE POLAR BEARS OF HUDSON BAY
Polar Bears Really Are Starving Because of Global Warming, Study
Shows.
Millions have seen the heart-wrenching video of a polar bear
clinging to life, its white hair limply covering its thin, bony frame. Shot
by Paul Nicklen and Cristina Mittermeier of the nonprofit group Sea
Legacy, and published on National Geographic in early December,
the video ignited a firestorm of debate about what scientists know,
and don’t know, about the impacts of global warming on polar
bears. Without examining the bear in the video—thought to have
died—it’s impossible to know for sure what ailed that individual, but
now scientists have published new findings that shed more light on
the risk to the species overall.
Because of melting sea ice, it is likely that more polar bears will soon starve, warns a
new study that discovered the large carnivores need to eat 60 percent more than
anyone had realized. Turns out they are high-energy beasts, burning through 12,325
calories a day—despite sitting around most of the time, according to a unique
metabolic analysis of wild bears published Thursday in Science.
“Our study reveals polar bears’ utter dependence on seals,” said lead author Anthony
Pagano, a wildlife biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
Polar bears rely almost exclusively on a calorie-loaded diet of seals. To minimize their
energy consumption the bears still-hunt, waiting for hours by seals’ cone-shaped
breathing holes in the sea ice. When a seal surfaces to breathe the bear stands on its
hind legs and smacks it on the head with both of its front paws to stun it. Then the
bear bites it on the neck and drags it onto the ice.
“They’re far more successful doing this than any other method of hunting,” Pagano
said. That’s why the melting of the Arctic sea ice threatens polar bear survival.
Disappearing Ice Makes for Hungrier Bears
Climate change is heating up the Arctic faster than
anywhere else, and sea ice is shrinking 14 percent per
decade. Even today, in the middle of the bitter cold Arctic
winter, satellites show there is about 770,000 square
miles less sea ice than the 1981 to 2010 median (That's an
area larger than Alaska and California combined). In the
late spring, the ice is breaking up sooner and forming later
in the fall, forcing bears to burn huge amounts of energy
walking or swimming long distances to get to any
remaining ice. Or they stay on land longer, spending the
summer and, increasingly, the fall fasting, living off their
fat from the seals they caught in the spring.
Bigger Impact Than Previously Thought?

If these results hold up, then it shows that the loss of sea ice may have a bigger
impact on the bears than previously thought, said Amstrup, a former USGS
polar bear expert. Amstrup’s own 2010 study projected that continued decline
in sea ice would reduce the global population of bears by two thirds, to less than
10,000 by 2050.
Best estimates say there are 20,000 to 30,000 polar bears in 19 different groups
or populations scattered across the top of the U.S., Canada, Greenland, Norway,
and Russia. Four of these populations are considered to be declining. Bears in
the Beaufort Sea region are among the best studied and their numbers have
fallen 40 percent in the last ten years. Five populations are thought to be stable
and there's not enough known about the others to judge. (See how scientists are
trying to track polar bears across vast areas of Russia.)
Polar bears are considered endangered in the U.S. and are listed as “vulnerable”
by the IUCN, because their sea ice habitat is under threat from climate change.
Not Built for Walking
Although it’s just a 10-day snapshot, the study confirms that polar bears aren’t made for walking, said Andrew
Derocher, Canada’s leading polar bear expert and a professor at the University of Alberta. They’re not efficient
walkers, but thanks to their high-energy diet of seals they can roam an area as large as 95,000 square miles,
Derocher said in an interview.
Bears can lose weight fast but also gain it back quickly if they can catch seals. “I’ve seen a 500-kilogram [1,100-
pound] male consume 100 kilograms [200 pounds] of seal in one meal,” he said.
The farther the bears have to travel to get on the ice to hunt the more weight they lose. Eventually they start losing
muscle, hurting their chances of hunting success, which can lead to a downward spiral. Bears are also doing a lot
more swimming as the sea ice declines, said Derocher.
Although capable of swimming long distances, polar bears burn far more energy doing so than walking, a recent
study published in Polar Biology found.
“As the sea ice melts earlier and earlier, polar bears are forced to swim more and more, to reach seal populations,”
said author Blaine Griffen, a biologist at BYU in a release. One female bear Griffen studied swam 426 miles over
nine days. She lost 22 percent of her body weight and, worse, lost the nursing cub that had started the journey with
her.
More swimming could lead to smaller bears, reduced reproduction rates, and even increased risk of death—
something already being seen in western Hudson Bay and around the southern Beaufort Sea, Griffen said.
There’s no doubt that as the sea ice declines more and more bears are going to starve to death, said Amstrup. “I
don’t know if that poor bear in that video was starving. I do know that the only solution for the long-term survival
of the polar bear is to address climate change.”
Prepared by:

GENTURO, MA. LOURDES G.

ONDANGAN. GERALDINE
CABALAN, GENALYN