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Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 539

Bruno Andò · Francesco Baldini

Corrado Di Natale · Vittorio Ferrari
Vincenzo Marletta · Giovanna Marrazza
Valeria Militello · Giorgia Miolo
Marco Rossi · Lorenzo Scalise
Pietro Siciliano Editors

Sensors
Proceedings of the Fourth National
Conference on Sensors, February 21–23,
2018, Catania, Italy
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

Volume 539

Board of Series editors

Leopoldo Angrisani, Napoli, Italy
Marco Arteaga, Coyoacán, México
Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi, New Delhi, India
Samarjit Chakraborty, München, Germany
Jiming Chen, Hangzhou, P.R. China
Shanben Chen, Shanghai, China
Tan Kay Chen, Singapore, Singapore
Ruediger Dillmann, Karlsruhe, Germany
Haibin Duan, Beijing, China
Gianluigi Ferrari, Parma, Italy
Manuel Ferre, Madrid, Spain
Sandra Hirche, München, Germany
Faryar Jabbari, Irvine, USA
Limin Jia, Beijing, China
Janusz Kacprzyk, Warsaw, Poland
Alaa Khamis, New Cairo City, Egypt
Torsten Kroeger, Stanford, USA
Qilian Liang, Arlington, USA
Tan Cher Ming, Singapore, Singapore
Wolfgang Minker, Ulm, Germany
Pradeep Misra, Dayton, USA
Sebastian Möller, Berlin, Germany
Subhas Mukhopadhyay, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Cun-Zheng Ning, Tempe, USA
Toyoaki Nishida, Kyoto, Japan
Federica Pascucci, Roma, Italy
Yong Qin, Beijing, China
Gan Woon Seng, Singapore, Singapore
Germano Veiga, Porto, Portugal
Haitao Wu, Beijing, China
Junjie James Zhang, Charlotte, USA
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (LNEE) is a book series which reports the
latest research and developments in Electrical Engineering, namely:

• Communication, Networks, and Information Theory

• Computer Engineering
• Signal, Image, Speech and Information Processing
• Circuits and Systems
• Bioengineering
• Engineering

The audience for the books in LNEE consists of advanced level students,
researchers, and industry professionals working at the forefront of their fields. Much
like Springer’s other Lecture Notes series, LNEE will be distributed through
Springer’s print and electronic publishing channels.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7818

Bruno Andò Francesco Baldini
•

Corrado Di Natale Vittorio Ferrari

•

Vincenzo Marletta Giovanna Marrazza

•

Valeria Militello Giorgia Miolo

•

Marco Rossi Lorenzo Scalise

•

Pietro Siciliano
Editors

Sensors
Proceedings of the Fourth National
Conference on Sensors,
February 21–23, 2018, Catania, Italy

123
Editors
Bruno Andò Valeria Militello
University of Catania University of Palermo
Catania, Italy Palermo, Italy

Francesco Baldini Giorgia Miolo

IFAC-CNR University of Padova
Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy Padua, Italy

Corrado Di Natale Marco Rossi

University of Rome Tor Vergata Sapienza University of Rome
Rome, Italy Rome, Italy

Vittorio Ferrari Lorenzo Scalise

Department of Information Università Politecnica delle Marche
Engineering (DII) (UNIVPM)
University of Brescia Ancona, Italy
Brescia, Italy
Pietro Siciliano
Vincenzo Marletta IMM-CNR
University of Catania Lecce, Italy
Catania, Italy

Giovanna Marrazza
Department of Chemistry
University of Florence
Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy

ISSN 1876-1100 ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
ISBN 978-3-030-04323-0 ISBN 978-3-030-04324-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04324-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961731

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

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Preface

This book gathers scientific contributions presented at the 4th National Conference
on Sensors held in Catania, Italy from 21 to 23 February 2018. The conference has
been organized by a partnership of the major scientific societies and associations
involved in the research area of sensors, the Italian Society of Chemistry (SCI),
the Italian Association of Electric and Electronic Measures (GMEE), the Italian
Association of Ambient Assisted Living (AITAAL), the Italian Society of Optics
and Photonics (SIOF), the Italian Association of Sensors and Microsystems
(AISEM), the Italian Society of Pure and Applied Biophysics (SIBPA), the Italian
Association of Photobiology (SIFB), the Association Italian Group of Electronics
(GE), and the Association NanoItaly.
The fourth edition of the conference has confirmed a large participation with
approximately 70 oral presentations, 80 poster presentations, and over 150 dele-
gates. The driving idea of the first conference, to gather scientists having different
expertise and with different cultural backgrounds, dealing with all the different
aspects of sensors, has proved to be indeed successful again.
In this perspective, the book represents an invaluable and up-to-the-minute tool,
providing an essential overview of recent findings, strategies, and new directions in
the area of sensor research. Further, it addresses various aspects based on the
development of new chemical, physical, or biological sensors, assembling and

v
vi Preface

characterization, signal treatment, and data handling. Lastly, the book applies
electrochemical, optical, and other detection strategies to the relevant issues in the
food and clinical environmental areas, as well as industry-oriented applications.

Catania, Italy Bruno Andò

Florence, Italy Francesco Baldini
Rome, Italy Corrado Di Natale
Brescia, Italy Vittorio Ferrari
Catania, Italy Vincenzo Marletta
Florence, Italy Giovanna Marrazza
Palermo, Italy Valeria Militello
Padua, Italy Giorgia Miolo
Rome, Italy Marco Rossi
Ancona, Italy Lorenzo Scalise
Lecce, Italy Pietro Siciliano
Contents

Part I Chemical Sensors

Low Temperature NO2 Sensor Based on YCoO3 and TiO2
Nanoparticle Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tommaso Addabbo, Ada Fort, Marco Mugnaini and Valerio Vignoli
Effect of Humidity on the Hydrogen Sensing in Graphene
Based Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Brigida Alfano, Ettore Massera, Tiziana Polichetti, Maria Lucia Miglietta
and Girolamo Di Francia
A Networked Wearable Device for Chemical Multisensing . . . . . . . . . . 17
Tiziana Polichetti, Maria Lucia Miglietta, Brigida Alfano, Ettore Massera,
S. De Vito, Girolamo Di Francia, A. Faucon, E. Saoutieff, S. Boisseau,
N. Marchand, T. Walewyns and L. A. Francis
High Performance VOCs Sensor Based on ɣ-Fe2O3/Al-ZnO
Nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
N. Zahmouli, S. G. Leonardi, A. Bonavita, M. Hjiri, L. El Mir,
Nicola Donato and G. Neri
Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molybdenum Oxide Nanoparticles
for Detection of Dopamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
S. Spadaro, Enza Fazio, Martina Bonsignore, N. Lavanya,
C. Sekar, S. G. Leonardi, F. Neri and G. Neri
Sensing Properties of Indium, Tin and Zinc Oxides for Hexanal
Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
A. Malara, L. Bonaccorsi, A. Donato, P. Frontera, A. Piscopo, M. Poiana,
S. G. Leonardi and G. Neri

vii
viii Contents

On-Glass Integration of Thin Film Devices for Monitoring

of Cell Bioluminescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
D. Caputo, N. Lovecchio, M. Nardecchia, L. Cevenini, E. Michelini,
M. Mirasoli, A. Roda, A. Buzzin, F. Costantini, A. Nascetti
and G. de Cesare
Yeast-DMFC Device Using Glucose as Fuel: Analytical
and Energetic Applications. Preliminary Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Mauro Tomassetti, Emanuele Dell’Aglio, Riccardo Angeloni,
Mauro Castrucci, Maria Pia Sammartino and Luigi Campanella
YCoO3 Resistive Gas Sensors for the Detection of NO2
in ‘Resistance Controlled Mode’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Tommaso Addabbo, Ada Fort, Marco Mugnaini and Valerio Vignoli
Monitoring Shelf Life of Carrots with a Peptides Based
Electronic Nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Sara Gaggiotti, Flavio Della Pelle, Vania Masciulli, Corrado Di Natale
and Dario Compagnone
An Innovative Optical Chem-Sensor Based on a Silicon
Photomultipliers for the Sulfide Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Salvatore Petralia, Emanuele Luigi Sciuto, Maria Anna Messina,
M. Francesca Santangelo, Sebania Libertino and Sabrina Conoci
Samarium Oxide as a Novel Sensing Material
for Acetone and Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
S. Rasouli Jamnani, H. Milani Moghaddam, S. G. Leonardi, Nicola Donato
and G. Neri
Crowdfunding for Increased Awareness Crowd-Sensing:
A Technical Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
S. De Vito, Girolamo Di Francia, E. Esposito, G. Fattoruso, S. Fiore,
F. Formisano, Ettore Massera, M. Salvato and A. Buonanno

Part II Biosensors
Nickel Based Biosensor for Biomolecules Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Salvatore Petralia, Emanuele Luigi Sciuto, Salvo Mirabella,
Francesco Priolo, Francesco Rundo and Sabrina Conoci
Electrochemical DNA-Based Sensor for Organophosphorus
Pesticides Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Giulia Selvolini, Ioana Băjan, Oana Hosu, Cecilia Cristea,
Robert Săndulescu and Giovanna Marrazza
A Novel Lab-on-Disk System for Pathogen Nucleic Acids Analysis
in Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Emanuele Luigi Sciuto, Salvatore Petralia and Sabrina Conoci
Contents ix

Diamond-Based Multi Electrode Arrays for Monitoring

Neurotransmitter Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Giulia Tomagra, Alfio Battiato, Ettore Bernardi, Alberto Pasquarelli,
Emilio Carbone, Paolo Olivero, Valentina Carabelli
and Federico Picollo
Ultrasensitive Non-enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose
Sensor Based on NiO/CNT Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
K. Movlaee, H. Raza, N. Pinna, S. G. Leonardi and G. Neri
A Silicon-Based Biosensor for Bacterial Pathogens Detection . . . . . . . . . 141
Roberto Verardo, Salvatore Petralia, Claudio Schneider, Enio Klaric,
Maria Grazia Amore, Giuseppe Tosto and Sabrina Conoci
M13 Bacteriophages as Bioreceptors in Biosensor Device . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Laura M. De Plano, Domenico Franco, Maria Giovanna Rizzo, Sara Crea,
Grazia M. L. Messina, Giovanni Marletta and Salvatore P. P. Guglielmino
One-Step Functionalization of Silicon Nanoparticles
with Phage Probes to Identify Pathogenic Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Maria Giovanna Rizzo, Laura M. De Plano, Sara Crea, Domenico Franco,
Santi Scibilia, Angela M. Mezzasalma and Salvatore P. P. Guglielmino
FITC-Labelled Clone from Phage Display for Direct
Detection of Leukemia Cells in Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Domenico Franco, Laura M. De Plano, Maria Giovanna Rizzo, Sara Crea,
Enza Fazio, Martina Bonsignore, Fortunato Neri, Alessandro Allegra,
Caterina Musolino, Guido Ferlazzo, Sebastiano Trusso
and Salvatore P. P. Guglielmino
Organised Colloidal Metal Nanoparticles for LSPR Refractive
Index Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
S. Rella, M. G. Manera, A. Colombelli, A. G. Monteduro, G. Maruccio
and C. Malitesta
Human Organ-on-a-Chip: Around the Intestine Bends . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Lucia Giampetruzzi, Amilcare Barca, Chiara De Pascali,
Simonetta Capone, Tiziano Verri, Pietro Siciliano, Flavio Casino
and Luca Francioso
Portable Optoelectronic System for Monitoring Enzymatic
Chemiluminescent Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
F. Costantini, R. M. Tiggelaar, R. Salvio, M. Nardecchia, S. Schlautmann,
C. Manetti, H. J. G. E. Gardeniers, D. Caputo, A. Nascetti
and G. de Cesare
x Contents

A Novel Paper-Based Biosensor for Urinary Phenylalanine

Measurement for PKU Therapy Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Maria Anna Messina, Federica Raudino, Agata Fiumara, Sabrina Conoci
and Salvatore Petralia

Part III Physical Sensors

Magnetoencephalography System Based on Quantum Magnetic
Sensors for Clinical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Carmine Granata, Antonio Vettoliere, Oliviero Talamo, Paolo Silvestrini,
Rosaria Rucco, Pier Paolo Sorrentino, Francesca Jacini, Fabio Baselice,
Marianna Liparoti, Anna Lardone and Giuseppe Sorrentino
Calibration System for Multi-sensor Acoustical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Orsola Petrella, Giovanni Cerasuolo, Salvatore Ameduri,
Vincenzo Quaranta and Marco Laracca
Pyroelectric Sensor for Characterization of Biological Cells . . . . . . . . . . 223
S. A. Pullano, M. Greco, D. M. Corigliano, D. P. Foti, A. Brunetti
and A. S. Fiorillo
Characterization of a TMR Sensor for EC-NDT Applications . . . . . . . . 229
Andrea Bernieri, Giovanni Betta, Luigi Ferrigno, Marco Laracca
and Antonio Rasile
Thermal, Mechanical and Electrical Investigation of Elastomer-
Carbon Black Nanocomposite Piezoresistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Giovanna Di Pasquale, Salvatore Graziani, Guido La Rosa, Fabio Lo Savio
and Antonino Pollicino

Part IV Optical Sensors

Polishing Process Analysis for Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors
in D-Shaped Plastic Optical Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Nunzio Cennamo, Maria Pesavento, Simone Marchetti, Letizia De Maria,
Paola Zuppella and Luigi Zeni
A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer on a Novel Surface Plasmon
Resonance Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Maria Pesavento, Simone Marchetti, Luigi Zeni and Nunzio Cennamo
Design of a Label-Free Multiplexed Biosensing Platform Based
on an Ultracompact Plasmonic Resonant Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Francesco Dell’Olio, Donato Conteduca, Maripina De Palo,
Nicola Sasanelli and Caterina Ciminelli
A Novel Intensity-Based Sensor Platform for Refractive
Index Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Nunzio Cennamo, Francesco Mattiello and Luigi Zeni
Contents xi

An Optical Sensing System for Atmospheric Particulate Matter . . . . . . 275

Luca Lombardo, Marco Parvis, Emma Angelini, Nicola Donato
and Sabrina Grassini
Performances Evaluation of the Optical Techniques Developed
and Used to Map the Velocities Vectors of Radioactive Dust . . . . . . . . . 283
Andrea Malizia and Riccardo Rossi

Part V Printed and Flexible Sensors

Low Cost Inkjet Printed Sensors: From Physical
to Chemical Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Bruno Andò, Salvatore Baglio, V. Marletta, R. Crispino, S. Castorina,
A. Pistorio, Giovanna Di Pasquale and Antonino Pollicino
DNA-Based Biosensor on Flexible Nylon Substrate by Dip-Pen
Lithography for Topoisomerase Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
V. Ferrara, A. Ottaviani, F. Cavaleri, G. Arrabito, P. Cancemi, Y.-P. Ho,
B. R. Knudsen, M. S. Hede, C. Pellerito, A. Desideri, S. Feo,
Giovanni Marletta and B. Pignataro
Aerosol Jet Printed Sensors for Protein Detection:
A Preliminary Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Edoardo Cantù, Sarah Tonello, Mauro Serpelloni and Emilio Sardini
Novel Coplanar Capacitive Force Sensor for Biomedical Applications:
A Preliminary Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Andrea Bodini, Emilio Sardini, Mauro Serpelloni and Stefano Pandini
Graphene-Like Based-Chemiresistors Inkjet-Printed
onto Paper Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
F. Villani, F. Loffredo, Brigida Alfano, Maria Lucia Miglietta,
L. Verdoliva, M. Alfè, V. Gargiulo and Tiziana Polichetti
Carbon Black as Electrode Modifier in Prussian Blue
Electrodeposition for H2O2 Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Daniel Rojas, Flavio Della Pelle, Michele Del Carlo
and Dario Compagnone

Part VI Sensing Systems

PPG/ECG Multisite Combo System Based on SiPM Technology . . . . . . 353
Vincenzo Vinciguerra, Emilio Ambra, Lidia Maddiona, Mario Romeo,
Massimo Mazzillo, Francesco Rundo, Giorgio Fallica,
Francesco di Pompeo, Antonio Maria Chiarelli, Filippo Zappasodi,
Arcangelo Merla, Alessandro Busacca, Saverio Guarino, Antonino Parisi
and Riccardo Pernice
xii Contents

A Small Footprint, Low Power, and Light Weight Sensor Node

and Dedicated Processing for Modal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Federica Zonzini, Luca De Marchi and Nicola Testoni
IEEE 21451-001 Signal Treatment Applied to Smart Transducers . . . . 371
F. Abate, M. Carratù, A. Espírito-Santo, V. Huang, G. Monte
and V. Paciello
Accuracy and Metrological Characteristics of Wearable Devices:
A Systematic Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Gloria Cosoli and Lorenzo Scalise
Short Range Positioning Using Ultrasound Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Antonella Comuniello, Alessio De Angelis and Antonio Moschitta
Estimating the Outdoor PM10 Concentration Through Wireless
Sensor Network for Smart Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
D. Capriglione, M. Carratù, M. Ferro, A. Pietrosanto and P. Sommella
Machine Learning Techniques to Select a Reduced and Optimal
Set of Sensors for the Design of Ad Hoc Sensory Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Luigi Quercia and Domenico Palumbo
Multi-sensor Platform for Automatic Assessment of Physical
Activity of Older Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Andrea Caroppo, Alessandro Leone and Pietro Siciliano
Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Sensors Used in Oil&Gas
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
M. Catelani, L. Ciani and M. Venzi
Lab-on-Disk Platform for KRAS Mutation Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Iemmolo Rosario, Guarnaccia Maria, Petralia Salvatore,
Cavallaro Sebastiano and Conoci Sabrina
Study Toward the Integration of a System for Bacterial Growth
Monitoring in an Automated Specimen Processing Platform . . . . . . . . . 445
Paolo Bellitti, Michele Bona, Stefania Fontana, Emilio Sardini
and Mauro Serpelloni
A Virtual ANN-Based Sensor for IFD in Two-Wheeled Vehicle . . . . . . . 455
D. Capriglione, M. Carratù, A. Pietrosanto and P. Sommella
A Smart Breath Analyzer for Monitoring Home Mechanical
Ventilated Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Antonio Vincenzo Radogna, Simonetta Capone, Giuseppina Anna Di
Lauro, Nicola Fiore, Valentina Longo, Lucia Giampetruzzi,
Luca Francioso, Flavio Casino, Pietro Siciliano, Saverio Sabina,
Carlo Giacomo Leo, Pierpaolo Mincarone and Eugenio Sabato
Contents xiii

A Nonlinear Pattern Recognition Pipeline for PPG/ECG

Medical Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Francesco Rundo, Salvatore Petralia, Giorgio Fallica and Sabrina Conoci
Electronic System for Structural and Environmental
Building Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Leonardo Pantoli, Mirco Muttillo, Giuseppe Ferri, Vincenzo Stornelli,
Rocco Alaggio, Daniele Vettori, Luca Chinzari and Ferdinando Chinzari
Closed-Loop Temperature Control CMOS Integrated Circuit
for Diagnostics and Self-calibration of Capacitive
Humidity Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Moataz Elkhayat, Stefano Mangiarotti, Marco Grassi
and Piero Malcovati
An UAV Mounted Intelligent Monitoring System for Impromptu
Air Quality Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
M. Carrozzo, S. De Vito, E. Esposito, F. Formisano, M. Salvato,
Ettore Massera, Girolamo Di Francia, P. Delli Veneri, M. Iadaresta
and A. Mennella

Part VII Sensors Applications

Fluxgate Magnetometer and Performance for Measuring Iron
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Carlo Trigona, Valentina Sinatra, Bruno Andò, Salvatore Baglio,
Giovanni Mostile, Alessandra Nicoletti, Mario Zappia and Adi R. Bulsara
Micro Doppler Radar and Depth Sensor Fusion for Human
Activity Monitoring in AAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Susanna Spinsante, Matteo Pepa, Stefano Pirani, Ennio Gambi
and Francesco Fioranelli
Characterization of Human Semen by GC-MS and VOC Sensor:
An Unexplored Approach to the Study on Infertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Valentina Longo, Angiola Forleo, Sara Pinto Provenzano,
Daniela Domenica Montagna, Lamberto Coppola, Vincenzo Zara,
Alessandra Ferramosca, Pietro Siciliano and Simonetta Capone
A Novel Technique to Characterize Conformational State
of the Proteins: p53 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Saad Abdullah, Mauro Serpelloni, Giulia Abate and Daniela Uberti
Electrical Energy Harvesting from Pot Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
R. Di Lorenzo, Marco Grassi, S. Assini, M. Granata, M. Barcella
and Piero Malcovati
xiv Contents

Preliminary Study on Wearable System for Multiple

Finger Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Paolo Bellitti, Michele Bona, Emilio Sardini and Mauro Serpelloni
Giraff Meets KOaLa to Better Reason on Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . 559
Amedeo Cesta, Luca Coraci, Gabriella Cortellessa, Riccardo De
Benedictis, Andrea Orlandini, Alessandra Sorrentino
and Alessandro Umbrico
Smart Insole for Diabetic Foot Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Gabriele Rescio, Alessandro Leone, Luca Francioso
and Pietro Siciliano
Identification of Users’ Well-Being Related to External Stimuli:
A Preliminary Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Filippo Pietroni, Sara Casaccia, Lorenzo Scalise and Gian Marco Revel
Smart Transducers for Energy Scavenging and Sensing
in Vibrating Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Slim Naifar, Carlo Trigona, Sonia Bradai, Salvatore Baglio
and Olfa Kanoun
RMSHI Solutions for Electromagnetic Transducers
from Environmental Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Sonia Bradai, Carlo Trigona, Slim Naifar, Salvatore Baglio
and Olfa Kanoun
Characterization of Sensorized Porous 3D Gelatin/Chitosan
Scaffolds Via Bio-impedance Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Muhammad Ahmed Khan, Nicola Francesco Lopomo, Mauro Serpelloni,
Emilio Sardini and Luciana Sartore
Fast Multi-parametric Method for Mechanical Properties Estimation
of Clamped—Clamped Perforated Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Luca Francioso, Chiara De Pascali, Alvise Bagolini, Donatella Duraccio
and Pietro Siciliano
Improvement of the Frequency Behavior of an EC-NDT
Inspection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Andrea Bernieri, Giovanni Betta, Luigi Ferrigno, Marco Laracca
and Antonio Rasile
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
 Part I
Chemical Sensors
Low Temperature NO2 Sensor Based
on YCoO3 and TiO2 Nanoparticle
Composites

Tommaso Addabbo , Ada Fort , Marco Mugnaini

and Valerio Vignoli

Abstract Chemical sensors based on metal oxides have been widely explored and
used in the literature and have found different application fields as a function of their
operating characteristics like selectivity, sensitivity, stability over time etc. Recently,
some papers started to diffuse the idea that innovative chemical sensors could be
obtained using two different metal oxides combined together providing enhanced
sensing capabilities. In this paper the authors propose a new sensor based on per-
ovskite support modified by a TiO2 based compound in order to test enhanced sensing
performance. Moreover, the present work aims to show that nanocomposites obtained
introducing in a matrix of a given metal oxide a second nano-structured metal oxide,
which can act either as a catalyst or as a structure modifier, can provide improved
sensitivity, selectivity and stability.

Keywords Chemical sensors · Metal oxide sensors · Hetero-junctions

1 Introduction

Recently many research works have shown that in general all types of nano-
composites are very promising for the development of resistive gas sensors [1]. It was
established that the surface-related properties important for gas sensor applications

T. Addabbo · A. Fort (B) · M. Mugnaini · V. Vignoli

Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’informazione e Scienze Matematiche, Università di Siena,
Via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy
e-mail: ada@dii.unisi.it
T. Addabbo
e-mail: addabbo@dii.unisi.it
M. Mugnaini
e-mail: mugnaini@dii.unisi.it
V. Vignoli
e-mail: vignoli@dii.unisi.it

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 3

B. Andò et al. (eds.), Sensors, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 539,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04324-7_1
4 T. Addabbo et al.

such as electronic, catalytic, mechanical, and chemical ones can be highly modified
and tuned to the specific applications by combining different nano-structured mate-
rials [1–3]. The most traditional composites used in gas sensors are those obtained
by the addition of noble metals to metal oxide matrices, but recently also many other
composites were proposed and tested, such as films consisting of polymers mixed
with metals or metal oxides, or carbon nanotubes mixed with polymers, or again
composites based on fullerenes and graphene, etc.
In this context, composites based on the combination of two different nano-
structured metal oxides, MeI O and MeII O, have proven to be extremely interest-
ing. Nanocomposites obtained introducing in a matrix of MeI O a nano-structured
MeII O, which can act either as a catalyst or as a structure modifier, can provide
improved sensitivity, selectivity and stability. Metal Oxide-Metal Oxide structures
can be implemented in several ways. They can be created during the process of either
synthesis or deposition of initial material, or can be formed by various layer by layer
techniques, or alternatively they can be generated by mixing already synthetized
materials in certain proportions.
Anyhow it must be underlined that both in thin and thick film deposition, con-
trolling the chemical compositions, surface morphology microstructure and phase
state is still a challenge since, in general, the sensing characteristic are controlled
independently by three factors (which are Receptor function, Transducer function
and Utility factor [1]) which describe and participate in the generation of the sensor
signature. The Receptor function is strictly linked to the material redox properties,
to the stochiometry, and to the adsorption/desorption parameters. The Transducer
function mainly depends on the carrier mobility, concentration and on the grain size,
whereas the Utility factor is linked to the film thickness and geometrical factors [1–3].
Therefore any sensor has its peculiar characteristic depending on the combination of
these factors which are really difficult to be controlled during the fabrication process.

2 Sensors and Characterization

2.1 Sensor Preparation

In this paper we propose a NO2 sensor based on a composite obtained exploiting

an already-prepared metal oxide matrix of YCoO3 pervoskite. Perovskite powders
were prepared by means of a sol-gel method, described in detail in [4], both in sto-
ichiometric form and in Pd doped and defective versions. The powders were mixed
to organic vehicles to prepare a paste which was screen printed on Alumina sub-
strates across two electrodes. A transparent n-TiO2 coating produced by Italvernici
Low Temperature NO2 Sensor Based on YCoO3 … 5

Fig. 1 Chemical sensor

layout. On side (a) the
sensing film and the
temperature sensors are
designed and implemented
through screen printing
technique. On the (b) side
the heater is realized by
means of the same technique

(ITALVERNICI-FELCE150) [5] has been used for wet impregnation of the printed
layer by drop casting (2 µL doses) using a micropipette; the as-obtained film was
heated at 320 °C for 24 h. The n-TiO2 coating used in this study is based on crys-
talline anatase (nanoparticle dimensions in the range 25–55 nm) diluted in water with
a concentration of 32 × 10−4 mol/L to get a transparent paint with 2.0 cPs viscosity.
The obtained nano-composite consists of highly dispersed TiO2 in the frame-work
of the perovskite matrix. The sensing support is a screen-printed thick-film alumina
circuit hosting the sensing layer and a temperature sensor on one side and a heater
on the other side (Fig. 1).

2.2 Sensor Characterization

The sensors were characterized by means of a system which allows for accurately
controlling the temperature of each sensor, as well as the gas mixture flow and
composition, also in terms of humidity, as shown in Fig. 2 and described in [4–8].
In detail, with reference to Fig. 2, the system exploits gas reservoirs which feed,
by means of a flowmeter bench, a measurement chamber equipped with 8 chemical
sensors. The chamber is maintained at a constant temperature in an incubator. The
front end electronic boards (one for each sensor, housed inside the measurement
chamber) are connected to a NI PXI rack where a host processor board and ADC
and DAC boards are used to control the measurement process and to acquire the
measurement data. A personal computer is used to set the measurement parameters
and to process and display the measurement data.
The sensors were tested under a constant flow (200 mL/min) of mixtures of NO2
with a carrier gas that was N2 or air, humid and dry.
6 T. Addabbo et al.

Fig. 2 Chemical sensing system used for characterization

Figures 3 and 4 show the responses to NO2 of sensors obtained with different
YCoO3 based materials, before and after the impregnation with n-TiO2 , as a function
of temperature and as a function of time, respectively.
The response is defined as (R – R0 )/R0 , where R0 is the baseline resistance of each
individual sensors measured at the same temperature in the carrier gas (nitrogen or
air), whereas R is the value of the sensor resistance after 4 min of exposition to the
test mixture.
The results presented in this paper show that the introduction of TiO2 (n-type
semiconductor) in the matrix of YCoO3 (p-type) highly improves the sensitivity
toward NO2 at low temperature (in fact the sensors could be used also at room
temperature, as shown in Fig. 5).
The insertion of TiO2 nano-particles on the surface of the YCoO3 larger grains
produced hetero-junctions (see Fig. 6), which due to microstructure of the layer
contribute only marginally to the electronic conduction in the sensing film, which
is instead mainly determined by the behavior of the homo-junctions at the YCoO3
grains boundaries. Nevertheless, the large effect observed could be explained both
by the enhancement of the depleted region at the surface of the YCoO3 grains, which
can both modify the height of the Schottky barriers at the homo-junctions and favor
the adsorption of oxidizing gases, and by the large reactivity of TiO2 toward NO2
also at low temperature.
Low Temperature NO2 Sensor Based on YCoO3 … 7

Fig. 3 Responses of 3 different materials based on YCoO3 to NO2 as a function of working tem-
perature for different NO2 concentrations (as per legend). Leftmost plots: without TiO2 . Rightmost
plots: with TiO2 nanoparticles. The carrier gas is nitrogen, the flow is 200 mL/min. The values of
R are obtained after 4 min of exposition to the target mixtures

3 Conclusions

In this paper the authors presented a new sensor obtained by means of an hetero-
junction based on both a perovskite material and TiO2 . The introduction of TiO2
(n-type semiconductor) in the matrix of YCoO3 (p-type) highly improves the sen-
sitivity toward NO2 at low temperatures. The insertion of TiO2 nano-particles on
the surface of the YCoO3 larger grains produced hetero-junctions, which slightly
modify the material conductive properties. Nevertheless, the electronic conduction
in the sensing film is still mainly determined by the behavior of the homo-junctions
at the YCoO3 grains boundaries. As a matter of fact, it seems that the depletion
8 T. Addabbo et al.

Fig. 4 Transient responses of 3 different materials based on YCoO3 to NO2 as a function of time
at different temperature (as per legend). The carrier gas is nitrogen, the flow is mL/min with the
following protocol: 4 min N2 , 4 min N2 + 24 ppm NO2 , 8 min N2 , 4 min N2 + 12 ppm NO2 , 8 min N2 ,
4 min N2 + 6 ppm NO2 , 4 min N2

region of newly induced junctions is affected by the TiO2 nano-particles favoring the
adsorption of oxidizing gases.
The proposed sensors seem interesting in all the possible applications where
temperature may play an important role in terms of power consumption requirement
due to the fact that exploitable sensor responses can be obtained even starting from
ambient temperature.
Low Temperature NO2 Sensor Based on YCoO3 … 9

Fig. 5 Transient responses of 3 different materials based on YCoO3 to NO2 as a function of time.
The heater wasn’t driven

TiO2 Percolaon current

YCoO3

Homo-juncon space charge region

(Schoky barrier) modified by TiO2 parcles
in the neighborhood

Fig. 6 Schematic of the structure and of the conduction mechanism of the proposed composite
10 T. Addabbo et al.

References

1. Korotcenkov, G., Cho, B.K.: Metal oxide composites in conductometric gas sensors: achieve-
ments and challenges. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 244, 182–210 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.snb.2016.12.117
2. Moseley, P.T.: Solid state gas sensors. In: Tofield, B.C. (ed.) Adam Hilger Series on Sensors,
Bristol and Philadelphia (1987)
3. Madou, M.J., Morrison, S.R.: Chemical Sensing with Solid State Devices. Academic Press, San
Diego (1989)
4. Addabbo, T., Bertocci, F., Fort, A., Gregorkiewitz, M., Mugnaini, M., Spinicci, R., Vignoli, V.:
Gas sensing properties and modeling of YCoO3 based perovskite materials. Sens. Actuators B
Chem. 221, 1137–1155 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.07.079
5. Addabbo, T., Fort, A., Mugnaini, M., Vignoli, V., Baldi, A., Bruzzi, M.: Quartz-crystal microbal-
ance gas sensors based on TiO2 nanoparticles. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 67(3), 722–730
(2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2017.2785118
6. Bertocci, F., Fort, A., Vignoli, V., Mugnaini, M., Berni, R.: Optimization of perovskite gas sensor
performance: characterization, measurement and experimental design. Sensors (Switzerland),
17(6), No. 1352 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061352
7. Addabbo, T., Bertocci, F., Fort, A., Gregorkiewitz, M., Mugnaini, M., Spinicci, R., Vignoli,
V.: Gas sensing properties of YMnO3 based materials for the detection of NOx and CO. Sens.
Actuators B Chem. 244, 1054–1070 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.054
8. Addabbo, T., Bertocci, F., Fort, A., Mugnaini, M., Vignoli, V.: WO3 nanograined chemosensor:
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10.1109/TNANO.2016.2558099
Effect of Humidity on the Hydrogen
Sensing in Graphene Based Devices

Brigida Alfano, Ettore Massera, Tiziana Polichetti, Maria Lucia Miglietta

and Girolamo Di Francia

Abstract In this work, we investigate the effect of humidity variations on the sens-
ing performance of Pd-graphene (GR) based devices. Palladium nanoparticles are
directly synthetized onto GR sheets by microwave irradiation; the optimal palladium
coverage results into a sensitive and fast hydrogen device. The dynamic conduc-
tance changes exposed to different hydrogen concentrations from 2.5 to 0.2% are
displayed at room temperature, using humidified air as carrier gas at different Rela-
tive Humidity (RH) levels. The results show how the sensing curves in low humidity
conditions have higher sensitivity with respect to humid environment. On the other
hand, dry conditions negatively affect the sensing layer stability over time while
humid conditions preserve the material.

Keywords Graphene · Metal decoration · Hydrogen detection

1 Introduction

Graphene is a two-dimensional material made of carbon atoms, so far called “won-

der material” for its exceptional physical characteristics. Since its discovery in 2004,
researchers are enthusiastically studying graphene to exploit its outstanding proper-
ties in numerous applications [1].
Graphene could represent a powerful sensing material to design smaller and lighter
sensor respect to conventional ones. Moreover, employing its characteristic electronic
structure, the device based on graphene could be able to detect rapidly a single
molecule also at room temperature [2].
Pristine graphene is particularly sensitive towards nitrogen dioxide [3, 4].
In this regard, the functionalization with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles
proves to be an effective way to extend the range of analytes to which the material
is sensitive [5–9].

B. Alfano (B) · E. Massera · T. Polichetti · M. L. Miglietta · G. Di Francia

ENEA, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
e-mail: brigida.alfano@enea.it

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 11

B. Andò et al. (eds.), Sensors, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 539,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04324-7_2
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