Download and Read online, DOWNLOAD EBOOK, [PDF EBOOK EPUB ], Ebooks

download, Read Ebook EPUB/KINDE, Download Book Format PDF

Evaluating energy consumption in terms of climatic

factors A case study of Karakol residential
apartments Famagusta North Cyprus 1st Edition Dr.
Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd

OR CLICK LINK
https://textbookfull.com/product/evaluating-
energy-consumption-in-terms-of-climatic-factors-a-
case-study-of-karakol-residential-apartments-
famagusta-north-cyprus-1st-edition-dr-rokhsaneh-
rahbarianyazd/
Read with Our Free App Audiobook Free Format PFD EBook, Ebooks dowload PDF
with Andible trial, Real book, online, KINDLE , Download[PDF] and Read and Read
Read book Format PDF Ebook, Dowload online, Read book Format PDF Ebook,
[PDF] and Real ONLINE Dowload [PDF] and Real ONLINE
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Sustainability in Historic Urban Environments Effect of

gentrification in the process of sustainable urban
revitalization 1st Edition Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd

https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainability-in-historic-
urban-environments-effect-of-gentrification-in-the-process-of-
sustainable-urban-revitalization-1st-edition-dr-rokhsaneh-
rahbarianyazd/

Establishment of Space syntax to read and analyze urban

network the case of study Famagusta city of Cyprus 1st
Edition Ph.D. Candidate Ehsan Valipour

https://textbookfull.com/product/establishment-of-space-syntax-
to-read-and-analyze-urban-network-the-case-of-study-famagusta-
city-of-cyprus-1st-edition-ph-d-candidate-ehsan-valipour/

Encountering Development in the Age of Global

Capitalism A Case Study 1st Edition Dr. Kin-Ling Tang
(Auth.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/encountering-development-in-the-
age-of-global-capitalism-a-case-study-1st-edition-dr-kin-ling-
tang-auth/

The Political and Economic History of North Cyprus: A

Discordant Polity Tufan Ekici

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-political-and-economic-
history-of-north-cyprus-a-discordant-polity-tufan-ekici/
An Integrated Framework for Energy-Economy-Emissions
Modeling: A Case Study of India Tejal Kanitkar

https://textbookfull.com/product/an-integrated-framework-for-
energy-economy-emissions-modeling-a-case-study-of-india-tejal-
kanitkar/

Critical Terms for the Study of Africa Gaurav Desai

https://textbookfull.com/product/critical-terms-for-the-study-of-
africa-gaurav-desai/

Residential retrofit 20 case studies 1st Edition Marion

Baeli

https://textbookfull.com/product/residential-retrofit-20-case-
studies-1st-edition-marion-baeli/

The Imperial Politics of Architectural Conservation The

Case of Waqf in Cyprus Reyhan Sabri

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-imperial-politics-of-
architectural-conservation-the-case-of-waqf-in-cyprus-reyhan-
sabri/

QoS and Energy Management in Cognitive Radio Network:

Case Study Approach 1st Edition Vishram Mishra

https://textbookfull.com/product/qos-and-energy-management-in-
cognitive-radio-network-case-study-approach-1st-edition-vishram-
mishra/
 Journal Of Contemporary Urban Affairs
2018, Volume 2, Number 1, pages 45– 54

Evaluating energy consumption in terms of climatic

factors: A case study of Karakol residential
apartments, Famagusta, North Cyprus
*Dr. ROKHSANEH RAHBARIANYAZD1, Dr. LAYLA RASWOL2
1&2 Department of Architecture, Nawroz University, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
E mail: rokhsaneh.rahbarianyazd@gmail.com E mail: layla.raswol@uod.ac

A R T I C L E I N F O:
Article history:
Received 23 July 2017
Accepted 23 August 2017
Available online 23 August
2017
Keywords:
Residential Apartments;
Energy Consumption;
Climatic Factors;
Famagusta.
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution
NonCommercial - NoDerivs 4.0.
"CC-BY-NC-ND"
ABSTRACT
Throughout the past few decades, research has demonstrated that climatic factors are
some of the most important issues to be considered in respect of energy consumption
in buildings. Climatic factors, therefore, directly influence the economic sector. In
order to study the impact of climatic factors in Karakol residential buildings in terms
of energy consumption, an evaluation of the studies (literature survey) effected in
relevant climates, and the analysis of the existing buildings according to these studies
is essential. This represents the aim of this research and the other is to present design
strategies for minimizing the negative impact of climatic factors on energy demand in
these buildings. To approach the research objectives, the climate of the region was
initially investigated. In an attempt to evaluate some of the current housing in the
Karakol district of Famagusta in terms of the climatic factors, three types of residential
apartments were identified and evaluated through observation, interview, and also by
the distribution and complication of qualitative and statistical questionnaires to and by
-
the occupants of the apartments. In this paper, basic climatic problems, as a result of
which lead to increased energy consumption in residential apartments in respect of
heating and cooling were identified and reported.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(1), 45-54.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.3658

www.ijcua.com
Copyright © 2017 Journal Of Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction for occupants in buildings necessitate the need

to control the climatic factors of the building.
In most societies such as United States (EIA1, 1999)
and also India (Indraganti, 2010) the use of
energy in residential buildings for heating and *Corresponding Author:
Department of Architecture, Nawroz University, Duhok,
cooling which provides thermal comfort, is one
Kurdistan Region, Iraq
of the highest consuming sector. Providing
E-mail address: rokhsaneh.rahbarianyazd@gmail.com
comfortable and adequate working conditions

1
Energy Information Administration
 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(1), 45-54 / 2018
For instance, the issues of temperature control,
humidity, lighting and ventilation require the
utilization of energy. On the other hand,
successful energy conservation is achieved by
aiming for the least possible energy consumption
and this will be achieved through the support
and awareness of both the architect and the
resident (Landsberg & Stewart, 1980, p.3-5).
As is demonstrated by the research, energy
consumption can be influenced by climatic
factors such as temperature, winds, moisture or
precipitation and many other factors, so these
factors equally and directly have influence on
the economic sector and present a major
problem in residential apartment buildings,
which are generally chosen by people with
lower incomes, who wish to have less expensive
housing, but who, in fact, because of
inappropriate design features and up paying out
more than in necessary for energy consumption.
Buildings are comprised of two parts: the interior
and the exterior surfaces (roof, external walls,
glazing, and floor). Climatic factors impact on
the exterior surface of buildings and the energy
transmission because of the difference
temperature and also surface transmission
coefficient will be done by these exterior
surfaces (Landsberg & Stewart 1980, P.16-20). In
the US between the years 1973–1984, the sudden
increase in energy costs attracted the attention
of architects to the issue of energy management
in buildings. As a result of this awareness and
focus, the energy efficiency of buildings greatly
improved in respect of improving the design and
functioning of windows, roof and wall insulation,
and heating and cooling systems, etc.
(Galloway, 2004, p.182).
As a result using appropriate materials in external
walls and design methods for the existing
climatic condition factors is essential. A literature
survey on the residential buildings in the relevant
climatic condition was carried out to identify
typical designs developed in respect of climate.
The construction of buildings as per climatic
factors is an excellent case for addressing the
issue of energy consumption efficiency.
2. Methodology
Qualitative and qualitative approach methods
have been used in this research and the
techniques applied are those of personal
observation, in depth interviews, administered
qualitative and statistical questionnaires with
closed-end questions, review of related
literature, and internet sources.
In general the most significant important factors
that impact on energy consumption are:
location and climate data of the building,
orientation of the building, installed materials,
building design and the selecting of the
technical systems (Leskovar, & Premrov, 2011).
This study attempts to survey some of these items
due to literature review and as aforementioned
three residential apartments have been
identified in the Karakol district which is shown in
figure 2. Analyzes have been done through
interviews and questionnaire with the occupants
of the Karakol district.
3. Climate zone survey
The district of Karakol in Famagusta has a
transition climate, which lies between a
composite and a hot, humid climate, however
because of proximity to the sea it is called hot-
humid climate (Özdeniz and Hançer, 2005;
Hançer, 2005).
4. Literature survey of the relevant climate on
buildings
In order to evaluate the impact of climatic
factors on residential buildings in Karakol_ in
terms of energy consumption, it is necessary to
survey_ the literature review and analyze the
buildings in this area.
4.1 Orientation
Oktay’s (2002) evaluation of the vernacular
housing in Northern Cyprus, which were adapted
for the hot and humid climate, offered useful
suggestions such as orienting living spaces
towards the south using light colors on the
external walls and roofs in order to reflect the
sunshine, using a narrow plan with opposite
windows in order to create cross-ventilation and
thus creating and designing more sustainable
conditions for new buildings.
According to Givoni (1994) creating cross
ventilation in buildings with two openings in
different walls (one of which is facing to the wind
direction) for all the rooms in a hot-humid climate
is very useful. Providing these openings for each
room in buildings especially apartment buildings,
but ensuring the free flow of air between all
rooms in the buildings is essential.
Aksugur (1996) study examined four cities in
Cyprus with four different climates, he and also
Thomas (2002, p. 156-158) in his book made some
recommendations for minimizing the energy
usage in buildings in a hot-humid climate.
Buildings in this climate would be oriented with
Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd, Dr. Layla Raswol 46
 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(1), 45-54 / 2018
the longest sides toward north and south with
openings for ventilation and they would also
have walls to provide shade and external
opening by using wide eaves and deep
verandas. The ventilation of roof space for
minimizing the high solar radiation was also
included in their recommendations.
Hot and humid climates usually require air
conditioning in order to provide thermal comfort.
This process requires energy. Energy
performance in buildings refers to the ability of a
building to function with minimum energy
utilization. This thermal comfort could be
improved by creating sufficient microclimate
strategies in the surrounding area of the buildings
(Zain, Taib, & Shah Baki, 2007).
Acceptable air speed depends on the
environment temperature and humidity. At a
temperature below 33e°c, an increase in air
speed will decrease the heat sensation (Givoni,
1998, p.17). According to the data for
Famagusta’s climate (Aksugur, 1996) which is
shown in figure 1, the air speed process will make
the residential spaces in Karakol comfortable.
Figure 1. Average minimum and maximum temperatures for
Famagusta over the year (retrieved from url1, 01thapril, 2015).
4.2 Materials
4.2.1 Roof and floor
The Ozdeniz & Hançer (2005) Study examined 14
different types of roof construction, which is used
in the hot-humid climate of Cyprus in terms of
energy loss and gain. The sloped timber roof with
ventilated attic space and inner thermal
insulation materials proved to be the best choice
for this climate to avoid building up heat in
summer.
For the hot and humid climate minimizing the
conductive heat gain in the summer (Aksugur ,
1996) by using a ventilated double roof with
aluminum foil which is attached above the
ceiling is essential (Eco-housing mainstreaming,
2009, p.14; Dinsev & Mohd, 2004). In this respect,
the roofs with thermal insulation performed the
most efficiently.
Coch’s (1998) study investigated several
typologies of the vernacular dwelling depending
on the climate. One such evaluation was carried
out in a hot and humid climate. In this climate
the roofs are broken constructed so that the
hotter air is held at the top along with and an
opening for circulating the air in order to avoid_
overheating. These steep slopes_ also provide
useful drainage for the frequent rains. The floors
are raised to better receive the breezes and are
permeable to the air, so in this way the-
ventilation facility of the whole envelope of the
house is complete.
4.2.2 Windows
Windows and other glazed areas are weak in
respect of the transfer of unwanted heat. The
resistance of the glazing material, the number of
glazed panels, the air spaces between, and the
design and detail of the frame affect the
insulation value of the glazing unit. (Watson &
Labs, 1983, p.171).
Windows, as a significant part of a building’s
external surface can heat spaces through the
glass: the best glass_ is transparent so that the
light can reflect the heat. The best reduction of
glassing in solar gain is Tri-pane-plate (30%
reduction of solar gain) compared with plate
glass, double pane-ordinary and double pane-
plate (Landsberg & Stewart, 1980, p.30-31;
Galloway, 2004, p.21).
Aksugur’s (1996) suggestion for hot climates was
double-glazing with wooden frames or aluminum
frames with thermal break type.
The thermal quality of different types of glass
varies; low E double glazing is the standard type
and triple glazing is more commonly used for
residential buildings. However the perfect
glazing systems are those that can react flexibly
to the changing incoming radiation quantities
and interior conditions by using a movable louvre
between the panes of the double or triple
glazing units (Hegger et al., 2008 p. 91-97).
4.2.3 Shading
The outcomes of the shading study (Aksugur,
1996; Galloway, 2004, p.19-25) shows that rooms
with windows which are located on the south
side of a building become hot in summer. In
order to combat this problem a permanent
awing could attached to the building for shade.
Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd, Dr. Layla Raswol 47
 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(1), 45-54 / 2018

4.2.4 External walls the occupants were interviewed to obtain their

opinion about their energy usage and its cost.
Hot climates such as Cyprus are excellent for
These apartments were analyzed in respect of
providing passive solar heating (Lapithis, 2004)
their orientations, their spatial arrangements,
but a balance is required between heating and
their dimensions, surface finishes, construction
cooling in order to prevent overheating and
materials used, and types of glazing.
discomfort in summer. In order to achieve this
elements of such a dwelling are double- paned A statistical questionnaire survey was
glass on the south side where the living spaces administered to 100 inhabitants in various
are located, the use of mass material such as apartments within the Karakol district. The
concrete, brick and stone for storing up the sun’s questionnaires were completed by the
energy as thermal mass, using windows and respondents within a specified period and
doors or maybe fans for convicting the heat collected. Out of 100 questionnaires 80 were
throughout the house. (North Carolina retrieved from the respondents.
Department of Commerce, 1999, p.5-6; Givoni,
Therefore, this data analysis will make use of 80
1992). Thermal mass just stores the heat and
questionnaires. The data contained in the
does not work as an insulating material (Eco-
questionnaires was used to guide the researcher
housing Mainstreaming, 2009, p.3).
in his findings and to support accurate results.
4.2.5 Insulation
5. Data Collection, Sample Size, and Analysis
Thermal insulation in buildings not only reduces
Random sampling techniques were adopted for
the need for air-conditioning, but also reduces
this study, in the form of three apartments with
the annual energy cost. In all climates walls and
two, four and six division of floors (Figure 2) and
roofs must be insulated in order to reduce the
the occupants were interviewed to obtain their
heat transmission. Moisture has negative effects
opinion about their energy usage and its cost.
on the insulating efficiency of material (Smith,
These apartments were analyzed in respect of
2005, p.69). Due to the negative impact of
their orientations, their spatial arrangements,
moisture on thermal insulation over time it must
their dimensions, surface finishes, construction
be controlled in buildings with the use of
materials used, and types of glazing.
ventilation or other means (Al-Homoud, 2005).
A statistical questionnaire survey was
Roofs provide the main heating for living spaces
administered to 100 inhabitants in various
as a result of radiation. In order to reduce
apartments within the Karakol district. The
overheating in summer the roof must be
questionnaires were completed by the
protected by the appropriate insulation to
respondents within a specified period and
provide the desired U-value (thermal
collected. Out of 100 questionnaires 80 were
conductivity) (Eco-housing Mainstreaming,
retrieved from the respondents.
2009, p.18).
Therefore, this data analysis will make use of 80
Data Collection, Sample Size, and Analysis
questionnaires. The data contained in the
Random sampling techniques were adopted for questionnaires was used to guide the researcher
this study, in the form of three apartments with in his findings and to support accurate results.
two, four and six division of floors (Figure 2) and

Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd, Dr. Layla Raswol 48

 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(1), 45-54 / 2018

5.1 Evaluation of three residential apartments

Figure 2. Position of three residential apartment in Karakol area for surveying (Retrieved from URL 2, 13thmarch, 2016), and also
plans of three sample apartments; from left to right. Uzun apartment Merkez, Uzun apartment 10, Muçize apartment (drawn by
author).

5.1.1. Orientation area and with the same number of occupants

Table 1 demonstrates the features of selective
units in Uzun apartment 10 and Muçize
apartments (Figure 3 & 4).
An analysis of the electric bills over a 4 month
period (January, February, March, April) and by
conducting personal interviews with the
occupants of the buildings within the –same
showed that the occupants located on the
North and North-East sides of these buildings
consumed more energy, than the occupants or
users on the South and South- East side of the
building. This means, of course, that they pay
more for their energy in winter. In addition,
photographs of the exteriors were also
recorded, as shown in Figure 3 &4.

Table 1. Feature of selective units (area, orientation and also number in household).

Area m2 Number in Orientation of the Position of living

household units room in each unit
Block A, Unit 1 150 3 North North-West
Block A, Unit 2 150 3 South South-West
Block B, Unit 1 60 2 North-East East
Block B, Unit 2 60 2 South-East East
Block B, Unit 3 80 3 North-West West
Block B, Unit 4 80 3 South-West West

Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd, Dr. Layla Raswol 49

 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(1), 45-54 / 2018

Figure 3. From right to left. North, South and East facade of Figure 4. From left to right. West, North, South façade of the
the Uzun apartment 10 (research’s field study, taken by Muçize apartment (research’s field study, taken by author,
author, 2016). 2016).

5.1.2 Ventilation
By analyzing the selective plan of Karakol windows so the air cannot circulate in the
buildings, it was observed that the space especially in living room and during
prevailing wind in summer, which comes the summer the space becomes
from the South cannot reach some of the overheated and the occupants are
units, therefore these buildings become required use the air conditioning during
overheated in summer. As is shown in Figure May and June, when it should not normally
5 block C, unit 1 does not have opposite be necessary to do so.

Figure 5. Movement of wind in block C, & block B.

5.2 Evaluation of Karakol residential apartments Glazing Types

5.2.1 Glazing type
From the research study as indicated in the pie
5% 5% Single glass
chart (Figure 6), it was observed that 75% of the 15%
glazed units in the Karakol district are single 75% Double glass
glazing; this drastically increases the energy Reflective glass
consumption as energy escapes from the space
during heating or cooling (Landsberg & Stewart Tinted glasses
1980, p.31). This factor will increase the cost and
monthly energy consumption of these buildings.
Figure 6. The above pie chart shows the different glazing
types in Karakol residential buildings.

Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd, Dr. Layla Raswol 50

 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(1), 45-54 / 2018
5.2.2 External wall material
As it shown in figure 7, the research indicated
that most of the external wall materials [about
45%] in these buildings are composed of brick. It
was also established that there was no isolation
in the walls of the building, which considerably
increases the energy usage.
Figure 7. The above bar chart illustrates the external wall
building material in the Karakol residential buildings.
From the perspective of embodied energy,
brick provide good thermal mass, but it must be
well insulated in order to avoid moisture
collecting especially at the intersection point
between the windows and the walls and in
order to prevent heat transfer (Eco-housing
Mainstreaming, 2009, p.3). In the research study
it was also noted that the total energy
consumption is primarily dependent on the
conductivity value of the insulating materials in
the walls.
5.2.3 Wall thickness
Figure 8 illustrates the effect of wall thickness on
the energy consumption of these buildings. It
was observed from the survey that all the
buildings wall thicknesses are about 25 cm
(60%). It was also noted that the walls are not
insulated and, therefore will not, store or retain
energy in the external or internal spaces of these
buildings following heating or cooling.
“Moisture in a building component always
increases the transmission because the thermal
conductivity of water is 0.6 W/MK. Normally
present in the air in the form of water vapor, it
infiltrates the insulation and owing to the
temperature difference can condense there,
which reduce the insulating effect and frost
damage. So insulating materials should be
protecting against moisture” (Hegger, et al.,
2008, p.149).
Exetrnal wall thickness
5% 2.5% 2.5% Less than 20 cm
10%
20 cm
60% 25 cm
30 cm
More than 30 cm
Figure 8. The above pie chart illustrates the external wall
thickness in the Karakol residential buildings.
This indicates that wall thickness has little impact
on the annual energy consumption. This
suggests that building designers should focus on
alternative strategies, some of which are
contained in this research study, to achieve
more significant reductions in the total energy
consumption. Furthermore, incorporating
thicker walls in the initial building design and
planning stages would seem more appropriate
than the saving in running cost due to the
reduction in the overall energy use.
5.3 Height of buildings
The most significant things that the researcher
observed about the buildings in the Karakol
district is that in some of the buildings due to their
poor orientation, height and distance between
them only some parts of these buildings receive
direct sun at noon, whilst others receive it during
the morning and/or evening. Furthermore, and
also as a result of dividing the building plan into
four or more, only one side of the buildings gets
the best wind for thermal comfort, which leads
to a reduction of energy consumption in
summer.
5.4 Shading
The researcher also observed that most of the
buildings do not have any shading devices or
awnings on the south façade and,
consequently, the sun’s rays enter these
buildings directly at certain times in summer. As
a result of this the apartments become too hot
for the occupants and the air conditioning is
required for cooling purposes which results in an
increase in the energy costs.
5.5 Construction details
It was also discovered that the intersection
points (window-wall, ceiling-wall) were
influenced by moisture, which also leads to
increases in heat transmission.
Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd, Dr. Layla Raswol 51
 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(1), 45-54 / 2018
5.6 Roof construction
The researcher also noted that the flat roof
construction of these buildings, which also have
no attic space, more readily permits the direct
entry of the sun’s rays into the building, which, in
summer, creates an overheated living space,
which is not at all appropriate for this hot-humid
climate.
5.7 Building regulation
From the research carried out and as a result of
an interview conducted with two professional
architects who study environmental control and
climatic design in Famagusta, it was established
that there are no specific buildings regulations,
codes or guidelines in this city in respect of
building controls.
6. Conclusions
As a result, more than half of the energy
consumption in the Karakol residential
apartments is used for heating and cooling. It
may be concluded from this research that the
level of the consumption of the energy in this
area is due to inappropriate design planning,
such as the inordinate division of the floors in the
apartments, which created the unfavorable
orientation of some of the units. And also the use
of improper, inappropriate building materials
along with the lack of insulation, which,
consequently, leads to increased energy
demands and costs. Therefore, it is necessary to
adapt the residential buildings in this area in
order to minimize the passive, negative impacts
of climatic factors on energy demand for
heating and cooling.
From this study the research established that the
planning and design process of residential
apartments in a hot-humid climate, to ensure
reduce energy consumption- should include a
number of important factors. They are as follows:
1- In designing plans for residential apartments
it is important to divide the floor in a way
which permits the units to have both a north
and south orientation, in order to achieve
cross ventilation in summer and to have
access to the sun’s rays in winter.
2- If it is not possible to have cross ventilation in
the apartments, the inclusion of a solar
chimney is a good alternative method of
circulating the air on all the floors on hot
days (Eco-housing Mainstreaming, 2009,
p.23).
3- In hot climates, thermal insulation should be
used in the walls. Some of the suggested wall
insulation types are mineral wool slabs,
expanded/extruded polystyrene, or
aerated concrete blocks (Eco-housing
Mainstreaming, 2009, p.20).
4- Using awning on the south side of buildings
in order to prevent the direct penetration of
the sun’s rays in summer.
5- Using sloped timber roofs with attic space
and also thermal insulation materials under
the roofs to insulate against the direct entry
of the sun’s rays, thus avoiding overheating
in summer (Ozdeniz & Hançer, 2005).
6- Using double or triple glazing with wooden
frames and paying attention to the junction
points between the window frames and the
walls in these buildings is also essential.
In conclusion, therefore, if these suggested
solutions are not incorporated by architects and
construction companies in the design and
planning of buildings in hot-humid climates in
order to reduce the negative impact of such
climates on buildings, it is necessary and
important to introduce and establish building
regulations or codes for both designers and
building constructors to follow in order to
produce buildings and living space appropriate
for the hot-humid climate, as in the Karakol
district of Northern Cyprus.
Acknowledgments
This research did not receive any specific grant
from funding agencies in the public,
commercial, or non-for-profit sectors.
References
Aksugur, E. (1996, August). Potential of passive
cooling strategies in Cyprus. Paper
presented at the Housing Research
Conference, European Network in Housing
Research, Helsingor, Denmark. Retrieved
from ftp://193.140.174.222/ , (used on 10th
April, 2016).
Al-Homoud, M.S. (2005). Performance
characteristics and practical applications of
common building thermal insulation
materials. Building and Environment, 40 (3),
353–366.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.05.0
13
Coch, H. (1998). Bioclimatism in vernacular
architecture. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 2(1–2), 67-87.
Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd, Dr. Layla Raswol 52
 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(1), 45-54 / 2018
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-
0321(98)00012-4
Dinsev, M. & Mohd, M. (2004, April). Optimal building
structural system selections for Famagusta. Paper
presented at the International Gazimağusa
symposium, Gazimagusa, North Cyprus.
Retrieved from
ftp://ftparch.emu.edu.tr/Projects/sempozyum,
(used on 07th May, 2016).
http://www.havvaalkanbala.com/StaticFile
s/file/B-7_MED_i-TR_iOLOGY-KIBRIS.pdf
Eco-housing Mainstreaming. (2009). Building a
better tomorrow: Passive architecture
design system (annexure 3). India: Author.
Retrieved from
http://www.ecohousingindia.org/ , (used on
20th April, 2016). p. 3-23.
EIA. (1999). A look at residential energy
consumption in 1997. Washington, DC.
Retrieved from
ftp://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/pdf/consumpti
on/063297.pdf , (used on 15th April, 2017).
Galloway, T. (2004). Solar house: A guide for the
solar designer. Burlington: Architectural
Press. p. 18-182.
https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/11430046?q&
versionId=46574019
Givoni, B. (1992). Comfort, climate analysis and
building design guidelines. Energy and
Buildings, 18 (1), 11-23.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(92)90047-
K http://www.aliciaravettoarchitect.com/artic
Givoni, B. (1994). Building design principles for
hot humid regions. Renewable Energy, 5(5-
8), 906-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-
1481(94)90111-2
Givoni, B. (1998). Climate consideration in
building and urban design. New York: John
Wiley & Sons. p.17.
https://www.abebooks.com/book-
search/title/climate-considerations-
building-urban-design/author/givoni/
Hançer, P. (2005). Thermal insulations of roofs
for warm climates (Unpublished master’s
thesis). Eastern Mediterranean University,
Famagusta, North Cyprus.
https://farc.emu.edu.tr/en/research/postgr
aduate-studies/phd-in-architecture
Hegger, & Manfred, & Fuchs, M., & Stark, T., &
Zeumer, M. (2007). Energy Manual:
Sustainable Architecture. Berlin, Germany.
p. 91-149.
https://www.amazon.com/Energy-Manual-
Sustainable-Architecture-
Construction/dp/3764388307
Indraganti, M. (2010). Thermal comfort in
naturally ventilated apartments in summer:
Findings from a field study in Hyderabad,
India. Applied Energy, 87(3), 866–883.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.08.
042
Lapithis, P. (2004). Importance of passive solar
design in Cyprus. Paper presented at the
Proceedings ISES Conference, Orlando, USA.
6-10th August 2005. Retrieved from
http://unic.academia.edu/PetrosLapithis/Pap
ers/367945/importance_of_passive_solar_desig
n_for_cyprus , (used on 01th June, 2017).
Landsberg, D., Stewart, R. (1980). Improving
energy efficiency in buildings: A
management guide. Albany: State
university of New York Press. p. 3- 31.
https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/8086
72
Leskovar, V., & Premrov, M. (2011). An
approach in architectural design of energy-
efficient timber buildings with a focus on the
optimal glazing size in the south-oriented
façade. Energy and Buildings, 43(12), 3410–
3418.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.09.00
3
North Carolina Department of Commerce.
(1999). Solar homes for North Carolina: A
guide to building &planning in solar homes.
North Carolina: Solar Center. Retrieved from
les/shnc2.pdf/2016.04.28, (used on 08th May,
2016). p. 5-6.
Oktay, D. (2002). Design with the climate in
housing environments: An analysis in
Northern Cyprus. Building and Environment,
37(10), 1003 - 1012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-
1323(01)00086-5
Özdeniz, M., & Hançer, P. (2005). Suitable roof
constructions for warm climates -
Gazimag˘usa case. Energy and Buildings,
37(6), 643–649.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.09.00
8
Smith, P. (2005). Architecture in a climate of
change: A guide to sustainable design (2nd
ed.). Burlington: Architectural Press. p. 69.
https://epdf.tips/architecture-in-a-climate-
of-change.html
Thomas, D. (2002). Architecture and the urban
environment: A vision for the new age.
Woburn: Architectural Press. p. 156-158.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q
=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ua
Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd, Dr. Layla Raswol 53

ct=8&ved=2ahUKEwjm2fLRxb3fAhUIJVAKHT
AmB6cQFjABegQICRAC&url=http%3A%2F%
2Fwww.ndri.ir%2FSites%2FFiles%2F620%2FArc
hitecture%2520and%2520the%2520Urban%2
520Environment%2520A%2520Vision%2520fo
r%2520the%2520New%2520Age.pdf&usg=A
OvVaw3yHkR5yt2a2m2pL9VIMpdU
Tsilingiris, P.T. (2002). On the transient thermal
behavior of structural walls- the combined
effect of time varying solar radiation and
ambient temperature. Renewable Energy,
27(2), 319-336.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-
1481(01)00167-7
URL1, Word weather and climate information.
(2009). Average minimum and maximum
temperature over the year. Retrieved from
http://www.weather-and-
climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-
Temperature-Sunshine ,Famagusta,Cyprus,
(used on 01th April, 2017).
URL2, Google maps. (2016). karakuls,
Famagusta, Cyprus. Retrieved
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(1), 45-54 / 2018
http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=k
arakol+famagusta&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r
_qf.,cf.osb&biw=1440&bih=756&um=1&ie=U
TF-8&sa=N&tab=wl , (used on 01th April,
2016).
Watson, D. & Labs, K. (1983). Climatic buildings
design: energy-efficient building principles
and practice. New York, United State of
America: McGraw-Hill. p. 171.
https://www.academia.edu/14665063/Bibli
ograf%C3%ADa_y_referencias_-
_Confort_T%C3%A9rmico_en_Bioclima_Semi
-
Fr%C3%ADo_Estimaci%C3%B3n_a_partir_de
_los_Enfoques_de_Estudio_Adaptativo_y_Pr
edictivo
Zain, Z., & Taib, M., & Shah Baki, S. (2007). Hot
and humid climate: Prospect for thermal
comfort in residential building. Desalination,
209(1-3), 261-268.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.04.036
from
Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd, Dr. Layla Raswol 54
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
larger brass tube in the place of the gas-line of the earlier model. It
had once been part of a tire-pump.
There was the same strangely-shaped sequence of wire wrappings,
including the logarithmic spiral. Their sequence, however, was
reversed. And there was a new device at what had been the focus,
which was simply meaningless. Of course an iron wire was there.
Murfree knew it would turn white with frost when the device began to
operate. It absorbed heat and made electricity. Perhaps primarily it
made something else, with electricity only as a by-product. In any
case it provided the power.
"This here ought to take care of it, suh!" said Bud Gregory. "We set it
up an' aim it an' turn it on. Any kinda stuff that's in the wind that could
bust up of itself, gets like the water I put in the focus this mornin'. It
pulls to itself all the other kindsa stuff that busts down. Which way'll I
point it, suh?"
Murfree considered, rather hopelessly.
"We want to clean up the wind that blows to the coast. How far will it
range?"
"A long ways, suh! A long ways! It won't go straight off outa the air,
neither. It won't travel nowhere there ain't some air. It'll bounce back
when the air gets thin enough."
It would not be like a radar-wave, limited by the horizon.
"We'll try southwest," said Murfree. "Maybe a little west of southwest.
We want it to spread out and work as far offshore as possible. Are
you certain it will work?"
"You got a radium-dial watch?" asked Bud Gregory.
Murfree understood. He stripped off the watch. Bud Gregory hung it
to a bush some fifty yards away. He pointed the new device at it, and
turned it on. Instantly the faintly luminous numerals on the watch-
face seemed to flame a lurid blue. Bud Gregory turned off the
device. The watch-dial still glowed brightly—brightly!
"That dust that's been fallin'," said Bud Gregory humorously, "got
pulled to the stuff in your watch. You better not wear that watch no
more, Mr. Murfree. Not without you wash that dust off."
Murfree swallowed. Bud Gregory's device had endowed every
particle of radioactive matter in its beam with the property of
attracting and being attracted by all other radioactive matter. The tiny
particles of radium in the luminous paint—one part of radium in
twelve million of zinc sulfide—had been unable to move.
They were anchored in the paint. But the radioactive dust on the
ground could move. It did move, swiftly, to cluster about the watch.
And the zinc sulfide glowed as brightly as if it had suddenly been
enriched to a thousand times its former radium content.
Murfree drew a deep breath.
"We'll kill a lot of fish," he said grimly. "Maybe we'll do more damage
than that. But I'll take the responsibility. There's nothing else to do!
Come on, we'll aim it and turn it on again."
They did. They set it on a tree-stump and Murfree oriented himself
by the north star and pointed the botched-together device which only
Bud Gregory could understand a little to the west of southwest. That
was Murfree's best guess of the optimum setting, considering the
coastline. He threw over the switch. The iron wire frosted, providing
power. He saw it turn white in the starlight.
Aside from that, nothing at all seemed to happen.

CHAPTER VI
Ball of Fire
A tuna-boat was towing a lead torpedo through the darkness. It was,
as it happened, heading back toward the island which was its base
as it let the volatile liquid pour out on the sea. It had been forced to
make a wide circuit to avoid observation by ships below the horizon.
But otherwise everything was commonplace.
Then, without drama, the wind seemed to change peculiarly. Not the
upper wind above the sea's surface—just the wind at the water's
own level, saturated with the vapor of the liquid the torpedo had let
out.
It blew toward the island on which the uranium piles worked. Since
the tuna-boat lay in its path and offered resistance, the surface-wind
piled up near the hull and flowed over and through the little ship.
A bell clanged stridently. Frenziedly. The bell was attached to a very
ingenious device which tripped a relay if the background-count of a
standard Geiger-Miller tube went above a conservative minimum.
It was necessary on a boat towing tanks of volatile and furiously
radioactive liquid. But it was quite dependable. It gave instant
warning and the members of the crew hastened to put on their
protective suits, which long custom had led them to discard. The only
flaw in the whole affair was that the warning-device had not operated
fast enough. No device could have been fast enough.
The men who climbed into their protective suits breathed in as they
moved a concentration of radioactive vapor intended to provide a
day's increment of poison for acres in every breath. The men who
locked their suits air-tight locked in enough radioactive gas in their
lungs to kill them fifty times over.
Of course they did not notice it at the time. Perhaps they never
noticed it. The little tuna-boat went on through the night. Presently it
strayed off-course. The man at the wheel happened to be dead. So
was everybody else on board.
The great leaden float was empty of its poison, which did not happen
to be moving toward America. It constituted a cross-wind, blowing
toward the home island of the tuna-boat. It was drawn by the force
which holds the nuclei of atoms together, which force does not
diminish according to the law of inverse squares.[4]
At all distances, radioactive particles within the beam were drawn
together with a force proportional to their masses, but not in
proportion to distance.
There were atomic piles on the island from which the tuna-boat
came. There were tons upon tons of uranium in those piles. They
drew radioactive particles as the sun draws meteorites. Even
radioactive gas-particles given off in the decay of fish killed by the
towed tanks—even such gases moved toward the island.
There was nothing spectacular about anything which happened at
first. A tuna-boat drove aimlessly through the night with all of its crew
dead. A swift low breeze blew toward the island—many swift low
breezes. Until they arrived nothing in particular seemed to be in train.
But when those winds flowed over the island the situation altered
gradually.
Radioactive gases and vapors clustered about the shielding around
the atomic piles. More and more vapors and dust-particles arrived
momentarily, drawn as by irresistible magnetic attraction. They
reached the shielding-walls and clung. More came, and more, and
more, and more.
As they flowed and darted across the island the island's population
died. They did not notice. For a space they moved and chattered and
prepared celebration—before they discovered that their bodies were
still-moving corpses which gradually ceased to move.
There were no witnesses to what happened after that but it went on
quite rationally. The atomic piles had been limited in their size so that
they could be controlled. An atomic pile will never explode.
If it runs wild it will simply heat up and up to a temperature
dependent solely upon its size and material. But the homing
radioactive particles raised the temperature-limit of the piles they
clustered about and seeped in to join.
Pile-activity increased by the activity of the short-life products
returned to it. The cooling-water turned to steam and ceased to flow.
The piles glowed dull-red and then cherry-red and then blinding
white, still without reaching their self-limiting temperature.
There was too much short-life radioactive matter around. Presently
the piles vaporized and then they ran together in one monstrous
mass of incandescent vapor whose normal self-limited temperature
was higher yet.
This took time. It was all of an hour after the beginning of the whole
process when a great globe of incandescent gas burned everything
upon the island to a ghastly ash. The island was blasted, baked,
dead, desolate.
Then the globe of vaporized metal—it was almost a mile in diameter
—soared skyward in exactly the manner and for exactly the reason
that a balloon would have risen. It was as bright as the sun but it was
utterly harmless. The radiations it emitted were absorbed by other
elements which became radioactive—and instantly joined the globe.
 The globe of vaporized metal soared skyward in the manner of a
balloon.

The globe rose skyward. It made all the sea as bright as day for
twenty miles around. It went up and up and up....
When dawn came it had burned out. Its energies had been so
trapped that only light and heat could permanently leave its mass.
Undoubtedly, if there were observers on the then-favorably-situated
planet Mars, they saw the flare.
But it did no harm beyond producing an anomalous warm area over
a certain part of the Pacific which ultimately resulted in a local low-
pressure area with resultant winds and precipitation—in short, a local
thunderstorm. That was all. Only the people on the island would
have noticed that. And they were dead....
When the background-count was down to 45-47 on the Pacific
Coast, Murfree agreed that the device could be turned off. It was
nearly a week before that happened and in the meanwhile he had
calculated very nearly what must have happened far out at sea.
He knew that nobody who had planned to murder America could still
be alive and it was very unlikely that anything remained of the
apparatus they had worked with. He did wait until the radioactive
dust that had spread over America had definitely entered the second
half of its life.
Then he got ready to go back to his wife and daughter.
"Yes, suh!" said Bud Gregory warmly, "you sure are a friend o' mine!
You goin' to send me that money regular, suh?"
"I'll send it," said Murfree. "Every week."
A boy came with a telegram for him. He put it in his pocket. It would
be a background-count report, he considered, and it didn't matter.
"I'd like to give you a—uh—present," said Bud Gregory warmly.
"Somethin' to show my appreciation, suh. Could—hm—would you
like to have this here dinkus I made first, suh? I'll just give it to the
children to play with if y'don't want it. If you'll take it to remember me
by—"
"Thanks," said Murfree.
He got on the bus that would take him to the nearest town with an
airport. After the bus pulled out, he idly opened the telegram. It was
from the generating station that had been using Bud Gregory's
gadget.
FRICTION ELIMINATION DEVICE SMASHED TODAY
STOP. WORKMAN DROPPED TOOL FROM OVERHEAD
STOP. CAN YOU SUPPLY OTHERS WIRE
IMMEDIATELY.
Murfree felt a little sick. He had to keep Bud Gregory's confidence for
dealings in the future should Bud Gregory be needed. He had
strained that confidence to the limit now. If he asked for more, on a
second threat to stop the ten dollars a day Bud Gregory counted on,
it would be an end to everything. With that money Bud Gregory
would sit in the sun and, when needed, he'd be on hand. If he didn't
get that ten dollars....
At the airport Murfree sent a telegram to his former superiors in the
Civil Service. He asked for his job back. He didn't know how he
could make out, having to pay Bud Gregory ten dollars a day out of a
forty-seven-hundred-a-year income but he felt desperately that it
simply had to be done.
At the Cleveland airport he got an answer.
YOU WERE WARNED YOUR RESIGNATION WOULD
BE CONSIDERED FINAL STOP. IT IS FINAL.
It was signed by the administrative officer who had objected to the
disarrangement of vacation-schedules in order that Murfree might
stop—as it had developed—a radioactive-dust attack upon the
United States.

Murfree sank back gloomily into his plane-seat. He had to find a new
source of income. He had to pay Bud Gregory thirty-six hundred and
fifty dollars a year before he bought a loaf of bread for his own
family. To live as he'd lived before he'd have to make over eight
thousand a year. And the only thing he had now that he hadn't
possessed before was the gadget Bud Gregory had made.
Suddenly his face went blank. He whistled softly to himself. He
stared out the plane-window for a long time. Then he went
composedly to sleep.
When he joined his family at the seashore his wife was worried. She
knew he'd left the Civil Service and had no immediate prospects.
She asked him what his plans were. He grinned at her.
He unpacked the untidy parcel Bud Gregory had made for him—the
device that had drawn water from a half-mile away. This was in the
boarding-house where his wife and daughter had stayed while he
was on the West Coast.
"I think I'll go in business for myself," he said comfortably. "Lend me
your wedding-ring for capital, my dear."
Her expression was bewildered as she gave him the plain gold band.
He put it in the focus of the device where Bud Gregory had put a
drop of water. He sighted the gadget out of the window at the ocean.
He turned it on. It would draw to itself any particles in its beam which
happened to be of the same material as that in the focus of the
device.
There was a metal plate to catch the drawn particles. His wife's
golden wedding-ring was in the focus—and the sea contains gold.
Only about a grain of gold to a ton of seawater, to be sure, but still—
A deposit of tiny, impalpable particles built up on the baffle-plate.
Each infinitesimal grain, perhaps, came from a ton of seawater. But
there were some thousands of billions of tons of seawater in view
from the boarding-house window, and it would change, more or less,
with each tide. Gold-dust came to the baffle-plate with respectable
speed. Murfree turned it off presently.
"This is useless stuff, though," he said. "I'll go out and buy you
something made of platinum. That's useful—and it's worth more than
gold besides. I'd rather go into the platinum-producing business, any
day!"
His wife gaped at him. He explained.
"I have to pay Bud Gregory a pension," he explained, "and this is the
answer. I'm going to build myself a laboratory and see if I can get an
inkling of what he knows offhand.
"I'll be able to give him all the money he can use now and I've always
wanted to do some research on my own. I know just about exactly—
what sort of a laboratory I want!"
Then he added: "Somewhere on the seashore."
[1] See "THE GREGORY CIRCLE," Thrilling Wonder Stories,
April, 1947.
[2] See "THE BOOMERANG FIELD," Thrilling Wonder Stories,
June, 1947.
[3] Note: It is referred to in the Smyth Report on "Atomic Energy
for Military Purposes"—the official report on the atom bomb.
[4] Note: The binding-force holding atomic nuclei together is
known not to diminish according to the law of inverse squares, as
do magnetism, gravity, electrostatic force, etc.—W.F.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DEADLY
DUST ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
 copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the
Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur:
(a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no