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Seventeenth Edition

World Politics
Trend and Transformation

Shannon Lindsey Blanton

University of Alabama at Birmingham

Charles William Kegley

Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

 World Politics: Trend and © 2021, 2017, 2015 Cengage Learning, Inc.
­Transformation,
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Seventeenth Edition
Shannon Lindsey Blanton and WCN: 02-300
Charles William Kegley ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
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Brief Contents

Letter to Instructors ix
Letter to Students xii
Resources for Students and Instructors xiv
Acknowledgments xvi
About the Authors xix

Part I Trend and Transformation in World Politics 1

Chapter 1 Discovering World Politics 2
Chapter 2 Interpreting World Politics Through the Lens of Theory 22
Chapter 3 Theories of International Decision Making 54

Part II The World’s Actors and Their Relationships 85

Chapter 4 Great Power Relations and Rivalries 86
Chapter 5 World Politics and the Global South 118
Chapter 6 Nonstate Actors and the Quest for Global Community 150

Part III Confronting Armed Conflict 195

Chapter 7 The Threat of Armed Conflict to the World 196
Chapter 8 The Pursuit of Power Through Arms and Alliances 234
Chapter 9 The Quest for Peace Through International Law and
Collective Security 273

Part IV Human Security, Prosperity,

and Responsibility 317
Chapter 10 The Globalization of International Finance 318
Chapter 11 International Trade in the Global Marketplace 354
Chapter 12 The Demographic and Cultural Dimensions of Globalization 393
Chapter 13 The Promotion of Human Development and Human Rights 425
Chapter 14 Global Responsibility for the Preservation of the Environment 459

Part V Thinking About the Future of World Politics 495

Chapter 15 Looking Ahead at Global Trends and Transformations 496

iii
Contents

Letter to Instructors ix The Evolution of Liberalism 32

Letter to Students xii The Limitations of Liberalism 34
Resources for Students and Instructors xiv 2-4 Constructivism 36
Acknowledgments xvi What Is the Constructivist Worldview? 36
About the Authors xix The Evolution of Constructivist Thought 38
The Limitations of Constructivism 40

Part I Trend and 2-5 Other Theoretical Perspectives:

Feminist and Marxist Critiques 42
Transformation
The Feminist Critique 42
in World Politics
The Marxist Critique 46
2-6 International Theory and
Chapter 1 Discovering World the Global Future 49
Politics 2
1-1 The Challenge of Investigating Chapter 3 Theories of
International Relations 4
International Decision
1-2 How Do Perceptions Influence
Images of Global Reality? 5 Making 54
The Nature and Sources of Images 8 3-1 Foreign Policy Making in
The Impact of Perceptions on World Politics 8 International Affairs 55
1-3 Key Concepts and Terms for Transnational Actors and Decision Processes 56
Understanding World Politics 10 Influences on Making Foreign Policy Decisions 57
Introducing Terminology 10 3-2 Models of Decision Making
Distinguishing the Primary Transnational Actors 12 by Transnational Actors 60
Distinguishing Levels of Analysis 14 Decision Making as Rational Choice 60
Distinguishing Change, Continuities, and Cycles 15 Cognitive Psychological Models of
Decision Making 62
Preparing for Your Intellectual Journey 18
The Leverage and Impact of Leaders 66
The Bureaucratic Politics of Foreign Policy
Chapter 2 Interpreting World
Decision Making 71
Politics Through the Lens of
3-3 The Domestic Determinants of
Theory 22 Foreign Policy Decisions 75
2-1 Theories and Change in World Politics 23 Military Capabilities 76
2-2 Realism 25 Economic Conditions 77
What Is the Realist Worldview? 25 Type of Government 77
The Evolution of Realism 27 3-4 Global Influences on Foreign
The Limitations of Realist Thought 29 Policy 79
2-3 Liberalism 30 Global Distribution of Power 79
What Is Liberalism’s Worldview? 30 Geopolitical Factors 81

iv
 Contents v

Part II The World’s Technology and Global Communications 132

Actors and Their
Relationships
Chapter 4 Great Power
Relations and Rivalries 86
4-1 The Quest for World Leadership 88
4-2 World War I 90
The Causes of World War I 90
Systemic Level of Analysis 90
State Level of Analysis 91
Individual Level of Analysis 92
The Consequences of World War I 92
4-3 World War II 94
The Causes of World War II 94
Proximate Causes of War 95
Underlying Causes at Three Analytic Levels 96
The Consequences of World War II 98
4-4 The Cold War 99
The Causes and Evolutionary Course of the Cold War 100
Confrontation, 1947–1962 101
From Coexistence to Détente, 1963–1978 102
From Renewed Confrontation to Rapprochement,
1979–1991 102
The Consequences of the Cold War 105
4-5 The Post–Cold War Era 106
America’s “Unipolar Moment” 107
From Unipolarity to Multipolarity: The Rise of the Rest? 108
4-6 Looking Ahead: What Does the Future
Look Like for the Great Powers? 110
Chapter 5 World Politics
and the Global South 118
5-1 Colonial Origins and Consequences 120
The First Wave of European Imperialism 122
The Second Wave of European Imperialism 123
Self-Determination and Decolonization
in the Twentieth Century 125
5-2 North and South Today: Worlds Apart 127
5-3 Why Do Such Differences Persist? 129
Internal Sources of Underdevelopment 129
International Sources of Underdevelopment 130
5-4 Closing the Gap? The Global South’s
Prospects in a World of Great Powers 132
Insecurity and Weapons of War 135
Reform of the Economic Order 135
Foreign Aid and Remittances 136
Trade and Foreign Direct Investment 139
Debt Management and Governmental Corruption 143
5-5 The Global South’s Future 144
Chapter 6 Nonstate Actors
and the Quest for Global
Community 150
6-1 Nonstate Actors in World Politics 152
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) 152
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) 153
6-2 Prominent Intergovernmental
Organizations 154
The United Nations 154
The UN’s Agenda 154
Organizational Structure 155
Budget Controversy 157
Future Challenges 160
Other Prominent Global IGOs 162
The World Trade Organization 162
The World Bank 163
The International Monetary Fund 164
6-3 Regional Intergovernmental
Organizations 165
The European Union 166
EU Expansion and Political Integration 166
EU Organization and Management 168
EU Decision-Making Challenges 168
Other Regional IGOs 170
6-4 Prominent Types of Nongovernmental
Organizations 172
Nonstate Nations: Ethnic Groups and Indigenous
Peoples 172
Transnational Religious Movements 174
Multinational Corporations 179
Issue-Advocacy Groups 183
6-5 Malevolent Nonstate Actors 185
Transnational Terrorist Groups 185
Transnational Crime Organizations 188
6-6 Nonstate Actors and the Future
of World Politics 191
vi Contents

Part III  onfronting Armed

C Preemption 260
Conflict
Chapter 7 The Threat of
Armed Conflict to the World 196
7-1 What Causes Armed Conflict? 198
The Individual Level of Analysis: Human Nature 198
The State Level of Analysis: Internal Characteristics 200
Geopolitical Factors and Length of
Independence 200
Culture, Nationalism, and Identity Politics 201
Poverty, Relative Deprivation, and Demographic
Stress 202
Militarization 204
Economic System 204
Regime Type 206
The Systemic Level of Analysis: The Global System 208
Does Violence Breed Violence? 208
Power Transitions 209
Cyclical Theories 211
7-2 Frequency and Types of Armed Conflict 212
7-3 Armed Conflict Within States 215
Intrastate Conflict 216
The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict 220
7-4 Terrorism 223
7-5 Armed Conflict and Its Future 230
Chapter 8 The Pursuit of
Power Through Arms and
Alliances 234
8-1 Power in World Politics 235
The Elements of State Power 236
The “Cost” of Military Spending 240
8-2 Changes in Military Capabilities 243
Trends in the Weapons Trade 243
The Strategic Consequences of Arms Sales 245
Nuclear Weapons 248
The Revolution in Military Technology 251
Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous
Weapons Systems 253
Biological and Chemical Weapons 255
Military Strategies 258
Compellence 258
Deterrence 259
8-3 Coercive Diplomacy through
Military Intervention 261
8-4 Realist Interpretations of
Alliances in World Politics 263
8-5 Realism and the Balancing of Power 265
8-6 What Lies Ahead? 269
Chapter 9 The Quest for
Peace Through International Law
and Collective Security 273
9-1 Liberal and Constructivist Routes
to International Peace 274
9-2 Beating Swords into Plowshares 276
Bilateral Arms Control and Disarmament 277
Multilateral Arms Control and Disarmament 278
The Problematic Future of Arms Control
and Disarmament 282
9-3 Maintaining Collective Security Through
International Organizations 287
The League of Nations, United Nations, and Collective
Security 289
Regional Security Organizations and Collective
Defense 293
9-4 Law at the International Level 297
Limitations of the International Legal System 298
The Judicial Framework of International Law 300
9-5 Legal and Diplomatic Responses
to Armed Conflict 304
New Rules for Military Intervention 307
International Crises and the Negotiated Settlement of
Disputes 308
Part IV H
 uman Security,
Prosperity, and
Responsibility
Chapter 10 The Globalization
of International Finance 318
10-1 Interpreting Contemporary
Economic Change 319
10-2 Money Matters: The Transnational
Exchange of Money 321
The Globalization of Finance 322
Dark Money: Globalization and Illicit Financial Flows 325
Monetary Policy: Key Concepts and Issues 327

10-3 Bretton Woods and Beyond 332
Financial and Monetary Aspects of the Bretton Woods
System 333
The End of Bretton Woods 336
Floating Exchange Rates and Financial Crises 337
10-4 The 2008 Global Financial Crisis 339
10-5 Recovery and Reform: Challenges
Facing Global Finance 343
U.S. Leadership and the Future of the Dollar 344
The End of the Liberal Consensus? 345
Whither the International Financial Architecture? 348
Chapter 11 International Trade
in the Global Marketplace 354
11-1 Globalization and Trade 355
Trade, Multinational Corporations, and the Globalization
of Production 357
The Globalization of Labor 360
11-2 Contending Trade Strategies 363
The Shadow of the Great Depression 363
The Clash Between Liberal and Mercantilist Values 364
Commercial Liberalism 365
Mercantilism 368
11-3 Trade and Global Politics 369
11-4 The Fate of Free Trade 375
Trade Tricks 375
The Uneasy Coexistence of Liberalism
and Mercantilism 377
11-5 Triumph or Trouble for the
Global Economy 378
The Development of the WTO 379
World Trade and the Global Financial Crisis 383
The Protectionist Backlash and Current Trade
Conflicts 384
WTO: Future Threats and Prospects 387
Regional and Plurilateral Trade Arrangements:
Supplement or Substitute for the WTO? 388
Chapter 12 The Demographic
and Cultural Dimensions of
Globalization 393
12-1 Population Change as a
Global Challenge 394
World Population Growth Rates 395
Demographic Divisions: Youth Bulges and
Aging Populations 397
Contents vii
12-2 Global Migration Trends 402
A Quest for Sustenance and Freedom 402
Urbanization 407
12-3 New Plagues? The Global
Impact of Disease 410
12-4 The Global Information Age 414
The Evolution of Global Communications 415
The Dark Side of the Global Communications
Revolution 417
The Business of Global Communication 419
12-5 Globalization and the Global Future 420
Chapter 13 The Promotion of
Human Development and Human
Rights 425
13-1 Putting People into the Picture 426
13-2 How Does Humanity Fare? The
Human Condition Today 429
Human Development and Human Security 431
Globalization, Democratization, and
Economic Prosperity 434
13-3 Human Rights and the Protection of
People 437
Internationally Recognized Human Rights 437
The Precarious Life of Indigenous Peoples 439
Gender Inequality and Its Consequences 441
Gendercide, Slavery, and Human Trafficking 445
Children and Human Rights 448
13-4 Responding to Human Rights 450
The Human Rights Legal Framework 452
The Challenge of Enforcement 453
Chapter 14 Global
Responsibility for the
Preservation of the
Environment 459
14-1 Framing the Ecological Debate 460
14-2 Global Ecopolitical Challenges 464
The Ecopolitics of the Atmosphere 465
The Ecopolitics of Biodiversity, Deforestation, and Water
Shortages 471
Threats to Global Biodiversity 471
Shrinking Forests and Dust Bowls 473
A Burgeoning Water Crisis 475
The Ecopolitics of Energy Supply and Demand 477
viii Contents

14-3 Toward Sustainability Is Globalization a Cure or a Curse? 500

and Human Security 480 Will Technological Innovation Solve Pressing
The Quest for Sustainable Development 480 Global Problems? 502
Feeding the Masses 481 What Types of Armed Conflict Will Become the
Converting to Renewable Sources of Energy 485 Major Fault Line in the Geostrategic
Landscape? 503
14-4 Global Efforts Toward
Environmental Solutions 489 Should the Global Community Intervene to
Protect Human Rights? 505
Is the World Preparing for the Wrong War? 506
Part V T
 hinking About the Is This the “End of History” or the End of
Future of World Politics Happy Endings? 507
15-3 A New World Order or New World
Chapter 15 Looking Disorder? 508
Ahead at Global Trends
and Transformations 496 Glossary 512
15-1 Global Trends and Forecasts: References 522
Putting Yourself in the Picture 497 Name Index 555
15-2 The Global Predicament: Key Questions Subject Index 563
about a Turbulent World 499
Letter to Instructors

Dear International Relations Instructor:

Understanding world politics requires up-to-date information and analysis. In a constantly

changing world, it is imperative for our students to develop the intellectual skills to be bet-
ter global citizens and to analyze effectively key events and issues in international affairs. By
presenting the leading ideas and the latest information available, World Politics: Trend and
Transformation provides the tools necessary for understanding world affairs, for anticipating
probable developments, and for thinking critically about the potential long-term impact of
those developments on institutions, countries, and individuals across the globe.
World Politics aims to put both change and continuity into perspective. It provides a picture
of the evolving relations among all transnational actors, the historical developments that
affect those actors’ relationships, and the salient contemporary global trends that those
interactions produce. The key theories for understanding international relations—realism,
liberalism, constructivism, as well as feminist and Marxist interpretations—frame the investiga-
tion. At the same time, this book presents all the complexities of world politics, as well as the
necessary analytic tools to make sense of a wide range of substantive issues, from war to global
finance to human rights. To foster critical thinking skills, the text provides evidence-based assess-
ments and intentionally presents contending views—throughout the chapters, but especially
in our A Closer Look and Controversy features—so that students have a chance to critically
evaluate opposed positions and construct their own judgments about key issues. Moreover, our
enhanced video resource program, provided in partnership with the Carnegie Council for
Ethics in International Affairs (CCEIA), further highlights current international trends and
transformations by applying World Politics’ key terms and concepts in real-world applications.

New to this Edition

To keep you abreast of the latest developments, World Politics: Trend and Transformation con-
tinues to change in response to unfolding events around our world. Since publication of the
2016–2017 edition, numerous changes have taken place in international relations. To provide
students with the most current information, we have revised the entire text of this seventeenth
edition to incorporate the latest global events and scholarly research. Major changes include:
●● Each chapter highlights Learning Objectives that serve as a guide to key concepts—at
the start of the chapter, at the beginning of each corresponding section, and at the end
of the chapter.
●● A brand new Summary tied to the learning objectives is included at the end of each
chapter to help students collect their thoughts about key concepts and issues, trend and
transformation.
ix
x Letter to Instructors

●● Vibrant and engaging illustrations—thirty-seven new and updated maps, fifty-four

new and updated figures, and a host of photos of real-world events—to provoke
student interest and enable them to visualize central global developments through the
most recently available data. Brand new to this edition are critical thinking questions
following each map throughout the text.
●● New and revised A Closer Look and Controversy features highlight real-world events
and feature essential debates.
●● New key terms—such as counterterrorism, biodiversity hotspots, and transnational
advocacy networks, with definitions that appear in the text and the glossary—help
students understand key concepts in the study of world politics.
●● Expanded discussions of theories for understanding world politics, including enhanced
discussions of a constructivist emphasis on affective sources of behavior, feminist
perspectives of international relations, and hegemonic stability theory.
●● Updated discussions of conflict and cooperation around the world, including the
prospect of a resurgent Russia and an increasingly powerful China, terrorist groups such
as the Islamic State, and international bodies such as the United Nations, International
Court of Justice, and the International Criminal Court.
●● Discussion of global trends, such as the challenge of fragile states, the consequences
of youth bulges and aging populations, international crime and human trafficking,
increased migration and the quest for human security, advances in global
communications, and technological innovation.
●● Discussion of the latest advances in military technology, including developments
in artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons systems, growing prevalence of
drones and the threat of information warfare, as well as a look at the changing nuclear
environment in Iran and North Korea, the diffusion of civil war, and the role of
peacekeeping in containing conflict.
●● Updated discussions of the global political economy, including new coverage of
cryptocurrencies, dilemmas in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis, implications
of the globalization of labor and increase in protectionist tendencies, the vision for the
BRICS New Development Bank and the Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank, illicit
financial flows, and the prospect of trade wars.
●● Enhanced discussion of countering the spread of global diseases such as Ebola,
the challenge of protecting human rights, implications of the global trend toward
urbanization and megacities, the threat of identity politics and disinformation
campaigns, climate change and environmental degradation, and the record number of
forcibly displaced persons.
●● New suggested resources for further investigation of world politics at the close of each
chapter.
 Letter to Instructors xi

MindTap™
As an instructor, MindTap™ is here to simplify your workload, organize and immediately grade
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We thank you for using this book to help introduce your students to world politics. Our
hope is that it helps students to critically analyze and understand global affairs—and to better
assess the possibilities for the global future and its potential impact on their own lives.

Sincerely,
Shannon L. Blanton & Charles W. Kegley
 Letter to Students

Dear Student:

In a constantly changing world, it is important to be able to analyze effectively key events and
issues in international affairs, and to assess critically different viewpoints concerning these
issues. By providing you with the leading ideas and the latest information available, World
Politics: Trend and Transformation offers the tools necessary for understanding world affairs, for
anticipating probable developments, and for thinking critically about the potential long-term
impact of those developments on institutions, countries, and individuals across the globe. In
essence, World Politics strives to help you become an informed global citizen and establish a
foundation for life-long learning about international affairs.
World Politics aims to put both change and continuity into perspective. It provides a picture
of the evolving relations among all transnational actors, the historical developments that affect
those actors’ relationships, and the salient contemporary global trends that those interactions
produce. You will learn about key theories and worldviews for understanding international
relations, and examine some of the most prominent issues in global politics, including war,
terrorism, world trade, global finance, demographic trends, environmental degradation, and
human rights. To facilitate your understanding, World Politics incorporates a number of features
to clarify complex ideas and arguments:
●● An Atlas with detailed political maps of each continent opens the book.
●● Learning Objectives open each chapter, serving as a road map to the book’s key
concepts and helping you assess your understanding.
●● Controversy features examine rival viewpoints on major international relations issues
and encourage you to think critically and develop your own opinions.
●● A Closer Look features address contemporary issues, pose critical thinking questions,
and feature relevant videos through the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International
Affairs (CCEIA).
●● Each chapter includes key terms, their definitions, and pertinent videos through the
Carnegie Council.
●● Each chapter ends with a Summary of the learning objectives and a list of Suggested
Readings, Videos, and Web Resources to help you prepare for your papers and essays.
As a student, the benefits of using MindTap with this book are endless. With automatically
graded practice quizzes and activities, an easily navigated learning path, and an interactive
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of current events coupled with interactive media makes the content fun and engaging. On your
xii
 Letter to Students xiii

computer, phone, or tablet, MindTap is there when you need it, giving you easy access to
­flashcards, quizzes, readings, and assignments.
We trust that you will find World Politics: Trend and Transformation to be an invaluable
resource as you seek to learn more about global affairs. Whether the study of world politics is
one among many interests that you are exploring as you earn your degree or a keen passion
that may lead you to play an active role in shaping our world, this book is designed to provide
you a comprehensive coverage of the trends and transformations that characterize international
relations. It is our hope that as you conclude reading World Politics you will be as fascinated
as we are with the complex dynamics of global interactions, and feel compelled to continue
to observe, critically analyze, and address the challenges and opportunities that we share as
members of a global community.

Sincerely,
Shannon L. Blanton & Charles W. Kegley
Resources for Students
and Instructors

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xiv
 Resources for Students and Instructors xv

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Acknowledgments
Many people—in fact, too many to identify and thank individually—have contributed to the development of
this leading textbook in international relations. We are thankful for the constructive comments, advice, and data
provided by an array of scholars and colleagues.
Reviewers for this Edition
Daniel S. Geller, Wayne State University
Nicholas Giordano, Suffolk County Community College
Walter Hill, St. Mary’s College of Maryland
Mir Husain, University of South Alabama
Baris Kesgin, Elon University
Anip Uppal, Central New Mexico Community College
Past Reviewers and Other Contributors
Duane Adamson, Brigham Young University–Idaho
Daniel Allen, Anderson University
Ruchi Anand, American Graduate School in Paris
Osmo Apunen, University of Tampere
Bossman Asare, Graceland University
Chad Atkinson, University of Illinois
Andrew J. Bacevich, Boston University
Yan Bai, Grand Rapids Community College
Katherine Barbieri, University of South Carolina
George Belzer, Johnson County Community College
John Boehrer, University of Washington
Pamela Blackmon, Penn State Altoona
Austin Blanton, Auburn University
Cullen M. Blanton, Hoover High School
Robert G. Blanton, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Linda P. Brady, University of North Carolina at
Greensboro
Leann Brown, University of Florida
Dan Caldwell, Pepperdine University
John H. Calhoun, Palm Beach Atlantic University
John Candido, La Trobe University
Colin S. Cavell, Bluefield State College
Roger A. Coate, Georgia College & State University
Jonathan E. Colby, Carlyle Group, Washington, D.C.
Phyllis D. Collins, Keswick Management Inc., New York
City
Christopher R. Cook, University of Pittsburgh at
Johnstown
Reverend George Crow, Northeast Presbyterian Church
xvi
Rebecca Cruise, University of Oklahoma
Jonathan Davidson, European Commission
Philippe Dennery, J-Net Ecology Communication
Company, Paris
Drew Dickson, Atlantic Council of the United States
Agber Dimah, Chicago State University
Gregory Domin, Mercer University
Thomas Donaldson, Wharton School of the University
of Pennsylvania
Nicole Detraz, University of Memphis
Zach Dorfman, Carnegie Council for Ethics in
International Affairs
Ayman I. El-Dessouki and Kamal El-Menoufi, Cairo
University
Sid Ellington, University of Oklahoma
Robert Fatton, University of Virginia
Matthias Finger, Columbia University
John Freeman, University of Minnesota–Minneapolis
Eytan Gilboa, Bar-Ilan University in Israel
Giovanna Gismondi, University of Oklahoma
Srdjan Gligorijevic, Defense and Security Studies Centre,
G-17 Plus Institute, Belgrade, Serbia
Richard F. Grimmett, Congressional Research Office
Ted Robert Gurr, University of Maryland
Aref N. Hassan, St. Cloud State University
Russell Hardin, New York University
James E. Harf, Maryville University
Cristian A. Harris, North Georgia College and State
University
Charles Hermann, Texas A&M University
Margaret G. Hermann, Syracuse University
Stephen D. Hibbard, Shearman & Sterling, LLP
Steven W. Hook, Kent State University
Jack Hurd, Nature Conservatory
Ashley Brooke Huddleston, University of Memphis
Lisa Huffstetler, University of Memphis
Patrick James, University of Southern California
Loch Johnson, University of Georgia
Christopher M. Jones, Northern Illinois University

Christopher Joyner, Georgetown University
Boris Khan, American Military University
Michael D. Kanner, University of Colorado
Mahmoud Karem, Egyptian Foreign Service
Deborah J. Kegley, Kegley International, Inc.
Mary V. Kegley, Kegley Books, Wytheville, Virginia
Susan Kegley, University of California–Berkeley
Julia Kennedy, Carnegie Council for Ethics in
International Affairs
Lidija Kos-Stanišic, University of Zagreb
Matthias Kranke, University of Trier
Barbara Kyker, University of Memphis
Imtiaz T. Ladak, Projects International, Washington, D.C.
Jack Levy, Rutgers University
Carol Li, Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, New York
Alexis Lincoln, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Urs Luterbacher, Graduate Institute of International and
Development Studies, Geneva
Gen. Jeffrey D. McCausland, U.S. Army War College
James McCormick, Iowa University
Kelly A. McCready, Maria College
Karen Ann Mingst, University of Kentucky
James A. Mitchell, California State University
Shea Mize, Georgia Highlands College
Mahmood Monshipouri, San Francisco State University
Robert Morin, Western Nevada College
Donald Munton, University of Northern British Columbia
Todd Myers, Grossmont College
Ahmad Noor, Youth Parliament Pakistan
Evan O’Neil, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International
Affairs
Anthony Perry, Henry Ford Community College
Jeffrey Pickering, Kansas State University
Desley Sant Parker, United States Information Agency
Albert C. Pierce, U.S. Naval Academy
Alex Platt, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International
Affairs
Ignacio de la Rasilla, Université de Genève
James Ray, Vanderbilt University
Gregory A. Raymond, Boise State University
Andreas Rekdal, Carnegie Council for Ethics in
International Affairs
Acknowledgments xvii
Neil R. Richardson, University of Wisconsin
Peter Riddick, Berkhamsted School
Jeff Ringer, Brigham Young University
James N. Rosenau, George Washington University
Joel Rosenthal, Carnegie Council for Ethics in
International Affairs
Thomas E. Rotnem, Southern Polytechnic State
University
Tapani Ruokanen, Suomen Kuvalehti, Finland
Alpo M. Rusi, Finnish Ambassador to Switzerland
Jan Aart Scholte, University of Warwick, UK
Rebecca R. Sharitz, International Association for
Ecology
Shalendra D. Sharma, University of San Francisco
Richard H. Shultz, Fletcher School of Law and
Diplomacy, Tufts University
Dragan R. Simić, Centre for the Study of the United
States, University of Belgrade
Michael J. Siler, University of California
Christopher Sprecher, Texas A&M University
Jelena Subotic, Georgia State University
Bengt Sundelius, National Defense College, Stockholm
David Sylvan, Graduate Institute of International and
Development Studies, Geneva
William R. Thompson, Indiana University
Clayton L. Thyne, University of Kentucky
Rodney Tomlinson, U.S. Naval Academy
Deborah Tompsett-Makin, Riverside Community
College, Norco Campus
John Tuman, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Denise Vaughan, Bellevue Community College
Rob Verhofstad, Radboud University
William C. Vocke, Jr., Carnegie Council for Ethics in
International Affairs
William Wagstaff, USAF Center for Strategy and
Technology
Seth Weinberger, University of Puget Sound
Robert Weiner, University of Massachusetts–Boston
Jonathan Wilkenfeld, University of Maryland
Alex Woodson, Carnegie Council for Ethics in
International Affairs
Samuel A. Worthington, InterAction
xviii Acknowledgments
Also helpful was the input provided by Honors
undergraduate student Lyndsey Shelton at the
University of Alabama at Birmingham, who provided
invaluable research assistance. The always helpful and
accommodating Project Manager Phil Scott with SPi
Global, and Photo Researcher Sujatha Selvakumar
with Lumina Datamatics, made valuable contribu-
tions to this book. In addition, our highly skilled,
dedicated, and helpful editors at Cengage deserve
special ­gratitude: Lauren Gerrish, Associate Product
Manager, and Claire Branman, Senior Content
Manager, exercised extraordinary professionalism in
guiding the process that brought this edition into
print. Gratitude is also expressed to the always instruc-
tive advice of Valerie Hartman, Cengage’s skilled
Political Science Senior Marketing Manager.
 About the Authors

Courtesy of Shannon L. Blanton and Charles W. Kegley.

Shannon Lindsey Blanton is a Professor in the Department of Political Science
& Public Administration at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, where she is also
the inaugural Dean of the UAB Honors College. Dr. Blanton is a past vice provost for
undergraduate programs, department chair, and undergraduate coordinator and has served
nationally as a facilitator for leadership development in higher education. A graduate of Georgia
College (BA), the University of Georgia (MA), and the University of South Carolina (PhD), Dr.
Blanton has received numerous research awards and professional recognitions. She has served
on a number of editorial boards, including those for five of the discipline’s foremost journals:
International Studies Quarterly, Foreign Policy Analysis, International Interactions, International
Studies Perspectives, and International Studies Review. Dr. Blanton has published articles on U.S.
foreign policy decision making, with a particular focus on the determinants and consequences
of U.S. arms transfers and foreign aid. Her work has also examined the significance of human
rights concerns in global political and economic interactions.

Charles William Kegley is a past president of the International Studies Association

and has been serving the past two decades on the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Council for
Ethics in International Affairs. Dr. Kegley holds the title of Pearce Distinguished Professor of
International Relations Emeritus at the University of South Carolina. A graduate of American
University (BA) and Syracuse University (PhD) and a Pew Faculty Fellow at Harvard University,
Kegley previously served on the faculty at Georgetown University, and has held visiting pro-
fessorships at the University of Texas, Rutgers University, the People’s University of China,

xix
xx About the Authors

and the Institute Universitaire de Hautes Études Internationales Et du Développement in

Geneva, Switzerland. He is also a recipient of the Distinguished Scholar Award of the Foreign
Policy Analysis Section of the International Studies Association. A founding partner of Kegley
International, Inc., a publishing, research, and consulting foundation, Dr. Kegley has authored
more than fifty scholarly books and more than one hundred articles in journals.

Professors Blanton and Kegley have individually published extensively in leading scholarly
journals, including Alternatives, American Journal of Political Science, Armed Forces and Society,
Asian Forum, The Brown Journal of International Affairs, Business and Society, Comparative
Political Studies, Conflict Management and Peace Science, Conflict Quarterly, Cooperation and
Conflict, Ethics and International Affairs, Feminist Economics, Politics and Gender, The Fletcher
Forum of World Affairs, Foreign Policy Analysis, Futures Research Quarterly, Harvard International
Review, International Interactions, International Organization, International Politics, International
Studies Quarterly, Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, Journal of Conflict Resolution,
Journal of Peace Research, Journal of Politics, Journal of Political and Military Sociology, Journal of
Third World Studies, Korean Journal of International Studies, Leadership, Orbis, Political Research
Quarterly, Social Science Journal, Sociological Forum, and Western Political Quarterly.
Together Blanton and Kegley have coauthored publications appearing in the Brown Journal
of World Affairs, Futures Research Quarterly, Mediterranean Quarterly, and Rethinking the Cold
War, as well as multiple editions of World Politics (since the twelfth edition’s 2009-2010 update).

Dedication
To my husband Rob and our sons Austin and Cullen,
in deep appreciation of their love and support
—Shannon Lindsey Blanton

To my loving wife Debbie

And to the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs,
in appreciation for its invaluable contribution to building through
education a more just and secure world
—Charles William Kegley
 WORLD

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Another random document with
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"Methought something moved within the wood," she said. "Let us be
gone."
"It is almost dusk," he replied. "When it is dark we can ride to Nimmr
in safety. Some of Bohun's knights may still be searching for you."
"What!" she exclaimed. "Remain here until dark? Knowest thou not
where we be?"
"Why, what's wrong with this place?" demanded the man.
She leaned toward him, her eyes wide with terror. "It be the Wood of
the Leopards!" she whispered.
"Yes?" he queried casually.
"Here lair the great leopards of Nimmr," she continued, "and after
night falls only a camp with many guards and beast fires be safe
from them. And even so not always then, for they have been known
to leap upon a warder and, dragging him into the wood, devour him
within hearing of the camp.
"But," suddenly her eyes responded to a new thought, "I hadst forgot
the strange, roaring weapon with which thou slew the knights of
Bohun! Of a surety with that thou couldst slay all the leopards of the
wood!"
Blake hesitated to undeceive her and add to her alarm. "Perhaps,"
he said, "it will be as well to start now, for we have a long ride and it
will soon be dark."
As he spoke he started toward Sir Galahad. He had almost reached
the horse when the animal suddenly raised its head and with up
pricked ears and dilated nostrils looked into the gathering shadows
of the wood. For an instant Sir Galahad trembled like a leaf and then,
with a wild snort, he lay back with all his weight upon the tether, and
as it parted with a snap he wheeled and raced out upon the plain.
Blake drew his gun and peered into the wood, but he saw nothing
nor could his atrophied sense of smell catch the scent that had come
so clearly to the nostrils of Sir Galahad.
Eyes that he could not see were watching him, but they were not the
eyes of Sheeta the leopard.

CHAPTER XX

"I Love You!"

Lord Tarzan rode with Sir Bertram in the wake of the Knights of
Nimmr, nor did they overtake them until after Blake had borne
Guinalda out of the battle which had followed immediately the hosts
of Gobred had overhauled the Knights of the Sepulcher.
As the two approached, Tarzan saw opposing knights paired off in
mortal combat. He saw a Knight of Nimmr go down before an
adversary's lance and then the victor espied Tarzan.
"Have at you, sir knight!" cried he of the Sepulcher, and couched his
lance and put spurs to his charger.
This was a new experience for the ape-man, a new adventure, a
new thrill. He knew as much about jousting as he did about ping-
pong, but from childhood he had wielded a spear, and so he smiled
as the knight charged upon him.
Lord Tarzan waited, and the Knight of the Sepulcher was
disconcerted to see his adversary awaiting him, motionless, his
spear not even couched to receive him.
Lord Bertram had reined in his horse to watch the combat and
observe how this English peer accounted for himself in battle and he
too was perplexed. Was the man mad, or was he fearful of the
issue?
As his antagonist approached him, Tarzan rose in his stirrups and
carried his lance hand above and behind his head, and when the tip
of the other's lance was yet five paces from him the ape-man
launched the heavy weapon as he had so often launched his hunting
spear and his war spear in the chase and in battle.
It was not Viscount Greystoke who faced the Knight of the
Sepulcher; it was not the king of the great apes. It was the chief of
the Waziri, and no other arm in the world could cast a war spear as
could his.
Forward his spear hand shot, straight as an arrow sped the great
lance. It struck the shield of the Knight of the Sepulcher just above
the boss and, splitting the heavy wood, drove into the heart of
Tarzan's foe, and at the same instant the ape-man reined his horse
aside as that of his fallen antagonist thundered past.
Sir Bertram shook his head and spurred to meet an antagonist that
had just challenged him. He was not sure that the act of Lord Tarzan
had been entirely ethical, but he had to admit that it had been
magnificent.
The fortunes of the battle carried Tarzan toward the west. His lance
gone, he fought with his sword. Luck and his great strength and
wondrous agility carried him through two encounters. By this time the
battle had drawn off toward the northeast.
Tarzan had accounted for his second man since he had lost his
lance and a Knight of the Sepulcher had slain a Knight of Nimmr.
Now these two remained alone upon the field, nor did the other lose
a moment in shouting his challenge to the ape-man.
Never in his life had Tarzan seen such fierce, bold men, such
gluttons for battle. That they glorified in conflict and in death with a
fierce lust that surpassed the maddest fanaticism he had ever
witnessed filled Tarzan's breast with admiration. What men! What
warriors!
Now the last knight was upon him. Their swords clashed on ready
buckler. They wheeled and turned and struck again. They passed
and spurred once more to close quarters. Each rose in his stirrups to
deliver a terrifying cut, each sought to cleave the other's skull.
The blade of the Knight of the Sepulcher glanced from Tarzan's
buckler and bit into the skull of the ape-man's charger, but Tarzan's
edge smote true.
As his horse went down Tarzan leaped free, his antagonist falling
dead at his feet, while the riderless horse of the slain knight galloped
swiftly off in the direction in which lay the City of the Sepulcher.
Tarzan looked about him. He was alone upon the field. Far to the
north and east he saw the dust of battle. The City of Nimmr lay
across the plain toward the south. When the battle was over it was
there that Blake would ride and it was Blake whom Tarzan wanted to
find. The sun was sinking behind the western hills as Tarzan turned
toward Nimmr.
The chain mail that he wore was heavy, hot and uncomfortable, and
Tarzan had not gone far before he discarded it. He had his knife and
his rope. These he always kept with him, but he left the sword with
the armor and with a sigh of relief continued on his way.

Ibn Jad, as he had come across the valley from the City of the
Sepulcher toward the city that he had seen upon the opposite side,
had been perturbed by the great clouds of dust that had been raised
by the Knights of the Sepulcher and the pursuing Nimmrians.
Seeing a forest close upon his right hand he had thought it wiser to
seek its concealing shadows until he could learn more concerning
that which caused so great a dust cloud, which he saw was rapidly
approaching.
Within the forest it was cool and here Ibn Jad and his followers
rested.
"Let us remain here," suggested Abd el-Aziz, "until evening, when
we may approach the city under cover of darkness."
Ibn Jad approved the plan and so they camped just within the forest
and waited. They watched the dust cloud pass and continue on
toward the City of the Sepulcher.
"Billah, it is well we did escape that village before yon host returned,"
said Ibn Jad.
They saw a horseman enter the forest, or pass to the south of it—
they could not know which—but they were not interested in single
horsemen, or in any horseman, so they did not investigate. He
seemed to be either carrying another person upon his horse with
him, or some great bundle. At a distance they could not see which.
"Perhaps," said Abd el-Aziz, "we shall find greater treasure in the city
to the south."
"And perhaps the beautiful woman of whom the sahar spoke," added
Ibn Jad, "for she was not within the city we left this morning."
"There were some there that were beautiful," said Fahd.
"The one I seek is more beautiful than an houri," said Ibn Jad.
When they took up their march again just before dark they moved
cautiously just within the edge of the forest. They had covered a
mile, perhaps, when those in the lead heard voices ahead. Ibn Jad
sent one to investigate.
The man was soon back. His eyes were bright with excitement. "Ibn
Jad," he whispered, "thou needst seek no farther—the houri is just
ahead!"
Following the suggestion of the scout Ibn Jad, followed by his
companions, went deeper into the woods and approached Blake and
Guinalda from the west. When Sir Galahad broke loose and Blake
drew his forty-five Ibn Jad knew that they could remain in
concealment no longer. He called Fahd to him.
"Many of the Nasranys speak the language thou didst learn among
the soldiers of the North," he said. "Speak thou therefore to this one
in the same tongue, telling him we are friends and that we are lost."
When Fahd saw the Princess Guinalda his eyes narrowed and he
trembled almost as might a man with ague. Never in his life had
Fahd seen so beautiful a woman, never had he dreamed that an
houri might be so lovely.
"Do not fire upon us," he called to Blake from the concealment of
some bushes. "We are friends. We are lost."
"Who are you?" demanded Blake, surprised to hear French spoken
in the Valley of the Sepulcher.
"We be poor men from the desert country," replied Fahd. "We are
lost. Help us to find our way and the blessings of Allah shall be upon
thee."
"Come out and let me see you," said Blake. "If you are friendly you
need not fear me. I've had all the trouble I'm looking for."
Fahd and Ibn Jad stepped out into view and at sight of them
Guinalda voiced a little scream and seized Blake's arm. "The
Saracens!" she gasped.
"I guess they're Saracens all right," said Blake, "but you needn't
worry—they won't hurt you."
"Not harm a crusader?" she demanded incredulously.
"These fellows never heard of a crusader."
"Melikes not the way they look at me," whispered Guinalda.
"Well, neither do I, but perhaps they mean no harm."
With many smiles the Arabs gathered around the two and through
Fahd Ibn Jad repeated his protestations of friendship and his delight
at meeting one who could direct him from the valley. He asked many
questions about the City of Nimmr; and all the while his followers
pressed closer to Blake.
Of a sudden the smiles vanished from their faces as, at a signal from
their sheik, four stalwart Beduins leaped upon the American and
bore him to the ground, snatching his gun from him, while
simultaneously two others seized the Princess Guinalda.
In a moment Blake was securely bound and the 'Aarab were
debating what disposition to make of him. Several wanted to slit his
throat, but Ibn Jad counseled against it since they were in a valley
filled with the man's friends and should the fortunes of war decide to
throw some of the Beduins into the hands of the enemy such would
fare better if they spared this one's life.
Blake threatened, promised, begged that they give Guinalda her
liberty, but Fahd only laughed at him and spit upon him. For a time it
seemed almost certain that they were going to kill Blake, as one of
the Beduins stood over him with a keen khusa in his hand, awaiting
the word from Ibn Jad.
It was then that Guinalda tore free from those who held her and
threw herself upon Blake to shield his body from the blade with her
own.
"Thou shalt not slay him!" she cried. "Take my life an' thou must have
Christian blood, but spare him."
"They cannot understand you, Guinalda," said Blake. "Perhaps they
will not kill me, but that does not matter. You must escape them."
"Oh, they must not kill thee—they shall not! Canst ever forgive me
the cruel words I spoke? I did not mean them. My pride was hurt that
thou shouldst say of me what Malud told me thou didst say and so I
spoke to hurt thee and not from my heart. Canst forgive me?"
"Forgive you? God love you, I could forgive you murder! But what did
Malud tell you I had said?"
"Oh, mind not now. I care not what thou said. I tell thee I forgive it!
Say to me again thy words that thou didst speak when I pinned my
favor upon thy hauberk and I can forgive thee anything.
"What did Malud say?" insisted Blake.
"That thou hadst bragged that thou wouldst win me and then cast my
love aside," she whispered.
"The cur! You must know that he lied, Guinalda."
"Say what I have asked and I shall know he lied," she insisted.
"I love you! I love you, Guinalda!" cried Blake.
The Arabs laid heavy hands upon the girl and dragged her to her
feet. Ibn Jad and the others still argued about the disposition to be
made of Blake.
"By Ullah!" exclaimed the sheik, at last, "we shall leave the Nasrany
where he lies and if he die none can say that the Beduw did slay
him.
"Abd el-Aziz," he continued, "let thou take men and continue across
the valley to that other city. Come, I shall accompany you a way and
we will talk out of hearing of this Nasrany who, perchance,
understandeth more of our tongue than he would have us guess."
As they moved away toward the south Guinalda tried to free herself
again from the grasp of her captors, but they dragged her with them.
Until the last Blake saw her struggling and saw her dear face turned
toward him, and as they passed out of sight among the trees she
called back through the falling night three words that meant more to
him than all the languages of all the world combined: "I love you!"
At a distance from Blake the 'Aarab halted. "I leave thee here, Abd
el-Aziz," said Ibn Jad. "Go thou and see if the city appears to be a
rich place, and if it be too strongly guarded make no attempt to loot
it, but return to the menzil that will be just beyond the northern
summit where it now is, or, if we move it, we shall make our trail plain
that you may follow us.
"I shall hasten from the valley with this rich treasure that we now
have, not the least of which is the woman. Billah! in the north she will
fetch the ransom of a dozen sheykh.
"Go, Abd el-Aziz, and may Allah be with thee!"
Ibn Jad turned directly north. His belief that the great body of
horsemen he had glimpsed amid the distant dust were returning to
the city he had sacked argued against his attempting to leave the
valley by the same route that he had entered it, and so he had
determined to attempt to scale the steep mountains at a point west
of the City of the Sepulcher, avoiding the castle and its defenders
entirely.
Blake heard the retreating footsteps of the Beduins die away in the
distance. He struggled with his bonds, but the camel leather held
securely. Then he lay quiet. How silent, how lonely the great, black
wood—the Wood of the Leopards! Blake listened. Momentarily he
expected to hear the fall of padded feet, the sound of a great, furred
body approaching through the underbrush. The slow minutes
dragged. An hour had passed.
The moon rose—a great, swollen, red moon that floated silently up
from behind distant mountains. This moon was looking down upon
Guinalda as it was on him. He whispered a message to it—a
message for his princess. It was the first time that Blake ever had
been in love and he almost forgot his bonds and the leopards in
recalling those three words that Guinalda had called back at the
instant of their separation.
What was that? Blake strained his eyes into the darkness of the
shadowy wood. Something was moving! Yes, it was the sound of
stealthy, padded feet—the scraping of a furred body against leaves
and twigs. The leopard of the wood was coming!
Hark! There must be another in a nearby tree, for he was sure that
he could see a shadowy form almost above him.
The moonlight, shining from the low moon near the eastern horizon,
crept beneath the trees and lighted the ground upon which Blake lay
and beyond him for a dozen yards and more.
Presently into this moonlit space stepped a great leopard.
Blake saw the blazing eyes, felt them burning into him like fire. He
could not tear his own from the great snarling figure, where they
were held in awful fascination.
The carnivore crouched and crept closer. Inch by inch it crept upon
him as though with the studied cruelty of premeditated torture. He
saw the sinuous tail lashing from side to side. He saw the great
fangs bared. He saw the beast flatten against the ground, its
muscles tensed. It was about to spring! Helpless, horrified, Blake
could not take his eyes from the hideous, snarling face.
He saw it leap suddenly with the lightness and agility of a house cat,
and at the same instant he saw something flash through the air. The
leopard stopped in mid-leap and was jerked backward, and then
Blake's astonished eyes saw it being hauled upward into a tree that
overhung the spot.
He saw the shadowy form that he had seen before, but now he saw
that it was a man and that he was hauling the leopard upward by a
rope that had been cast about its neck at the instant that it had risen
to leap upon him.
Screaming, pawing with raking talons, Sheeta the leopard was
dragged upward. A mighty hand reached out and grasped the great
cat by the scruff of the neck and another hand drove a knife blade
into the savage heart.
When Sheeta ceased to struggle, and hung quiet, the hand released
its grasp and the dead body of the carnivore thudded to the ground
beside Blake. Then the god-like figure of an almost naked white man
dropped lightly to the leafy mold.
Blake voiced an exclamation of surprised delight. "Tarzan of the
Apes!" he cried.
"Blake?" demanded the ape-man, and then: "At last! And I didn't find
you much too soon, either."
"I'll tell the world you didn't!" exclaimed Blake.
Tarzan cut the bonds that held the American.
"You've been looking for me?" asked Blake.
"Ever since I learned that you had become separated from your
safari."
"By George, that was white of you!"
"Who left you trussed up here?"
"A bunch of Arabs."
Something like a growl escaped the lips of the ape-man. "That
villainous old Ibn Jad here?" he demanded incredulously.
"They took a girl who was with me," said Blake. "I do not need to ask
you to help me rescue her, I know."
"Which way did they go?" asked Tarzan.
"There." Blake pointed toward the south.
"When?"
"About an hour ago."
"You'd better shed that armor," advised Tarzan, "it makes walking a
punishment—I just tried it."
With the ape-man's help Blake got out of his coat of mail and then
the two set out upon the plain trail of the Arabs. At the point where
Ibn Jad had turned back toward the north they were at a loss to
know which of the two spoors to follow, for here the footprints of
Guinalda, that the ape-man had been able to pick up from time to
time since they left the spot where the girl had been seized,
disappeared entirely.
They wondered what had become of them. They could not know that
here, when she found that Ibn Jad was going to turn back with her
away from Nimmr, she had refused to walk farther. It had been all
right as long as they were approaching Nimmr, but she refused
absolutely to be a party to her own abduction when it led away from
home.
What breeze there was was blowing from the east, nullifying the
value of Tarzan's sense of smell so that even the great ape-man
could not know in what direction or with which party Guinalda had
been carried off.
"The most reasonable assumption," said Tarzan, "is that your
princess is with the party that has gone north, for I know that Ibn
Jad's menzil must lay in that direction. He did not enter the valley
from the south. That I know because I just came in that way myself
and Sir Bertram assured me that there are only two entrances—the
one through which I came and a pass above the City of the
Sepulcher.
"Ibn Jad would want to get the girl out of the valley and into his camp
as soon as possible whether he is going to hold her for ransom or
take her north to sell her. The party that went south toward Nimmr
may have been sent to treat with her people for a ransom; but the
chances are that she is not with that party.
"However, it is at best but a matter of conjecture. We must ascertain
definitely, and I suggest that you follow the northern spoor, which is, I
am certain, the one that will lead to the girl, while I overtake the party
to the south.
"I can travel faster than you and if I am right and the girl is with the
northern party I'll turn back and overtake you without much loss of
time. If you catch up with the other band and find the girl is not with
them, you can turn back and join me; but if she is with them you'd
better not risk trying to recover her until you have help, for you are
unarmed and those Beduins would think no more of cutting your
throat than they would of drinking a cup of coffee.
"Now, good-bye and good luck!" And Tarzan of the Apes was off at a
trot upon the trail of the party that had gone in the direction of Nimmr,
while Blake turned northward to face a dismal journey through the
black depths of the Wood of the Leopards.

CHAPTER XXI

"For Every Jewel a Drop of Blood!"

All night Ibn Jad and his party marched northward. Though they
were hampered by the refusal of Guinalda to walk, yet they made
rapid progress for they were spurred on by their great desire to
escape from the valley with their booty before they should be
discovered and set upon by the great host of fighting men they were
now convinced were quartered in the castle and city they had been
fortunate enough to find almost deserted.
Avarice gave them strength and endurance far beyond that which
they normally displayed, with the result that dawn found them at the
foot of the ragged mountains that Ibn Jad had determined to scale
rather than attempt an assault upon the castle which guarded the
easy way from the valley.
It was a jaded party that won eventually to the pass just above the
outer barbican that guarded the road to the City of the Sepulcher, nor
were they discovered by the warders there until the last man of them
was safely on the trail leading to the low saddle at the summit of the
mountains, beyond which lay the menzil of the Beduins.
The defenders of the barbican made a sortie against them and
approached their rear so closely that the sir knight who commanded
saw Guinalda and recognized her, but a volley from the matchlocks
of the desert people sent the crudely armed soldiers of Bohun back
in retreat, though the brave knight couched his lance and charged
again until his horse was brought down by a bullet and he lay pinned
beneath it.
It was afternoon before Ibn Jad with his fagged company staggered
into the menzil. Though they dropped in their tracks from sheer
exhaustion, he allowed them but an hour of sleep before he gave the
signal for the rahla, for the sheik of the fendy el-Guad was filled with
an ever increasing fear that the treasure and the woman would be
taken away from him before he could reach the sandy wastes of his
own barren beled.
The heavy weight of the treasure had been divided into several
bundles and these were distributed among his least mistrusted
followers, while the custody of the girl captive was placed in the
hands of Fahd, whose evil eyes filled the princess with fear and
loathing.
Stimbol, who had secretly scoffed at the stories of treasure and the
mad tales of a beautiful woman that the 'Aarab expected to find in
some fabulous, hidden city, was dumfounded when he viewed the
spoils of the Beduin raid, and at first was inclined to attribute them to
the hallucinations of his fever-racked brain.
Weak, Stimbol staggered feebly along the trail, keeping as close to
Fahd as he could, for he knew that of all the company this
unscrupulous scoundrel would be most likely to assist him, for to
Fahd a live Stimbol meant great wealth; nor was Fahd unmindful of
the fact. And now there was another purpose in the evil mind of the
Beduin who had conceived for the white girl an infatuation that was
driving him to the verge of madness.
With the wealth that Stimbol had promised him Fahd realized that he
could afford to possess this lovely houri whom otherwise a poor
Beduwy must sell for the great price that she would bring, and so
there revolved in the mind of Fahd many schemes whereby he might
hope to gain sole possession of both Guinalda and Stimbol; but
always there loomed in the path of every plan that he considered the
dour figure of his greedy sheykh.
At the foot of the Mountains of the Sepulcher Ibn Jad turned toward
the east, thus to avoid passing again through the country of Batando.
Beyond the eastern end of the range he would turn south again and
later strike west just above the northern limits of the territory that was
nominally Tarzan's, for though he knew that the Lord of the Jungle
was dead he yet feared the vengeance of his people.
It was late before Ibn Jad made camp. The preparations for the
evening meal were hurried. The light from the cooking fire and the
paper lanterns in the beyt of the sheik was dim and flickering, yet not
so dim but that Ateja saw Fahd drop something into the bowl of food
that she had prepared for Ibn Jad and which stood upon the ground
between him and his would-be assassin.
As the sheik reached for the receptacle Ateja stepped from the
women's quarters and struck it from his hand, but before she could
explain her act or charge Fahd with his villainy the culprit, realizing
that his perfidy had been discovered, leaped to his feet and seizing
his matchlock sprang into the women's quarters where Guinalda had
been left under the watchful care of Hirfa and Ateja.
Seizing the girl by the wrist and dragging her after him Fahd broke
through the curtains at the rear of the beyt and ran in the direction of
his own tent. By this time the mukaad of Ibn Jad was in an uproar.
The sheik was demanding an explanation from Ateja and still
unaware that Fahd had escaped through the rear of the beyt no one
had followed him into the women's quarters.
"He placed simm in thy food!" cried Ateja. "I saw him and the proof of
it be that he fled when he knew that I had seen."
"Billah," exclaimed Ibn Jad. "The son of a jackal would poison me?
Seize him and fetch him to me!"
"He hath fled through the beyt!" cried Hirfa, "and taken the Nasrawia
with him."
The Beduins sprang to their feet and took after Fahd, but at his own
beyt he stopped them with a bullet and they retreated. In his tent he
seized Stimbol who was lying upon a filthy sleeping mat and dragged
him to his feet.
"Hasten!" he hissed in the American's ear. "Ibn Jad has ordered that
thou be slain! Quick! follow me and I will save thee."
Again Fahd had recourse to the rear curtains of a beyt and as his
fellows approached the front in anger but with caution, Fahd,
dragging Guinalda and followed by Stimbol, sneaked through the
darkness of the menzil and turned toward the west.

It was dusk when James Blake, following the plain trail of Ibn Jad,
finally clambered over the last escarpment and stood upon the trail
that led through the pass toward the outer world beyond the Valley of
the Sepulcher.
A hundred yards to his right loomed the gray towers of the barbican,
to his left was the trail that led in the direction of his heart's desire,
and all about him, concealed in the bushes, were the men-at-arms of
King Bohun of the Sepulcher; but this he did not guess, for how
could he know that for hours the eyes of the warders had been
watching his slow ascent toward the pass trail?
Spent by the long climb following hours of gruelling exertion without
food or rest, unarmed, Blake was helpless to resist or to attempt
escape when a dozen armed men stepped from the surrounding
bushes and encircled him in a band of steel. And so Sir James of
Nimmr was seized and hauled before King Bohun, and when he was
questioned and Bohun found that he was the same black knight that
had thwarted his plan to abduct the Princess Guinalda he could
scarce contain himself.
Assuring Blake only of the fact that he would be put to death as soon
as Bohun could determine upon a fate commensurate with the
heinousness of the crime, the king ordered him to be placed in
chains, and the American was led away by guards to a black hole
beneath the castle, where by the light of flares a smith forged a
heavy iron band about one ankle and he was chained to a damp
stone wall.
In the light of the flare Blake saw two emaciated, naked creatures
similarly chained, and in a far corner glimpsed a skeleton among the
bones of which rusted a length of chain and a great anklet. Then
silently the guards and the smith departed, taking the flares with
them, and James Blake was left in darkness and despair.
Upon the plain, below the City of Nimmr, Tarzan had overtaken the
party of Beduins led by Abd el-Aziz, and after assuring himself that
the girl was not with them he had turned without revealing himself to
them and hurried northward to take up the trail of the other party.
Requiring food and rest he lay up in the Wood of the Leopards
during the heat of the day after stalking Horta the boar and making a
quick kill. His belly filled, the ape-man found a high flung tree crotch
where there was little likelihood of the heavy leopards of Nimmr
disturbing his slumbers, and here he slept until the sun was sinking
behind the western mountains. Early the following morning he
reached the deserted menzil where Ibn Jad's people had camped
during his incursion of the Valley of the Sepulcher.
Some time since, he had lost the spoor of Blake, but that of the girl
frequently recurred, and as her rescue now took precedence over
other considerations he followed doggedly along the trail of Ibn Jad.
For a time he was mystified by the fact that Guinalda's spoor, well
marked by the imprints of the tiny sandals of medieval design, did
not appear among the footprints of those who left the Beduin menzil.
He lost some time searching about in an effort to discover a clew to
the riddle and presently he hit upon the truth, which lay in the fact
that Guinalda's light sandals having been badly worn by her journey
and far too tight for comfortable walking she had been given a pair
belonging to Ateja, and thus it became difficult to differentiate
between the spoor of the two girls, who were of equal weight and of
a similarity of carriage that rendered their footprints practically
identical.
Tarzan therefore contented himself with following the spoor of the
party, and so it was that he passed their first night's camp, where
Fahd had stolen Guinalda from the sheik, without discovering that
three of its members had there turned to the west, while the main
body of the 'Aarab marched toward the east.
And as Tarzan followed the spoor of Ibn Jad a hundred stalwart
Waziri moved northward from the water hole of the smooth, round
rocks upon the old trail of the Beduins. With them was Zeyd, who
had begged so hard to accompany them when they passed the
village where he had been waiting that at last the sub-chief had
consented.
When Tarzan overtook the 'Aarab they had already turned south
around the eastern end of the Mountains of the Sepulcher. He saw
the bags they carried and the evident concern with which Ibn Jad
watched and guarded them, and he shrewdly guessed that the wily
old thief had indeed found the treasure he had sought; but he saw no
evidence of the presence of the Princess, and Stimbol, too, was
missing.
Tarzan was furious. He was furious at the thieving Beduins for daring
to invade his country and he was furious at himself because he felt
that in some way he had been tricked.
Tarzan had his own methods of inflicting punishment upon his
enemies and he had, as well, his own grim and grisly sense of
humor. When men were doing wrong it pleased him to take
advantage of whatever might cause them the greatest suffering and
in this he was utterly ruthless with his enemies.
He was confident that the 'Aarab thought him dead and it did not suit
his whim to reveal their error to them at this time, but it did accord
with his fancy to let them commence to feel the weight of his
displeasure and taste the first fruits of their villainy.
Moving silently through the trees Tarzan paralleled the course of the
'Aarab. They were often plainly visible to him; but none saw Tarzan,
nor dreamed that savage eyes were watching their every move.
Five men carried the treasure, though its weight was not so great but
that one powerful man might have borne it for a short distance.
Tarzan watched these men most often, these and the Sheik Ibn Jad.
The trail was wide and the sheik walked beside one of those who
bore the treasure. It was very quiet in the jungle. Even the 'Aarab,
garrulous among themselves, were quiet, for they were very tired
and the day was hot and they were unused to the burdens they were
forced to carry since Batando had robbed them of their slaves.
Of a sudden, without warning and with only the swish of its flight
through the air to announce it, an arrow passed through the neck of
the Beduin who walked beside Ibn Jad.
With a scream the man lunged forward upon his face and the 'Aarab,
warned by their sheik, cocked their muskets and prepared to receive
an attack, but look where they would they saw no sign of an enemy.
They waited, listening, but there was no sound other than the
droning of insects and the occasional raucous cry of a bird; but when
they moved on again, leaving their fellow dead upon the trail, a
hollow voice called to them from a distance.
"For every jewel a drop of blood!" it wailed dismally, for its author
knew well the intensely superstitious nature of the desert dwellers
and how best to affright them.
It was a shaken column that continued on its way, nor was there any
mention of making camp until almost sunset, so anxious were they
all to leave behind this gloomy wood and the horrid afrit that
inhabited it; but the forest persisted and at length it became
necessary to make camp.
Here the camp fires and food relieved the tension upon their
overwrought nerves, and their spirits had revived to such an extent
that there were again singing and laughter in the menzil of Ibn Jad.
The old sheik himself sat in his mukaad surrounded by the five bags
of treasure, one of which he had opened and beneath the light of a
lantern was fondling the contents. About him were his cronies,
sipping their coffee.
Suddenly something fell heavily upon the ground before the beyt and
rolled into the mukaad among them. It was the severed head of a
man! Glaring up at them were the dead eyes of their fellow, whose
corpse they had left lying in the trail earlier in the day.
Horror struck, spellbound, they sat staring at the gruesome thing
when, from out of the dark forest, came the hollow voice again: "For
every jewel a drop of blood!"
Ibn Jad shook as a man with ague. The men of the camp gathered
close together in front of the beyt of the sheik. Each grasped a
musket in one hand and searched for his hijab with the other, for
each carried several of these amulets, and that in demand this night
was the one written against the jan, for certainly none but a jin could
have done this thing.
Hirfa stood half within the mukaad staring at the dead face of her
fellow while Ateja crouched upon a sleeping mat in the quarters of
the women. She did not see the back curtain rise, nor the figure that
crept within. It was dark in the quarters of the hareem since little light
filtered in from the lanterns in the mukaad.
Ateja felt a hand clapped across her mouth at the same instant that
another grasped her by the shoulder. A voice whispered in her ear.
"Make no sound! I shall not hurt thee. I am a friend to Zeyd. Tell me
the truth and no harm will befall you or him. Where is the woman Ibn
Jad brought from the valley?"
He who held her placed his ear close to her lips and removed his
hand from them. Ateja trembled like a leaf. She had never seen a jin.
She could not see the creature that leaned close to her, but she
knew that it was one of those fearsome creatures of the night.
"Answer!" whispered the voice in her ear. "If thou wouldst save Zeyd,
speak and speak the truth!"
"Fahd took the woman from our menzil last night," she gasped. "I do
not know where they went."
As it came, in silence the presence left the side of the terrified girl.
When Hirfa sought her a moment later she found her in a swoon.

CHAPTER XXII

Bride of the Ape

Blake squatted upon the stone floor in the utter darkness of his
dungeon. After his jailers had left he had spoken to his fellow
prisoners, but only one had replied and his jibbering tones assured
the American that the poor wretch had been reduced to stark insanity
by the horrors of imprisonment in this foul hole.
The young man, accustomed to freedom, light, activity, already felt
the hideousness of his position and wondered how long it would be
before he, too, jibbered incoherently at the end of a rusting chain,
how long before he, too, was but mildewed bones upon a clammy
floor.
In utter darkness and in utter silence there is no time, for there is no
means by which one may compute the passage of time. How long
Blake crouched in the stifling air of his dank dungeon he could not
know. He slept once, but whether he had dozed for an instant or
slept the clock around he could not even hazard a guess. And of
what moment was it? A second, a day, a year meant nothing here.
There were only two things that could mean anything to Jim Blake