SMILE

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PHYSICAL SCIENCE
(Q4-LP4)

BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS:

I. GALILEO AND INERTIA

Galileo developed the first concept of laws of motion.

Among these are the following:
the concept of motion in terms of velocity (speed and
direction) by using inclined planes.
the idea of force that causes motion.
the natural state of an object is rest or uniformed
motion.
the idea that objects resist motion, inertia. Galileo Galilei 1564-1642
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/b/b0/Galileo-sustermans.jpg

According to Galileo, objects in motion eventually stop because of a force called

friction. Friction is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching.
This is based on his experiment observed in inclined planes. He said that a difference
between initial and final heights was due to the presence of friction.
Galileo hypothesized that if friction could be entirely eliminated, the ball would reach

it, the ball will never stop.

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 II. ISAAC NEWTON AND HIS FIRST LAW OF MOTION

Isaac Newton was born the same year Galileo died. He

Motion. , also known as Law of

Inertia .

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in

motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the
same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Isaac Newton 1642-1727

Source:
INERTIA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton#/media/File:
Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton,_1689.jpg

Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist change when in motion or when at rest. If
an object is moving, inertia will keep it in motion. When it is at rest, it will continue to be at rest,
unless there is a force applied on it.
Three types of Inertia:
Inertia of rest - an object will stay in place unless something or somebody moves
it.
Example: a plate on the table
Inertia of motion - an object will continue at the same speed until a force act on
it.
Example: a rolling ball
Inertia of Direction - an object will stay moving in the same direction unless a
force acts on it.
Example: a moving car turning right

MASS AND INERTIA

Mass is the amount of matter or substance

that makes up an object. It is measured in units called kilogram. An object with a greater mass
has a greater inertia and an object with a lesser mass will also have a lesser inertia.
tendency to resist change in its motion depends on its mass.

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 FORCE

Force causes an object to move, to stop or remain at rest. It is defined as a push or a

pull. Newton (N) is the unit of force. One Newton is the amount of force required to give a 1-
kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s. Thus, the following unit equivalency can be stated as:

Friction

Friction is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching. A
rolling marble on the floor that suddenly stops when it reached a rough surface does not stop
because of the absence of a force, it stops because of the presence of a force called friction.
Friction occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth. Rough surfaces have more
friction than smooth surfaces. Heavier objects also have more friction because they are
pressed harder with greater force than lighter objects.

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

A balanced force is a force in which the net force is equal to zero. A net force is the
total combination of forces (in opposite direction or the same direction) acting on an object.

Gravitational Force
Source: shttp://physics-
schooluk.com/forces_and_their_interactions.html

book on the table. There are two forces

acting on the flower vase. The force of the table pushing the book upward also called the
normal force and the gravitational force pushing the book downward.
The forces on the book are balanced. Since the two forces are equal and in opposite
directions, they balanced each other. The net force is zero, it means that the book is at its
equilibrium. There is no unbalanced force acting on it thus it remains at rest.

An unbalanced force is a force in which the net force is greater than zero.

Source: https://quizlet.com/au/416185595/balanced-and-unbalanced-forces-forces-flash-cards/

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 The force produced by the left team is greater than the right team by 100N tipping the
rope to the left direction. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration. Only unbalanced force can
change the motion and direction of an object.

LEARNING COMPETENCY WITH CODE:

MELC: Law of
Inertia)
motion
CG LC/ Code: (S11/12PS-IVd-51)

ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES:

ACTIVITY 1: INERTIA!
DIRECTIONS: Read and analyze the different situations given below. Identify the type of
inertia in the given Situation. Select your answer from the box below.

Inertia of direction Inertia of rest Inertia of motion

1. When pulling a Band-Aid off, it is better to pull it fast. Your skin will remain at rest due
to inertia, and the force pulls the Band-Aid off.
2. When pedaling a bicycle and you stop pedaling, the bike continues going until friction
or gravity slows it down.
3. When you stir coffee in a cup and stop, the swirling motion continues due to inertia.
4. If a car is moving forward it will continue to move forward unless friction or the brakes
interfere with its movement.
5. If the wind is blowing, tree branches are moving. Fruits that fall from the tree will fall in
the direction the wind is moving into because of inertia.

ACTIVITY 2: MASS VS. INERTIA!

DIRECTIONS: Analyze the following picture and answer the guide questions that follows.
A. Below is a wooden box and a Styrofoam box.

wooden box styrofoam box

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 Guide Questions:
1. Which do you think has a greater mass?
2. Which has a greater inertia? Defend your answer.
3. Which will have a greater friction when move? Defend your answer.

B. Study the picture below and answer the following question.

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/rubasalah/forces-gr7

Guide Questions:
1. Whom do you think will win the game? Why?
2. What is the net force acting in the rope and in which direction is its motion?
3. Is it a balance or unbalance force?

ACTIVITY 3: TRUE or FALSE

DIRECTIONS: Write TRUE if the statement is correct otherwise write FALSE.

1. Friction is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching
2. difference between initial and final heights was due to the presence of friction.
3. An object with a greater mass has a greater inertia and an object with a lesser
mass will also have a lesser inertia.
4. on depends on its mass.
5. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist change when in motion or when at rest
6. Kilogram is the unit of Force.
7. A rolling marble on the floor that suddenly stops when it reached a rough surface
does not stop because of the absence of a force, it stops because of the presence
of a force called friction.
8. Smooth surfaces have more friction than rough surfaces.
9. Balance force has a net force of 0.
10. Only unbalanced force can change the motion and direction of an object.

ACTIVITY 4: LAW OF MOTION!

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions.

1.
2.
3. A ball is rolling across the top of a billiard table and slowly rolls to a stop. How
would Galileo and Newton interpret the observation?
4. How does the law of inertia apply to object in motion?

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 5. Push a cart and it moves. When you stop pushing, it comes to rest. Does this

REFLECTION:

List at least 5 activities you do everyday where inertia is seen or applied.

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REFERENCES FOR LEARNERS:

Textbooks:

Hewitt, Paul G.,2002, Conceptual Physics with Practicing Physics Workbook

Lat, Sheryllene J (2020). Physical Science Self-Learning Module, Quarter 2 - Module

6: Understanding Newtons First Law of Motion, Alternative Delivery Mode

Internet Sources:

Physics-SchoolUK.com - Forces and their interactions.

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces, Forces Flashcards | Quizlet

3.1 Galileo and Newton on Motion - ppt video online download (slideplayer.com)

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