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Full download Solution manual for Essentials of Econometrics Gujarati Porter 4th edition file pdf all chapter on 2024
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Solution manual for Essentials of
Econometrics Gujarati Porter 4th edition
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for-essentials-of-econometrics-gujarati-porter-4th-edition/
CHAPTER
1
THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF ECONOMETRICS
QUESTIONS
1.1. (a) Other things remaining the same, the higher the tax rate is, the lower
the price of a house will be.
(b) Assume that the data are cross-sectional, involving several residential
communities with differing tax rates.
(c) Yi = B1 + B2 X i
where Y = price of the house and X = tax rate
(d) Yi = B1 + B2 X i + u i
(e) Given the sample, one can use OLS to estimate the parameters of the
model.
(f) Aside from the tax rate, other factors that affect house prices are
mortgage interest rates, house size, buyers’ family income, the state of the
economy, the local crime rate, etc. Such variables may be included in a
more detailed multiple regression model.
(g) A priori, B2 < 0. Therefore, one can test H 0 : B2 ≥ 0 against H1 : B2 < 0.
(h) The estimated regression can be used to predict the average price of a
house in a community, given the tax rate in that community. Of course, it
is assumed that all other factors stay the same.
1.2. Econometricians are now routinely employed in government and business
to estimate and / or forecast (1) price and cost elasticities, (2) production
1
and cost functions, and (3) demand functions for goods and services, etc.
Econometric forecasting is a growth industry.
1.3. The economy will be bolstered if the increase in the money supply leads to
a reduction in the interest rate which will lead to more investment activity
and, therefore, to more output and more employment. If the increase in
the money supply, however, leads to inflation, the preceding result may
2
not occur. The job of the econometrician will be to develop a model to
predict the effect of the increase in the money supply on inflation, interest
rate, employment, etc.
1.4. As a matter of fact, on October 1, 1993 the Federal Government did
increase the gasoline tax by 4 cents. Since gasoline and cars are
complementary products, economic theory suggests that an increase in the
price of gasoline will not only lead to a decline in the demand for gasoline
but also in the demand for cars, ceteris paribus. The Ford Motor Company
may be advised to produce more fuel-efficient cars to stave off a serious
decline in the demand for its cars. An automobile demand function will
provide numerical estimates of the effect of gasoline tax on the demand
for automobiles.
1.5. As a pure economist, you will advise against imposing such a tariff, for it
will not only increase the price of imported steel but will also increase the
prices of all goods that use imported steel, especially the prices of
automobiles. It will also protect inefficient domestic producers of steel.
The best way to set up an econometric model would be to look at past
episodes of tariffs and see their impact on various products, pre- and post-
the imposition of such tariffs.
PROBLEMS
1.6. (a) The plot will show that both the CPI and the S&P 500 stock index
generally show an upward trend, whereas the three-month Treasury bill
rate is generally downward trending.
3
CPI
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
S&P 500
1,600.00
1,400.00
1,200.00
1,000.00
800.00
600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
4
3-m T bill
16.000
14.000
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
0.000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
(b) If investment in the stock market is a hedge against inflation, the S&P
500 stock index and the CPI are expected to be positively related. The
three-month Treasury bill rate is expected to be positively related to the
inflation rate according the Fisher effect, because the higher the inflation
rate, the higher the nominal rate of interest that the investor will expect. In
the problem, the price variable is the CPI and not the inflation rate (which
is the percentage change in the CPI): So the appropriate comparison is
between the inflation rate and the three-month Treasury bill.
(c) The data will show that the regression line between the S&P 500 stock
index and the CPI is positively sloped, but that between the three-month
Treasury bill rate and the CPI is negatively sloped. Using the inflation rate
instead of the CPI, the data will show that the regression line between the
inflation rate and the three-month Treasury bill is positively sloped, as the
Fisher effect is stating.
5
1,600.00
1,400.00
1,200.00
1,000.00
800.00
600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00
60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 200.0 220.0
CPI
16.000
14.000
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
0.000
60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 200.0 220.0
CPI
1.7. (a) The diagrams will show that both consumer price indexes show a positive
trend over time, whereas the exchange rate shows positive and negative
trends at various periods in the graph. It may be noted that in
1985, under the Plaza Accord, the governments of the G-7 countries made
6
a deliberate attempt to bring down the exchange rate of the dollar vis-à-vis
the currencies of the G-7 countries.
2.2000
2.0000
1.8000
1.6000
1.4000
1.2000
1.0000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
301.0
251.0
201.0
CPI US
151.0
CPI UK
101.0
51.0
1.0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
7
(b), (c), and (d): The plot of the ER (pound/$) against the RPR shows a
slightly negative relationship between the two in general.
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.86
0.84
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1
RPR
1.8 (a), (b), and (c). The plot shows a relatively negative relationship between the
two, which is not entirely surprising: As the number of cylinders goes up, the
combined MPG goes down for the cars. It also seems apparent that there is
potentially non-linear relationship (somewhat hyperbolic) between the two
variables.
8
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
cylinders
9
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reaches the nobility of his etched portrait of Watts—and the pencil
drawings of the nude, several of which Legros has given to the
Museum of his birthplace, Dijon, where the stray Englishman who
stays to look at them finds that they are as finely severe as are the
pencil drawings of Ingres. I have his one big etching, ‘La Mort du
Vagabond’—the scale too large to be effective generally, but, pace Mr.
4
Whistler, I do not, in this case, find it ‘an offence,’ —and amongst
others, two that have, it may be, no particular rarity, but that are
worthily, and I think even exceptionally, characteristic. The one is ‘La
Communion dans l’Eglise Saint-Médard’: in line and in feeling an
instance of the most dignified treatment of ecclesiastical function or
religious office. And the other is ‘Les Chantres Espagnols,’ the singing-
men, aged and decayed, eight of them, in a darkened choir—was ever
a vision of narrow and of saddened lives more serious or more
penetrating!
4
‘The huge plate,’ writes Mr. Whistler—on the
whole truthfully—‘the huge plate is an offence: its
undertaking an unbecoming display of
determination and ignorance, its accomplishment
a triumph of unthinking earnestness and
uncontrolled energy.’
all these things show one or other of the qualities that are good in
him. But other things, of course, showing the quite other qualities
that have given Macbeth a name, are more conspicuous and
abundant: at all events are more upon the surface; and the art is
great that knows how to dwell on the sympathetic and worthy, and
that in doing so does much to modify the popular conception.
It may be true, of course, that the main thought of Irving in
Macbeth is to show the deterioration of character through one crime
that brings another; but such deterioration is, after all, generally a
gradual process, and there is time, while it is proceeding, to show
something of the higher nature with which the character began. I
think I note also, in Irving’s Macbeth, an added emphasis, not only
on his belief in the supernatural, but in the power of the supernatural
over him. The prophecy of the weird voices is more than ever a
destiny. His crimes are done under a spell. He is moved to them
from without, by a something not himself, making for Evil.
And the hold that this force from without, this supernatural
power, this sense of destiny, this something not himself, making for
Evil, has upon him, divides Macbeth until the very end of the action
of the play, from such as his own hired murderers. Not that these,
indeed, are set before us, by Shakespeare, as quite voluntary cut-
throats, rejoicing in their profession; but as men rendered desperate:
the one