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COMPARATIVE
HIGH PRESSURE
BIOLOGY
COMPARATIVE
HIGH PRESSURE
BIOLOGY
Editor
PHILIPPE SÉBERT
Orphy-EA 4324
Université de Brest-UEB
6, Avenue Le Gorgeu 29238 Brest Cedex 3
France
Science Publishers
Enfield (NH) Jersey Plymouth
Science Publishers www.scipub.net
234 May Street
Post Office Box 699
Enfield, New Hampshire 03748
United States of America
© 2010 reserved
ISBN 978-1-57808-638-2
This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way
of trade or otherwise be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated
without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover
other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition
including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
Foreword
Philippe SÉBERT
Contents
Foreword v
List of Contributors ix
Abraini, J.H.
Université de Caen UMR 6232, CI-NAPS, Centre CYCERON, BP 5229,
Boulevard Becquerel, 14074 Caen cedex, France.
E-mail: abraini@cyceron.fr
Amérand, A.
ORPHY EA4324, Universite Europeenne de Bretagne, Universite de
Brest, UFR Sciences et Techniques, France.
E-mail: aline.amerand@univ-brest.fr
Aviner, B.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences,Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
E-mail: benaviner@gmail.com
Bartlett, D.
8750 Biological Grade, 4405 Hubbs Hall, Marine Biology Research
Division, Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego
92093-0202, La Jolla California, USA.
E-mail: dbartlett@ucsd.edu
Blumelhuber, G.
Sonnenweg 16, 85084 Reichertshofen, Germany.
E-mail: info@immobrau.com
Bode, C.
Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis
University, H-1444 Budapest P.O.Box 263.
E-mail: Csaba.Bode@eok.sote.hu
x Comparative High Pressure Biology
Castellini, M.
School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska
Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA 99775.
E-mail: mikec@ims.uaf.edu
Chevalier-Lucia, D.
Assistant Professor, Department of Agro-resources and Biological
and Industrial Processes, Mixed Research Unit of Agro-polymer
Engineering and Emerging Technologies, Université Montpellier 2,
Sciences et Techniques, Place E.Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
E-mail: Dominique.Chevalier-Lucia@univ-montp2.fr
Damasceno-Oliveira, A.
CIMAR-LA/CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289
4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
E-mail: aol@ciimar.up.pt
Daniels, S.
Wales Research and Diagnostic Positron Tomography Imaging Centre
School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
E-mail: danielss@cf.ac.uk
Dumay, E.
Professor, Department of Agro-resources and Biological and
Industrial Processes, Mixed Research Unit of Agro-polymer
Engineering and Emerging Technologies, Université Montpellier 2,
Sciences et Techniques, Place E.Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
E-mail: Eliane.Dumay@univ-montp2.fr
Fraser, P.J.
Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zoology
Department, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Aberdeen
University, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, UK, AB24 2TZ.
E-mail: p.fraser@abdn.ac.uk
Friedrich, O.
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Skerman
Bldg, QLD 4072, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.
E-mail: o.friedrich@uq.edu.au
Grossman, Y.
Feldman Chair for Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowki Center for Neuroscience, Ben-
Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
E-mail: ramig@bgu.ac.il
List of Contributors xi
Jammes, Y.
UMR MD2 P2COE, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la
Méditerranée, France.
E-mail: jammes.y@jean-roche.univ-mrs.fr
Jebbar, M.
Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements extremes, UMR
6197 (UBO, Ifremer, CNRS), Universite de Brest, France.
E-mail: mohamed.jebbar@univ-brest.fr
Kato, C.
Extremobiosphere Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061,
Japan.
E-mail: kato_chi@jamstec.go.jp
Lange, R.
INSERM U710, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugene Bataillon
34095 Montpellier cedex5, France.
E-mail: reinhard.lange@inserm.fr
Lavoûte, C.
Université dela Méditerranée et Institut de Médecine Navale di Service
de Santé des Armées, UMR-MD2—Physiologie et physiopathologie
en condition d’oxygenation extrême, Institut de Neurosciences Jean
Roche, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Bd P. Dramard, 13015 Marseille
France.
E-mail: cecile.lavoute@univmed.fr
Le Péchon, J-C.
Ingénieur Conseil, 94, rue de Buzenval, 75020 Paris, France.
E-mail: hyperbar@club-internet.fr
López-Pedemonte, T.
Assistant Professor, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia de los
Alimentos, Facultad de Quimica—Universidad de la República
(UDELAR), Avenida General Flores 2124 – Montevideo, Uruguay.
E-mail: tlopez@fq.edu.uy
Marchal, S.
INSERM U710, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugene Bataillon,
34095 Montpellier cedex5, France.
E-mail: stephane.marchal@inserm.fr.
xii Comparative High Pressure Biology
Moisan, C.
ORPHY EA4324, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de
Brest, UFR Sciences et Techniques, France.
E-mail: christine.moisan@univ-brest.fr
Mor, A.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
E-mail: morami12@gmail.com
Oger, P.
Laboratoire de Science de la Terre, UMR 5570 CNRS-ENSL-UCBL
46, allée D’Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France.
E-mail: poger@ens-lyon.fr
Péqueux, A.J.R.
Ecophysiology Unit, University of Liège 22,Quai Van Beneden B-
4020 Liège, Belgium.
E-mail: A.Pequeux@ulg.ac.be
Prieur, D.
Laboratorie de Microbiologie des Environnements extrémes, UMR
6197 (UBO, Ifremer, CNRS), Université de Brest, France.
E-mail: daniel.prieur@univ-brest.fr
Risso, J.J.
Université de la Méditerranee et Institut de Médecine Navale du
Service de Santé des Armées, UMR-MD2—Physiologie et
physiopathologie en condition d’oxgénation extrême IMNSSA, BP
84, 83800 Toulon Armées, France.
E-mail: j.jrisso@imnssa.net
Rostain, J.C.
Université de la Méditerranée et Institut de Médecine Navale du
Service de Santé des Armees, UMR-MD2—Physiologie et
physiopathologie en condition d’oxgénation extrême, Institut de
Neurosciences Jean Roche, Faculté de médicine Nord, Bd P.Dramard
13015 Marseille, France.
E-mail: jean-claude.rostain@univmed.fr
Sébert, P.
ORPHY–EA4324, Université Européenne de Bretagne—UBO 6,
Avenue Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex3 France.
E-mail: Philippe.sebert@univ-brest.fr
List of Contributors xiii
Siebenaller, J.F.
Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA.
E-mail: zojose@1su.edu
Smeller, L.
Semmelweis University, Dept. Biophysics and Radiation Biology,
Tuzolto u. 37-47, Budapest IX, H-1444 Pf 263.
E-mail: laszlo.smeller@eok.sote.hu
Thom, S.R.
Professor of Emergency Medicine, Chief, Hyperbaric Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA
19104 USA.
E-mail: sthom@mail.med.upenn.edu
Tolgyesi, F.G.
Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis
University, H-1444 Budapest P.O.B. 263.
E-mail: Ferenc.Tolgyesi@eok.sote.hu
Torrent, J.
INSERM U710, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugene Bataillon,
34095 Montpellier cedex5, France.
E-mail: joan.torrent@inserm.fr.
Winter, R.
TU Dortmund University, Physical Chemistry 1, Biophysical
Chemistry, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
E-mail: roland.winter@tu-dortmund.de
PRESSURE AND
CELL COMPONENTS
1
Protein Kinetics under High
Pressure
Stéphane Marchal, Joan Torrent and Reinhard Lange
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL
Absorbance
Fluorescence
Figure 2. Schematic representation of the pressure jump device. The high pressure optical
cell (1) allows the sample cell to be cooled or heated at a set temperature, and operates at
a pressure of several hundred MPa (up to 700 MPa) without leakage, even at sub-zero
temperatures. It holds a quartz sample cell, which is sealed with a polyethylene stretch,
maintained by a rubber O-ring. This high pressure cell, equipped with sapphire windows,
is easily interfaced to conventional spectrophotometers and fluorimeters. Pressure is
generated by a manual pump (2) and controlled by HP valves (3). The pressure vector,
water (4), is mediated through stainless steel capillaries. A home made pressure-jump
device (Torrent et al., 2006a) can be connected to the high pressure cell. Pressure jumps are
carried out by opening an electrically driven pneumatic valve (5) localized between the
high pressure optical cell and the ballast tank (6). The pressure-jumps consist of sudden
changes of pressure (up to 100 MPa) within a pressure range of 0.1–600 MPa.
The main problem for studying enzyme reactions under high pressure is
the generally high reactivity of enzymes; the conversion of a substrate into a
product starts immediately after mixing the enzyme with its substrate. If
this mixing is done at atmospheric pressure, the time lap that is necessary to
raise the pressure of the mixture precludes observation of early reaction
stages. Moreover, in the case of rapidly reacting enzymes, the reaction may
be even finished before the end of the pressurization time.
Protein Kinetics under High Pressure 7
Figure 3. Effects of pressure on the quaternary structure and activity of yeast enolase. The
quaternary structure (full dots) and the enzyme activity (open circles) are expressed as
percentage of the respective values at atmospheric pressure. Adapted from (Kornblatt
et al., 1998).
8 Comparative High Pressure Biology
Step 2
Mn +2 -dimers Mn +2 -monomers
Step 3 Step 4
model of the enzyme, it turned out that both hydrophobic and energetic
interactions (i.e., stacking and van der Waals) contribute most strongly to
substrate binding.
As shown in Fig. 6, a strong correlation was observed between the
volume changes associated with Km (DVKm) and kcat (DV‡kcat). Taking into
account the kinetic reaction model of ordered Bi Bi system, describing Km
and kcat in terms of individual rate constants, this correlation indicates that
the pressure dependence of the kinetic substrate binding constant does not
depend on the nature of the substrate. However, as shown in Fig. 7, the
thermodynamic parameters describing the temperature dependence of the
enzyme-substrate interaction and those describing its pressure dependence
were not correlated. This suggests that—in contrast to the pressure
dependence—the temperature dependence of the kinetic substrate binding
constant depends on the nature of substrate.
Figure 6. Distribution of the volume changes associated with the Michaelis constants
(DVKm) versus the activation volumes (DV‡kcat) of the catalytic step for different N-blocked
amino acids used as substrates. Reprinted with permission from (Occhipinti et al., 2006).
Figure 7. Distribution of the enthalpy changes associated with the Michaelis constants
(DHKm) versus the volume changes associated with the Michaelis constants (DVKm) for
different N-blocked amino acids used as substrates. Reprinted with permission from
(Occhipinti et al., 2006).
Protein Kinetics under High Pressure 11
Figure 8. Time course of the CO binding to cytochrome P-450 BM3 after stopped flow
mixing at 150 MPa. Kinetics were started by mixing equal volumes (60µl) of the reduced
form of enzyme and CO solution in a thermostated high-pressure cell placed in Aminco
DW2 spectrophotometer operating in dual wavelength mode. The experiments were set-
up with one syringe filled with enzyme and the other one containing the CO-saturated
solution (1mM). Enzyme and gas-saturated solutions were prepared as described by
(Gorren et al., 2000; Lange et al., 2001). The monoexponential fit is shown by the solid line
through data points.
Figure 9. Effect of pressure on the rate of CO binding by BM3 (circles) and neuronal NOS
(triangles). High pressure stopped-flow kinetics were carried out at 25°C in the absence
(solid symbols) and in the presence of 100µM palmitate (open circles) with cytochrome
P450 BM3 and with NOS, in the presence of 200µM substrate, L-arginine (open triangles
up) or in the presence of both 200µM L-arginine and an excess of 25µM cofactor BH4
(open triangles down) for nNOS (Lange et al., 2001).
14 Comparative High Pressure Biology
Figure 10. Pressure-dependence of ligand binding to the ferrous heme centre of P450 BM3
(circles) and eNOSoxy (triangles). CO binding rates (solid symbols) and O2 binding rates
(open symbols) have been measured by rapid mixing of reduced proteins in the presence
of substrate (60µM arachidonate for BM3) and inactive cofactor (0.5mM L-arginine,
50µM amino-BH2 for eNOS) with 0.5mM CO and O2, respectively, in appropriate buffer
at pH 7.4 and at 4°C (Marchal et al., 2003).
Protein Kinetics under High Pressure 15
Kun maa tällä tavoin oli rauhoitettu, olisi kreivi Berg epäilemättä
osannut järjestää säännöllistä siviilihallintoa, kenties jossakin määrin
jatkaa Wielopolski'n aloittamaa uudistustyötä. Mutta hän ei enää
hallinnut asemaa. Hänelle tosin jäi varakuninkaan eli namiestnikin
ulkonainen arvo. Mutta sisäasiain johtoon lähetettiin Venäjältä toisia
miehiä, Nikolai Miljutin ja ruhtinas Tsherkaski, joiden tehtävänä oli
hävittää perin juurin, mitä Puolassa vielä oli kansallista. Näiden
toimet eivät enää kuulu tämän historian kehään. Ainoastaan sen
tahdomme mainita, että alustalaismaat ilman korvauksetta annettiin
talonpojille, — siis vielä jyrkempi ratkaisu kuin mitä
Maanviljelysseura aikoinaan oli päättänyt. Aateliston köyhdyttäminen
oli tämän toimenpiteen silmämääränä ja seurauksena.
Kesällä Ranska ja Englanti vielä kerran olivat uudistaneet
diplomaatilliset huomautuksensa Puolan asiassa. Se kuitenkin jo
alkoi olla selvää, että suurten sanain takana ei ollut mitään vakavaa
tarkoitusta. Kun Venäjän valtiokansleri, ruhtinas Gortshakov, oli
Länsivalloille antanut terävän vastauksensa, lakkasi tuo
diplomaatillinen meteli itsestään. Länsivallat eivät olleet muuta
vaikuttaneet kuin selvää turmiota Puolan kansalle.