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Full download Test Bank for The Social Animal Twelfth Edition file pdf free all chapter
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Test Bank for The Social Animal Twelfth
Edition
2. In his first chapter, Aronson defines social psychology as the study of:
A) human behavior and mental processes
B) people and events
C) social influence
D) actions that are crazy
3. “The influences that people have upon our beliefs and behavior and of how we influence
others” is the text's definition of:
A) dispositions
B) the self-fulfilling prophecy
C) the hindsight effect
D) social psychology
4. Aronson states, “People who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy.” By this, he
means that:
A) situations can cause most normal people to behave in abnormal ways
B) psychosis, at least from a social psychological point of view, does not exist
C) people generally think of others in very much the same way they think of
themselves
D) human behavior can be explained by using the scientific method
Page 1
5. Once we know the outcome of an event, we have the sense that we knew all along that
things would turn out as they did. The term for this phenomenon is:
A) the hindsight bias
B) commonsense social psychology
C) the self-fulfilling prophecy
D) the “déjà vu” effect
6. According to Aronson's text, the statement that we are all “amateur” social
psychologists means that:
A) we all give advice to our close friends and relatives
B) we develop explanations for the behavior of others
C) we don't have as much training as professional social psychologists
D) our theories about human behavior are too complex
7. According to the “hindsight bias,” you would predict which of the following results?
A) People would be more likely to blame a prisoner than a guard for a prison uprising.
B) People feel more confident they knew who would a win race after the race than
they did before the race.
C) People tend to behave the way that we expect them to act.
D) We are more likely to make situational judgments when explaining our future
behavior and make dispositional explanations when explaining our past behavior.
8. In his or her attempts to understand human social behavior, the professional social
psychologist has the advantage of being able to:
A) study at the same time all the factors that influence people in a situation
B) know how to control every individual's behavior
C) create and study exact duplicates of actual situations and events
D) control the influence of irrelevant factors when studying a problem
9. Which of the following is NOT an advantage that professional social psychologists have
over amateur social psychologists?
A) Professionals use observation of social phenomena in their thinking about social
phenomena, whereas amateurs cannot.
B) Professionals can always make people behave the way they want them to act.
C) Professionals can hold everything constant except what they are interested in
studying.
D) Professionals' conclusions are based on more precise data.
Page 2
10. According to “Aronson's first law,” people who do crazy things:
A) are, by definition, crazy
B) may not be crazy but are different from normal people
C) may be crazy but may also be normal people trying to adjust to extraordinary social
influences
D) are perceived as crazy by people with rigid standards for behavior
12. Which of the following best reflects a dispositional view of human behavior?
A) “That test was so difficult no one could do well.”
B) “Mandy's red dress is so attractive that the men just flock around her.”
C) “When I don't eat breakfast, I feel rotten all day.”
D) “Bob is so self-centered that he has trouble getting along with other people.”
13. Tomoko explains that her teacher is a kind, gentle person, and that is why Tomoko does
well in school. Tomoko's appraisal of her teacher is best thought of as an example of:
A) Aronson's first law
B) the hindsight effect
C) the situational view
D) the dispositional view
14. People tend to explain the causes of other people's behavior as being the result of their
personalities. Thus, if Luke gets a bad grade on a test, it must be because he is stupid.
This tendency is called:
A) the dispositional view
B) the self-fulfilling prophecy
C) Aronson's first law
D) the hindsight effect
Page 3
15. You and a friend are watching the news and hear a report regarding a murder in New
York City, witnessed by dozens of bystanders, none of whom attempted to help the
victim or even telephone the police. Your friend expresses utter disgust at this incident,
remarking, “People who live in big cities have no compassion for others. They lack
fundamental decency—all they care about is themselves.” Your friend's remark best
reflects:
A) astute insight into the effects of living in large cities
B) the primacy effect
C) a situational view of the world
D) a dispositional view of the world
16. In Zimbardo’s “Stanford Prison Experiment,” young, psychologically normal men were
randomly assigned to the role of playing a guard or a prisoner. After five days, the “prisoners”
grew withdrawn and unsympathetic, while “guards” became sadistic and brutal. In general, the
results of this study probably indicate that:
A) the veneer of civilization is very thin, and the true nature of humans is to be callous and
unfeeling
B) the situation is often primarily responsible for behavior, not the personalities of subjects
C) prisoners are basically antisocial and, thus, are unable to cope with the prison environment
D) guards probably choose their profession because they enjoy power and being brutal
17. The authors argue that 613 parents murdering their children and then taking their own
lives in the Jonestown massacre is an example of:
A) the savage instincts of humans destroying a utopian society
B) the situation and how social influence is often primarily responsible for behavior,
not the personalities of subjects
C) people who were not able to cope with modern society
D) parents who enjoyed power and being brutal
19. The authors argue that THE central contribution of social psychology is:
A) to emphasize the role that personality has in determining the behavior of people
B) to clarify the role that neuroscience plays in understanding human social behavior
C) to bridge the gap between human social animals and other social animals, such as
bees and apes
D) to help us appreciate the complex situational view of human behavior
Page 4
Answer Key
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. C
11. D
12. D
13. D
14. A
15. B
16. B
17. B
18. A
19. D
Page 5
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lime that sulfuric acid exists almost always. In addition to this there
is also some sulfur combined with the organic matter of the soil.
By digesting a soil for six hours with hot, concentrated nitric acid
the sulfates are dissolved, and there is transformed into sulfuric acid
an important part of the sulfur which is combined with the humic
substances. The quantity of soil to be operated upon should be about
fifty grams.
After filtering and washing with hot water the filtered liquor is
collected, in the French Commission method,[249] in a flask and
carried to boiling, and five cubic centimeters of a saturated solution
of barium chlorid or sufficient to be in slight excess are added. The
boiling is continued for some minutes and the flask is allowed to
stand for twenty-four hours. The filtrate is received upon a filter and
washed with boiling water. The filter is dried and incinerated,
allowed to cool, and as there may have been a slight reduction of the
sulfate a few drops of nitric acid are added and a drop of sulfuric
acid. It is now evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, heated to
redness for a few moments, cooled and weighed. The weight of the
barium sulfate obtained multiplied by 0.3433, gives the quantity of
sulfuric acid obtained from the fifty grams of soil.
If it is desired to estimate only the sulfur which exists in the form
of sulfate it is necessary to treat the soil with hydrochloric acid in a
very dilute state, heating for a few moments only and afterwards
precipitate by barium nitrate. If, on the other hand, it is desired to
estimate the total sulfur which is sometimes of great interest, it is
necessary to employ the process of Berthelot and André.
385. Method of Berthelot and André.—Sulfur may exist in
the soil in three forms; viz.,
1. Mineral compounds, consisting generally of sulfates and
sometimes of sulfids.
2. Sulfur, existing in ethereal compounds or their analogues, as in
urine.
3. Organic compounds containing sulfur.
Estimation of Total Sulfur.—The principle on which this
operation, as described by Berthelot and André, rests is that already
described for phosphorus; viz., oxidation in a current of oxygen and
passing the vapors over a column of alkaline carbonate at or near a
red heat.[250]
The ordinary methods of oxidation in the wet way give generally
inexact results.
Estimation of Sulfur Pre-existing as Sulfates.—The sample is
treated with cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. The filtrate is treated with
barium chlorid, the precipitate collected, dried, ignited, washed with
a mixture of sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids to remove silica, and
afterwards weighed as barium sulfate.
Estimation of Sulfur as Sulfids.—The sample is distilled with
dilute hydrochloric acid, and the hydrogen sulfid produced is made
to pass through an acidulated solution of copper sulfate in such a
way as to transform the sulfur in the hydrogen sulfid into a sulfid,
which is afterwards collected and weighed in the usual way. The use
of a titrated solution of iodin is not advisable on account of the
organic matter which may be present.
Estimation of Sulfur in Ethereal Compounds.—These compounds
can be decomposed by boiling with a solution of potash or
concentrated hydrochloric acid. The resulting sulfuric acid is
precipitated with barium chlorid. Subtract from the sulfates thus
obtained those pre-existing as sulfates; the difference represents the
sulfur present in ethers.
Estimation of Sulfur in Other Organic Compounds.—This is
estimated indirectly by subtracting from the total sulfur that present
as sulfates, sulfids, and ethers.
386. Method of Von Bemmelén.—As Von Bemmelén[251]
observes, the estimation of sulfuric acid in soils presents a number of
difficulties. A small part of it can be present as sulfate insoluble in
water. In addition to this, there is always some sulfur in the organic
bodies present. If the soil is extracted with water then the sulfuric
acid can be estimated therein when only a trace of humus substance
has gone into solution. On the contrary, if there is much humus
substance in solution, and also iron oxid, as is the case when the
extraction is made with hydrochloric acid, then both of these must be
removed, otherwise the estimation is very inexact. By fusing the
residue of the solution with sodium carbonate and a little potassium
nitrate the organic substance is destroyed, and after treatment with
water the iron oxid is separated. If any sulfur has been dissolved in
the organic substance present, this is then oxidized to sulfuric acid.
The estimation of the sulfuric acid and of the sulfur, therefore,
remains unsatisfactory.
In a sample of clay from Java, which was rich in calcium
carbonate, but which contained no basic iron sulfate, there was
found the following percentages of sulfuric acid:
Exhausted in the cold with very weak hydrochloric acid, 0.04 per
cent; the residue treated in the cold with concentrated hydrochloric
acid, the solution evaporated and fused with sodium carbonate and
potassium nitrate, 0.07 per cent; again, the residue treated with aqua
regia to oxidize the sulfur, the solution evaporated to dryness, fused
with sodium carbonate and potassium nitrate, 0.14 per cent; in all
0.25 percent. A sample of the same soil treated directly with aqua
regia, and then evaporated and fused as above, gave two-tenths per
cent sulfuric acid. A sample of the same soil ignited in a crucible with
sodium carbonate and potassium nitrate gave 0.16 per cent of
sulfuric acid. The difference between 0.04 and 0.07 per cent can be
attributed to the sulfur in the organic substance which was dissolved
by the concentrated hydrochloric acid; the quantity, however, is too
small to draw any safe conclusion. Possibly it might have been that
the very dilute hydrochloric acid did not dissolve all of the sulfate.
The quantity of sulfur combined in the organic substance in the
above soil may be derived from the following equation; viz., 0.2–0.07
80 ×
32 = 0.05 per cent of sulfur.
The estimation of the sulfur in a sample of soil from Deli was
carried on with still greater exactness by three different methods.
The quantities of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sodium
carbonate employed were measured or weighed, and the minute
content of sulfuric acid therein estimated and subtracted from the
final results. The methods employed were as follows:
(A) Extraction with water and afterwards with very dilute
hydrochloric acid.
(B) Extraction with cold hydrochloric acid, one part to three of
water.
(C) Extraction with aqua regia.
(D) Ignition with sodium carbonate and potassium nitrate.
(F) Ignition in a combustion tube with sodium carbonate in a
stream of oxygen.
The percentages of sulfuric acid obtained by the different methods
were as follows:
It is seen that the action still continued after forty days. In the
space of forty days 17.4 per cent of the total nitrogen contained in the
soil had been converted into ammonia by dilute potash. According to
the above observations the amid principles transformed into
ammonia under the influence of dilute potash, exist in groups which
are acted on with very unequal rapidity.
2. Reaction with hot dilute solution of potash. Take 200 grams of
the soil sample, mix with one and one-half liters of dilute potash
solution containing fifty grams of potash. Place in a flask and heat on
boiling water-bath for six hours. The flask is furnished with a stopper
and tubes, and a current of pure hydrogen is made to pass through
the liquid, having the double object of preventing any oxidizing effect
from the air and of carrying away the ammonia which may be
formed. The escaping hydrogen and ammonia are passed into a bulb
apparatus containing titrated sulfuric acid.
The sample of soil employed contained in 200 grams, 0.3256 gram
of nitrogen. There was obtained at the end of six hours’ heating,
0.0366 gram of nitrogen. In other words, 11.24 per cent of the total
nitrogen in the sample appeared as ammonia.
Examination of Residue.—After the separation of the ammonia as
above described, pour the residue in the flask on a filter, wash with
hot water, and determine nitrogen in filtrate and in solid matter on
the filter by combustion with soda-lime. The filtrate is, of course,
first evaporated to dryness after being neutralized with sulfuric acid.
The insoluble part contained 0.041 gram of nitrogen, i. e., 12.84
per cent of the entire amount.
The soluble part contained 0.2411 gram of nitrogen, i. e., 74.05 per
cent of the whole.
Summary of Data.—In the sample analyzed the following data
were obtained:
Of the whole.
Nitrogen as ammonia 11.24 per cent.
„ in insoluble part 12.84 „ „
„ „ soluble part 74.05 „ „
„ not determined 1.87 „ „
Sum 100.00 „ „
Of the whole.
Nitrogen as ammonia 16.03 per cent.
„ in insoluble part 9.98 „ „
„ „ soluble part 74.01 „ „
Sum 100.00 „ „