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Henry Kellerman

The Unconscious
Domain
The Unconscious Domain
Henry Kellerman

The Unconscious Domain

123
Henry Kellerman
Private Practice
New York, NY, USA

ISBN 978-3-030-35008-6 ISBN 978-3-030-35009-3 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35009-3
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
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About the Author

Spanning a 60 year career in the field of mental health, Dr. Henry Kellerman has
held professional academic appointments in the psychology doctoral programs at
several universities and clinical appointments at several mental hospitals. In addi-
tion, Dr. Kellerman was a Training Analyst and Senior Supervisor at the
Postgraduate Center for Mental Health—Psychoanalytic Institute.
Dr. Kellerman has published scores of papers in professional clinical and sci-
entific journals, published 35 authored and edited books, and presented papers at
local, regional, and national conferences. He has been in the private practice of
psychotherapy and psychoanalysis since 1965. He holds Fellow status in the
American Psychological Association, the American Group Psychotherapy
Association, and the Academy of Psychoanalysis, and is a Diplomate in Clinical
Psychology and Psychoanalysis of the American Board of Professional Psychology.

v
Books by the Author

Authored Books
The Psychoanalysis of Symptoms
Dictionary of Psychopathology
Group Psychotherapy and Personality: Intersecting Structures, 1979 (Reissued with
the subtitle: A Theoretical Model, 2015)
Sleep Disorders: Insomnia and Narcolepsy
Curing Psychological Symptoms, (Reissued edition. 2020.) Originally published
2007, as—The 4 Steps to Peace of Mind: The Simple Effective Way to Cure Our
Emotional Symptoms (Romanian edition, 2008; Japanese edition, 2011)
Love Is Not Enough: What It Takes to Make It Work
Greedy, Cowardly, and Weak: Hollywood's Jewish Stereotypes
Hollywood Movies on the Couch: A Psychoanalyst Examines 15 Famous Films
Haggadah: A Passover Seder for the Rest of Us
Personality: How it Forms (Korean edition, 2017)
The Discovery of God: A Psycho/Evolutionary Perspective
A Consilience of Natural and Social Sciences: A Memoir of Original Contributions
Anatomy of Delusion
Psychoanalysis of Evil: Perspectives on Destructive Behavior
There’s No Handle on My Door: Stories of Patients in Mental Hospitals
Psychotherapeutic Traction: Uncovering the Patient’s Power-Theme and Basic Wish
On the Nature of Nature
The Origin of Language
The Unconscious Domain
The Ghost Trilogy
The Making of Ghosts: A Novel
Ghosts of Dreams: A Novel
The Ghost: A Novel

vii
viii Books by the Author

Coauthored Books (with Anthony Burry, Ph.D.)

Psychopathology and Differential Diagnosis: A Primer
Volume 1. History of Psychopathology
Volume 2. Diagnostic Primer
Handbook of Psychodiagnostic Testing: Analysis of Personality in the
Psychological Report. 1st edition, 1981; 2nd edition, 1991;
3rd edition, 1997; 4th edition, 2007 (Japanese edition, 2011).

Edited Books
Group Cohesion: Theoretical and Clinical Perspectives
The Nightmare: Psychological and Biological Foundations

Coedited Books (with Robert Plutchik, Ph.D.)

Emotion: Theory, Research, and Experience
Volume 1. Theories of Emotion
Volume 2. Emotions in Early Development
Volume 3. Biological Foundations of Emotion
Volume 4. The Measurement of Emotion
Volume 5. Emotion, Psychopathology, and Psychotherapy
The Emotions Profile Index: Test and Manual 1974.
To

Ms. Sharon Panulla, Executive Editor,

Springer Science

Ms. Carole Stuart, Former Publisher,

Barricade Books

Mr. Evander Lomke, President, American

Mental Health Foundation, Executive Editor,
American Mental Health Foundation Books

Dr. Inna Rozentsvit, M.D., Ph.D.

Editor-in-Chief, ORI/Academic Press
Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
1 Precursors to the Development of the Unconscious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Adaptational Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Tension-Reducing Cognitive Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Survival, the Psyche, and the Unconscious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 The Unconscious Realm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
A Brief History of the Unconscious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
The Wish System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A Clinical Examination of Marital Discord with Respect to Wishes . . . . 23
The Husband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
The Wife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
The Husband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
The Wife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Both of Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Schemas of the Psyche Within the Unconscious Domain . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Acceptance/Rejection Schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Joy/Sorrow Schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Fear/Anger Schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Expectation/Surprise Schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
The Contribution of Schemas to the Unconscious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
The Pleasure-Principle and Tension-Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3 The Psyche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... 37
Tension-Reduction, and Survival . . . . . . . ...................... 37
The Amorphous Bombardment of Chaotic Stimuli
in the Unconscious Domain . . . . . . . . . ...................... 38

xi
xii Contents

Instrumentalities of the Psyche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

The Dream and the Psyche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
The Psyche and the Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
The Repetition-Compulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4 Primary Emotions and the Unconscious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Language-Meaning and Emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
The Language of Primary Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Primacy of the Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
The Emotion of Anger, and the Defense of Repression: A Reference
to the Architecture of Symptom-Formation in the Unconscious . . . . . 66
The Narrative of Primary Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Language Meaning and Personality Characteristics of Anger . . . . . . . . . 70
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5 Basic Behavioral Prototype Categories and Their
Emotion/Personality Correlates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 75
Organization of Polarities of the Behavioral and Emotion
Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Incorporation-(Acceptance) and Rejection-(Disgust) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Disgust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
The Polarity Between Incorporation-(Acceptance)
and Rejection-(Disgust) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Reproduction-(Joy) and Deprivation-(Sorrow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Joy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Sorrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
The Polarity of Reproduction-(Joy) and Deprivation-(Sorrow) . . . . . . . . 80
Exploration-(Expectancy) and Orientation-(Surprise) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Expectation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Surprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
The Polarity of Exploration-(Expectancy) and Orientation-(Surprise) . . . 83
Protection-(Fear) and Destruction-(Anger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Fear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Anger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
The Polarity of Protection-(Fear) and Destruction-(Anger) . . . . . . . . . . . 85
The Passive-Aggressive Personality Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6 Instinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Instinct as an Instrument of the Psyche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Contents xiii

Primacy of Emotion or Instinct in the Evolution

of the Unconscious Doman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 91
Primary Emotions and Their Implementing-Instincts . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93
Examination of the Unconscious Communicational Structure
as Abstracted in Table 6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 96
Incorporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 96
Rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97
The Polarity of the Incorporation-(Acceptance)
and Rejection-(Disgust) Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99
Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99
Deprivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
The Polarity of Reproduction-(Joy) and Deprivation-(Sorrow)
Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
The Polarity of Exploration-(Expectation) and Orientation-(Surprise)
Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
The Polarity of Protection-(Fear) and Destruction-(Anger)
Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
List of Tables

Table 5.1 Correlates of the personality structure Incorporation

Dimension: emotions, cognitive correlates, emotion-defense,
diagnosis, and basic-wish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76
Table 5.2 Correlates of the personality structure Rejection Dimension:
emotions, cognitive correlates, emotion-defense, diagnosis,
and basic-wish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77
Table 5.3 Correlates of the personality structure Reproduction
Dimension: emotions, cognitive correlates, emotion-defense,
and diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78
Table 5.4 Correlates of the personality structure Reintegration
Dimension: emotions, cognitive correlates, emotion-defense,
and diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 80
Table 5.5 Correlates of the personality structure Exploration
Dimension: emotions, cognitive correlates, emotion-defense,
and diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81
Table 5.6 Correlates of the personality structure Orientation
Dimension: emotions, cognitive-correlates, emotion-defense,
and diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82
Table 5.7 Correlates of the personality structure Protection
Dimension: emotions, cognitive correlates, emotion-defense,
and diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
Table 5.8 Basic behavioral prototype categories Destruction
Dimension: emotions, cognitive correlates, emotion-defense,
diagnosis, and basic-wish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84
Table 6.1 Communicational structure of the unconscious domain . . . . . .. 94

xv
Preface

The title of this book, The Unconscious Domain, refers to the unconscious mental
system as a realm, that is, as a field of influence. The noun “domain” is derived
from the Latin word “dominus” meaning “master.” And this is precisely what is
meant here by separating the unconscious from all other metapsychological con-
nections—including the Freudian preconscious and conscious realms. Yet, the
connection between the unconscious field of influence to the formulation of pre-
conscious and conscious realms will herein also be considered.
In addition, the title of this book is actually meant to focus on the unconscious
realm as a complete and absolute system—meaning a system composed of several
components as well as containing a communicational network. It is the intention
here to enumerate the components of this unconscious realm (or “domain”) and to
uncover the proposed communicational network in its operation—a communica-
tional network that is able to link the inherent participating components of this
realm. Therefore, this putative communicational network is also considered here as
subject to an analysis of that which constitutes such a network—that is to say, to see
how it all works within this domain, especially with respect to its components.
A domain also contains a function that provides an output or value for each
constituent of the domain. This output value is referred to as a “range.” Therefore,
the unconscious domain is also seen as a realm that has a range; that is, a beginning,
all the way to an end point—an end point that may also be considered a trajectory
toward an objective and not necessarily solely defined as an end point as in a solid
end-barrier. Further, the function of such a domain also contains input values upon
which the entire domain can be defined. In other words, the aggregate of compo-
nents of a domain defines the domain—along with the idea that as such an
aggregate of components combine, the result can be different than solely the simple
additional value or simple sum of such an aggregate.
In this sense and in this volume, the unfolding of analyses and discussion of the
unconscious domain is seen as containing primary constituents or issues regarding
such variables. These top-tier constituents or variables are identified as the core
variables that can be considered as involved in the genesis of it all—that is, in the
gradual evolutionary formation of an unconscious arena.

xvii
xviii Preface

The following four points are here considered to be essential in such a gradual
structural unconscious formation; that is, that these four basic theoretical issues of
this entire unconscious realm—this unconscious domain—are theoretical bench-
marks in the structural development of the unconscious—as such unconscious
structure began to crystallize throughout its evolutionary development. These
theoretical benchmarks are comprised of:
1. The emotion/evolutionary consideration of survival is a Darwinian focus on
survival, and the emotion system in evolution is ultimately designed to protect
organisms from a given predator/prey existence. This predator/prey existence is
finely characterized in the world as a true characteristic of the world—and by
definition as dangerous to one’s survival;
2. Understanding of the ubiquitous pleasure principle relevant to all organisms—as
even applied to the gratification need of simple single-celled organisms;
3. The critical issue of the inimitable basic-wish in a person’s overall mentation—
as a function of the operation of the psyche; and
4. The organization of the psyche itself—considered here as the engineering room
of the unconscious.
Also included herein are considerations regarding structure and function of such
an unconscious domain including the process of uncovering the nature of the
unconscious as it is related to a variety of factors of the unconscious realm proper
(along with its derivatives), as well as to more complex features of personality.
These more complex features of personality are:
1. The overdetermined phenomenon of acting-out which can touch virtually
all concepts in the unconscious dynamic involving the organization of
personality—thereby also revealing a psychological understanding of
personality;
2. The formation of emotional/psychological symptoms;
3. The issue of instinct;
4. The communicational sequence within the unconscious with a focus on its basic
definitional algorithm (the message of the person’s basic-wish); and
5. The spandrelian effect of all such interactions (and phenomena) within this
unconscious realm—also with the spandrelian effect along with the entire range
of the unconscious. The spandrel operates in a profound logical and simple
manner insofar as it is an unintended consequence of other primary conditions.
This means that the basic mechanism enabling the unconscious to communicate
with consciousness needs to be identified.
Assuming that such a reciprocal communicational language exists between the
unconscious and consciousness, then the questions become: What precisely is this
language between the unconscious and consciousness, and, exactly how is such
language communicated?
Further, the consideration of newly formulated twenty-first century neuroscience
generally, and neuropsychoanalysis specifically (Solms, 2003), organized as a body
of work, the objective of which is to understand the mind/brain phenomenon as an
Preface xix

undertaking in progress, for the most part regarding how emotion and cognition are
conflated as a function of the “connectome” and solely as a brain phenomenon is
also considered.

This so-called “connectome” is defined as the amalgam of close to 100 billion neurons and
hundreds of trillions of synapses—not to mention astronomical number of spandrels1 that
naturally exist as a result of the permutations of this neuroscientific syntactical extrava-
ganza. It is in this sense that the connection of the unconscious and brain will, it seems not
easily lend itself to painstaking enumerations. (Kellerman 2020b, p. x)

However, the reference to this early twenty-first century theory, and experimental
neuroscientific research will be referred to throughout this volume as it relates to the
alleged phenomena of the unconscious domain (Damasio, 2000; Solms, 2003;
Semenza, 2018).
It is often the case that theoreticians and clinical practitioners refer to the
unconscious or unconscious material in a way that implies the sense of it all—
meaning an understanding of the unconscious defined as “material which is out of
one’s awareness.” This sort of understanding is considered, of course, as common
knowledge. Yet, if asked to specifically enumerate the structure and function of the
unconscious, one may be met with hesitation, along with much thinking in an
attempt to develop a more specific definition of the unconscious—more than one
solely related to the “absence of awareness.” This then implies the need leading to
an actual attempt to parse that which comprises this unconscious realm, or domain.
In other words, it seems that perhaps only in a general sense—but perhaps not
specifically—is the unconscious systematically and in detail not really understood.
In this sense, it might be interesting to consider a number of questions regarding
how it all started; that is, what is the genesis of this unconscious? Or, considering
questions such as
1. Do animals have an unconscious?
2. Why do humans ostensibly have an unconscious but perhaps animals might not?
3. Who or what is at the master control of the unconscious?
4. Does there actually exist a master of the unconscious?
5. Thus, is the unconscious operating randomly and therefore is this unconscious
“thing” something that cannot be known? Or—
6. Is the unconscious a cohered system, and if so, can it be described?
It is possible that questions such as these are actually innumerable. However, in
the exposition of this volume is an attempt to address these as well as other issues
relevant to the entire domain of the unconscious as a construct.
Several issues discussed here and material throughout this volume have been
considered in several other of my published works including in the volumes:

1
The spandrel is a space created by a structure that is actually a side-effect of the structure. It may
also be embedded in the structure. See: Gould & Lewontin (1979) and discussion of the spandrel
in Kellerman (2020b).
xx Preface

Personality: How it Forms (2012);

The Anatomy of Delusion (2015);
Psychotherapeutic Traction: Uncovering the Patient’s
Power-theme and Basic-wish (2018);
The Origin of Language (2020b).

Additional material utilized here has also been cited within the five volume
co-edited series by Robert Plutchik and Henry Kellerman (the author of this present
volume: The Unconscious Domain) and includes the volumes co-edited by Plutchik
and Kellerman:
Emotion: Theory, Research, and Experience
Vol. 1. Theories of Emotion (1980);
Vol. 2. Emotions in Early Development (1983);
Vol. 3. Biological Foundations of Emotion (1986);
Vol. 4. The Measurement of Emotion (1989);
Vol. 5. Emotion, Psychopathology and Psychotherapy (1990).
The analysis and discussion in this present volume, The Unconscious Domain,
contain a compilation and integration of concepts in these above-cited volumes (the
volumes by Kellerman and the co-edited volumes by Plutchik and Kellerman) along
with a new synthesis of this present volume provided by this author (Kellerman,
2020), regarding the unconscious domain with reference also to early twenty-first
century neuroscientific findings of brain/mind research.
In the following, Chap. 1 shall begin with a necessary introductory concept
designed to lead into and to begin to unfold the body of the unconscious domain. In
this sense, Chap. 1 is entitled: Precursors to the Development of the Unconscious.

New York, USA Henry Kellerman

References

Damasio, A. (2000). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of con-
sciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace & Co.
Gould, S. J., & Lewontin, R. (1979). The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm.
New York: Routledge.
Kellerman, H. (1979). Group psychotherapy and personality: Intersecting structures. New York:
Grune & Stratton.
Kellerman, H. (1980). A structural model of emotion and personality: Psychoanalytic and
sociobiological implications. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory,
research, and experience. Vol. 1, Theories of emotion. New York: Academic Press.
Kellerman, H. (1983). An epigenetic theory of emotions in early development. In R. Plutchik &
H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience. Vol. 2, Emotions in early
development. New York: Academic Press.
Kellerman, H. (1989). Projective measures of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Vol.
4, Emotion: Theory, research, and experience. The measurement of emotion. New York:
Academic Press.
Preface xxi

Kellerman, H. (1990). Emotion and the organization of primary process. In R. Plutchik &
H. Kellerman (Eds.), Vol. 5, Emotion, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. New York:
Academic Press.
Kellerman, H. (2008). The psychoanalysis of symptoms. New York: Springer Science.
Kellerman, H. (2012). Personality: How it forms. New York: American Mental Health Foundation
Books.
Kellerman, H. (2015). The anatomy of delusion. New York: American Mental Health Foundation
Books.
Kellerman, H. (2018). Psychotherapeutic traction: Uncovering the patient’s power-theme and
basic-wish. New York: American Mental Health Foundation Books.
Kellerman, H. (2020a). On the nature of nature. New York: ORI/Academic Press.
Kellerman, H. (2020b). The origin of language. New York: American Mental Health Foundation
Books.
Plutchick, R., & Kellerman, H. (1986). Introduction. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.),
Emotion: Theory, research, and experience. Vol. 3, Biological foundations of emotion. New
York: Academic Press.
Semenza, C. (2018). The unconscious in cognitive science: A few suggestions for psychoanalysis.
In M. Leuzinger, S. Arnold, & M. Solms (Eds.), The unconscious: A bridge between
psychoanalysis and cognitive neuroscience. London: Routledge.
Solms, M. (2003). Do unconscious phantasies really exist? In R. Steiner (Ed.), Unconscious
phantasy. London: Karnac Books.
Chapter 1
Precursors to the Development
of the Unconscious

Survival

This initial subtitle of Survival is the first in a sequence of facets and necessary
underpinnings of the unconscious; that is, the issue of survival leads to the appearance
and even the need for an unconscious domain. In this sense, the unfolding of an
unconscious domain is essentially understood as an evolutionary adaptation.
Along with “survival” as an example of such a facet in the genesis of an uncon-
scious domain, other aspects comprising such a domain include characterizations
that seek to imagine its configuration (the configuration of the unconscious) as well
as seeing the development of instrumentalities enabling an understanding of the
governance of this domain.
It is proposed that the primary function of such an unconscious domain is to
manage the person’s fear and anger (as well as the operation of all the primary
emotions)—all in the service of attenuating the person’s impact of the emotions—
primarily regarding the person’s apprehension of the external predatory world.
Essentially, this concern with survival implies that an invariant structure may exist
as a given in the very formation at the most primitive birth (the most primitive phase)
of the origin of the unconscious domain. This means that the structural essence and
intrinsic composition of the primary emotions exists in an invariant formation with
respect to the adaptational nature of this structure; that is, that the emotion system
is a standard structure within the entire phylogenetic scale disregarding whatever
changes may occur in the external world.
Secondarily, the inevitable evolutionary development of an unconscious domain
would serve the purpose of organizing the internal amorphous bombardment of pos-
sible chaotic stimuli that impinge on the personality. The result of such organization
in the unconscious assumes that equilibrium is sought (in the sense of seeking peace
of mind by way of tension-reduction). Therefore, the road to peace of mind would
need to be, perhaps as an adaptational force of evolution, strong enough to defeat

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to 1
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
H. Kellerman, The Unconscious Domain,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35009-3_1
2 1 Precursors to the Development …

any even random attempt by the negative and even nasty vicissitudes of life that do,
in fact, often undermine the attainment of such equilibrium.
In this sense, the construction of the unconscious would be in the adaptational
sense, strong enough to protect and reassure the need for reasonable peace of mind—
the mechanics of such peace of mind thus considered as a predominant variable in the
struggle of survival. This invariant presence of the awareness of survival and of the
attendant presence of predation in the world at large—and actually at all phylogenetic
levels—further implies that some sort of primary emotional function (an emotional
meaning) exists at the very beginning appearance of an unconscious domain—again,
determined by the affect of the need for survival.
In a concise formulation of this idea regarding the presence of some sort of emo-
tional function with respect to survival (within the context of such a predatory external
environment) it can be conceived that there are correspondences between that which
exists in the unconscious domain—on one hand between some muscular and pro-
found indication of emotion as a protective device regarding survival, and on the other
hand as an amalgam of instrumentalities of the unconscious domain that develop as
the definitive infrastructural architecture of this entire unconscious arena. This idea
of the architecture of the mind is also considered by Donald (1991) with respect to
structural considerations.
Essentially, this means that in the unconscious domain exist parts that are struc-
tural and parts that are functional. The structural parts can be represented by the
psyche—that they intersect with other structural parts of the unconscious domain—
and secondarily, that other parts of the unconscious domain also functionally interact
with all other parts of this domain. It is in this sense of the rather complex nature of
the unconscious that sheds the notion of the unconscious as a simple definition of
generally something that is solely “out one’s awareness.”1
Characterizations of the unconscious domain that must be included in any analysis
of its development include:
1. An implicit evolutionary history of issues such as the calibrated tension level of any
organism along with its tension-regulation—that is, that the unconscious is involved as
an instrumentality in the regulation of tension;
2. The Freudian pleasure-principle that asserts its primary need above all other needs; that
is, the satisfaction of the pleasure-principle is essentially based upon vicissitudes of
tension-regulation;
3. One’s basic-wish acting as the chief derivative in the personality of the ubiquitous
pleasure-principle. It is the person’s basic-wish that will dominate the personality;
4. The development of the psyche identified herein as that part of the unconscious domain
where needs of the organism are engineered for gratification even if such needs were
denied in the real world. Thus the psyche becomes the engineering room of the
unconscious domain;
5. An algorithm that unites all elements of the unconscious in a communicational sequence
designed always to gratify the basic-wish—notwithstanding whether such gratification

1 In this volume, such correspondencebetween function of emotion as such emotion attaches to the
given presence of survival concerns, will be pointed out throughout the first three chapters of this
book and formally explicated in Chap. 4 on primary emotions and the unconscious.
Survival 3

was gained in reality or translated into a psychological symptom that equally gratified
the wish—though only in fantasy;
6. The results regarding unconscious phenomena as a function of 21st century focus on
neuroscientific and neuropsychoanalytic brain research.

The implication of such presence of these factors (or characterizations) as well as

a consideration of a communicational sequence of such variables of an unconscious
domain, focuses on the ignition or operational necessity, even ability within this
unconscious domain to fashion continual gratification of a person’s needs.
The question becomes: How does the organism’s basic need crystallize; that is, on
what need or even on what command does the organism’s basic need crystallize as
a being-thing, a real thing? The possible answer considered here in this disquisition
regarding the unconscious domain is simply that such a need relates universally to
the issue of the organism’s basic-wish. With respect to such gratification, the need
to regulate tension carries with it the ultimate aim of eliminating tension entirely or
of at least, in the sense of possibility, calibrating this tension to a better level.
Thus, it is proposed that the person’s basic-wish is the salient issue of unconscious
functioning.

This salient issue of the unconscious defined as a basic-wish will in this theoretical
expositorial proposal appear as the foremost factor determining how the hypothetical
construct of psyche (within the unconscious domain) functions as the engineering
facet of this domain. This function of the psyche also enables one to see that the
unconscious is not in itself solely a domain in which there exists a confusing amalgam
of impulses noted as overall psychological material arranged in a disorganized and
chaotic array.
In consideration of the function of the psyche and in approaching an analysis of
the unconscious domain, the interaction of variables such as the ubiquitous survival-
concern, the regulation of tension level, the primacy of the pleasure-principle, the
internal operation of the psyche itself, and the analysis of the basic-wish, (along with
sub-variables within each of these benchmarks of the unconscious domain) comprise
an aggregate of variables joined by a communicational sequential network. In total,
it is proposed that this amalgam of variables with its communicational organization
suggests nothing less than the actual architecture of the unconscious not withstanding
early 21st century focus on the unconscious and the neuroscience of the brain.
Yet, there are authors who “get down to brass tacks” and proclaim that “cross
fertilization between psychoanalysis and neuroscience has been so far extremely
limited (Semenza, 2018, p. 93). This opinion essentially just about rejects the absolute
isomorphism of the correlation between neuroscience and psychoanalysis. In fact,
this issue becomes a controversy between those who support and value the work of
neuroscience and its relation to psychoanalysis (Panksepp, 1998; Panksepp & Solms,
2012; Solms & Turnbull, 2002; Yovell, Solms, & Fotopoulou, 2015), in contrast to
those who feel the connection is limited as reported by Boag (2017, p. 2). Boag lists
those who feel that neuroscience tends to “rob psychoanalysis of subjectivity and
meaning” and cites Barrett (2017), Blass and Carmeli (2007) who emphasize this
point.
4 1 Precursors to the Development …

Nevertheless, in this volume will be considered various results emanating as well

as implied from such mind/brain studies. Thus, the following discussion is a precursor
to development of the unconscious. It will be also proposed that such a basic-wish is
what gives shape and meaning to the person’s personality—a personality presumably
governed by the algorithm of the basic-wish. This algorithm becomes, in a decrypted
clinical sense, translated into the communicational circuitry of the entire unconscious
domain. It is proposed further that infused in the algorithmic message of the basic-
wish is the person’s drive to empower this wish.
If traced at the dawning of the first globule, the first single cell of the evolutionary
process (and even perhaps actually by definition), it is again further proposed that
an implicit calculus originally existed within such a cell. This presumed calculus,
more than perhaps, and arguably, concerned the essential issue of survival. In the
Darwinian sense, the fundamental meaning of this calculus of survival implicates
the need for this first single cell to have its actual survival validated by its becoming
vitalized and thereby potentially sustained, and, of course, then necessarily assured
of its continuing existence. It is a prototypic example of the ubiquitous struggle to
sustain life.
Therefore, again, by implication, the possible extinction of this globule with
respect to the cell’s primitive DNA, was destined to be, at any cost, forestalled;
or, with respect to any more persuasive or tropistic implicit instruction within this
cell (its tropistic reflex to do this or that), such an issue of implied extinction was to
be completely partitioned and therefore avoided with any and all possibility.
It would seem that without any doubt this single cell was arguably an example
of the embodiment of a conflation of theory and empiricism regarding the force of
a sudden animated existence of life. This means that the astounding phenomenon of
the life-force of a brainless organism (brainless, in the non-pejorative sense)—would
in some way seek some sort of sustenance, is in itself phenomenal. It even may be
more accurate to imagine that this seeking to avoid extinction (even in the case of a
single celled organism) is alternatively rather to be seen as this cell’s ability or need
(perhaps even in its so-called helpless state), to still be able to attract nourishment.
This assumption or claim that such a primitive cell may have had an ability to attract
nourishment is again in itself an astonishing assumption because this eukaryotic cell
is thought to have appeared during the Precambrian period—two billion years ago
(Gould, 1977, p. 130).
It is agreed herein that even if hyperbolic to suggest (or hypothesize) that for
this globule, this single eukaryotic cell to contain an inherent ability to attract sus-
tenance, may be alternatively (and perhaps anthropomorphically) considered as this
single cell’s ‘hope’ of, or even ‘wish’ of attracting nourishment—and/or for actu-
ally seeking and attaining it. The main point is that even a single-celled organism is
introduced into this world inherently sensing (or even understanding) the world as an
existing predatory surround—thereby surely implicating universal survival concerns.
Therefore, as Lampton (1983, p. 1) references, a “….fragile glob of protoplasmic
jelly….representing the first unit of life….” points out that that this first unit of life is
fragile implying at least minimally, that life can be threatened. Further, a Darwinian
evolutionary process permits the proposal and theory that eventually, eons later, this
Survival 5

little cell will ultimately lead to the development and functioning of a brain containing
a mind and consciousness, along with an underlying unconscious sphere (including
the entire interfacing of properties within this dynamic unconscious sphere), and is
identified in this volume again, as a “domain”—as an unconscious domain.
The psychologist/scientist, Plutchik (1980a, 1980b, pp. 7–8) refers to Darwin’s
view of natural selection in which Darwin considers almost all characteristics of
species as having a survival impulse. Plutchik adds to this Darwinian position
by declaring that emotions also function adaptively in all organisms. In addition,
Plutchik (1980a), proclaims that with respect to the issue of basic emotions, these
emotions contain general functions that are the same for all emotions across species,
as well as existing over the life-cycle.
In addition, for the purpose of survival, all organisms must necessarily consider
a number of variables including: seeking nourishment, finding ways to eliminate
waste, engage in protective behavior (including trying to avoid injury), and becom-
ing familiar with the immediate environment (as in the process of exploring of the
environment). Further, Plutchik points out that for all organisms to survive in any
environment in which life is engaged, certain functional requirements are necessary:
e. g., a distinction must be made between predator and prey, and between a potential
mate versus a potential enemy. Plutchik further states (p. 8):
The specific behaviors by which these functions are carried out will vary widely throughout
the animal kingdom, but the basic prototype functions [of behavior] will remain invariant.

By prototype functions, Plutchik refers to various basic prototype behaviors

including:
Protection behavior as in fleeing whenever necessary;

Destructive behavior that ensures protection by the sheer ability to express aggression in the
pursuit of defeating an enemy, especially with respect to the overcoming of an obstacle in
pursuit of a goal, or for the simple general end of ensuring survival;

Incorporation behavior that enables the organism to take in whatever seems palatable;

Rejection behavior when necessary in order to eject a noxious or potentially harmful even
morsel of presumed nourishment;

Exploration behavior enabling a mapping of the environment;

Orientation behavior insofar as it becomes important not to be disoriented;

Reproduction (pulsation) behavior or the impulse to procreate; and,

Deprivation behavior which is generally seen as the ability to mourn (as well as containing
the attempt to retrieve the lost object).

The connection between primary emotions and issues of survival therefore,

becomes invariant with respect to phylogenetic considerations—especially at the
developmentally lower end of the scale. In this sense, it is Plutchik’s discovery
that demonstrates basic behavioral prototypes and their emotion representatives that
become more visible with developmentally more advanced species.
6 1 Precursors to the Development …

In terms of such categorical conceptions in the service of understanding how

survival operations are sustained, Scott (1980, p. 35) also derives a similar set of
behavioral categories similarly based upon instrumentalities of survival.
An analysis of survival issues in evolution has also been presented by this author
(Kellerman, 2013, p. 14–15) in which survival is seen as the salient variable from
the dawn of hominid evolution and human culture to the era of Homo sapiens devel-
opment; that is to say that the need for protection is seen as being highly selected
in evolution and then ultimately wired into one’s DNA. In this sense, Plutchikian
behavioral prototype tropistic categories, in addition to the protection category, are
also included in this wiring of our DNA, and further include the above identified
categories of destruction, reproduction, deprivation, incorporation, rejection, explo-
ration, and orientation—each of which has its corresponding emotion representative
at higher levels of evolutionary development and which can be seen in the following
listing.
Protection = fear
Destruction = anger
Reproduction = joy
Deprivation = sorrow
Incorporation = acceptance
Rejection = disgust
Exploration = expectation
Orientation = surprise

These are the behavioral categories that remain invariant in evolutionary devel-
opment and that at the higher order of such evolutionary development the primary
behavioral categories express their meaning and function through these primary
emotions.

Adaptational Processes

In the sense of a psychoevolutionary process, a journey can be traced with respect

to adaptational functioning of organisms aiding essentially in the quest for survival.
Alcock (2005), and Buss (2008), suggest that such adaptational processes are con-
sistently seen in nonhuman animals as well as in humans and that they have direct
survival implications. With respect to such adaptations, an example is provided by
Bracha (2004), who describes fear adaptation of freezing, fighting, and fleeing, as
designed during evolutionary development, again, to specifically address threats to
survival.
Such adaptive universal categories of behavioral response (as addressed for exam-
ple by Plutchik, Scott, and others), can be identified at all phylogenetic levels from
amoeba to man. What this means is that an organism seeking survival gains increased
survival probability through an adaptive quest to exist in a safe environment. Such
Adaptational Processes 7

an adaptive quest for survival is therefore inherent in the organism itself—but

only in essence through these basic categories of behavior concerning adaptational
categorical impulses or imperatives.2
With respect to biological and evolutionary foundations in the study of instinct and
emotion, this author (Kellerman, 1983, p, 317) cites McDougall (1921) as among
early pioneers that theoretically considered the formulation of biologically deter-
mined instincts to be fundamentally related to emotions. According to McDougall,
emotion refers to dispositions that are etched in the substrate of instinctive behavior.
Such conceptions regarding emotion and behavioral basic categories (of instinct) is
also seen in the work of Scott (1958). In addition, Nesse (1990) also sees the entire
formulation of emotions, instinct, and behavior in an evolutionary framework mainly
in the tradition of Plutchikian evolutionary emotion theory (Plutchik, 1980a, 1980b).
All of it (the pursuit of a safe environment) is according to Wyers et al. (1980), the
need that all organisms have to maintain equilibrium. Since the biological process
in evolution relates to development governed by survival pressures, then even in the
struggle to maintain equilibrium, evolution manages to progress despite continuous
intervening stages of evolutionary disequilibrium—perhaps an oblique reference to
Gould’s evolutionary “punctuated equilibrium”—progress that is uneven (Gould,
2002).
With respect to the issue of survival, and in an overall view of the vicissitudes of
survival, it seems evident that the Freudian pleasure-principle becomes immediately
apparent as a salient factor (along with how the concept of tension and tension-
regulation becomes the calibrational mechanism) with respect to relative success or
failure in achieving the essential aim of such a pleasure-principle.
What this means is that each of the behavioral core categories (as for example
those postulated by Plutchik) are essential mechanisms by which tension becomes
regulated; that is, these are categorical mechanisms inherent in all organisms and
ideally aimed at bringing tension level to zero—or at least in a relative sense, to
bringing such tension to some benchmark level whereby the organism can feel, at
least, reasonably safe. This quest for safety also necessarily means that the organism
is in a steady-state of an uninterrupted and underlying vigilance or alertness or heed-
fulness. And this consideration of “safety” is the actual end point in any organism’s
quest for survival-assurance.
To this point of survival-assurance, and to jump to the developing Homo sapiens
brain (with respect to the issue of the evolution of cognition), a sustained progression
of survival-needs was developing during evolution in terms of evolving cognitive
sophistication exemplified as a shift of correlational thinking to that of a cause-and-
effect thinking; that is, that correlation was beginning to be seen as not necessarily
congruent with causative thinking—especially to the compelling rational causative
thinking of modernity (Kellerman, 2013, p. 32). In a treatise on the history of cognitive
and logical development of earliest hominins, this author (Kellerman, 2013, p. 21)
discusses the issue of correlational thinking and causative thinking. As stated:

2 Itshould be noted that in the behavioral/emotion theory explicated in this volume, impulses,
instincts, and imperatives, are seen as existing in the substrate of the primary emotions.
8 1 Precursors to the Development …

Tracing it to hunter/gatherer societies and even further back in time, we know that the thinking
brain developed gradually and that at its dawning, it was in high probability a syncretistic
thinking brain — that is, the kind of thinking that conflates correlation with causation and
in fact considers correlation and causation convenient to believe as synonyms, even for all
intents and purposes to be identical. This sort of primitive thinking is characteristic of a search
for meaning as a way to feel better organized, and less fearful. Most of all, such primitive
thinking represents the kind of thinking that always generates the wish for empowerment.

With respect to theory of mind, it was apparently advantageous for individuals to

consider correlation as equivalent to causation meaning that whatever the mind could
grasp in order to increase the sense of safety/survival was good and advantageous—
meaning a way to reduce tension. Again, this discussion and what follows is relevant
to precursors of the unconscious.

Tension-Reducing Cognitive Tools

In a sense, tension-reducing cognitive tools are aspects of two theoretical assump-

tions. First is called the byproduct theory and the second is referred to as the adap-
tational theory. In byproduct theory belief is based upon what Gould and Lewontin
(1979) call a spandrel. The spandrel is something created either externally in the
world as a side-effect of one thing or another, or in the mind or brain, and for
which this ‘one thing or another’ was not originally intended. An example of such a
spandrel is the building of a staircase and then utilizing the empty space under the
staircase as a closet for which it was not originally intended. This same kind of span-
drelian phenomenon is essentially a typical formation of endless brain-spandrelian
side-effects.
In the adaptational theory, belief is based upon primary benefits to the individ-
ual because of possible survival advantages as for example in the case of religious
beliefs—whether true or not—that can assuage terrible life-threatening panics.
With these kinds of cognitive tools and spandrels, early hominins as well as early
Homo sapiens, increased a sense of safety and actually implemented overarching
though not inappropriate measures of validating the world around them: To wit, was
there a predator in the distance, or not, causing those leaves to rustle?
Apparently, what eventually surfaced in this irrepressible evolutionary advance
was an assortment of cognitive tools (thinking tools). Of these cognitive thinking
tools, two major practical thinking options and one metapsychological one became
prominent.
The first of these thinking or practical options can be identified as agent-detection.
The second is identified as causal reasoning, and the metapsychological cognitive
tool is identified as the overall theory of mind. These particular cognitive tools enabled
the individual to gain greater ascendancy with respect to survival.
In agent-detection, the individual assumes a dangerous presence rather than deny-
ing or simply avoiding this possible dangerous presence. Henig’s example (2007)
is of the caveman cited above who sees something move. The caveman, because
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He was gone until nearly ten o’clock, and the time dragged heavily to
Neva’s friends, who remained in their closed sitting-room,
exchanging surmises and doubts, and preparing themselves for an
encounter with Craven Black and Octavia.
Sir Harold put on his greatcoat and turned up his collar, and wound a
gray woolen muffler about the lower part of his face. He was
standing thus disguised, hat in hand, when Ryan came back and
quietly slipped into the room.
“The cab is waiting,” announced the detective. “I have been at Rufus
Black’s heels ever since I left you. When I got back to the
Caledonian, he was just going out in his cab. I rode on top as a
friend of the driver, who was won over to make a friend of me by a
gift of a crown. We drove to the minister’s, and to the sexton’s, and
finally to a jeweller’s, where Black bought a ring. We then went back
to the hotel. And a few minutes ago young Black entered his cab
again, and gave the order ‘to the church.’ I know the church, and we
must get on our way to reach it, if we expect to get there in time to
stop the ceremony.”
Sir Harold and Lord Towyn hurried impetuously out of the room and
down the stairs, and were seated in the cab when Atkins and the
detective reached the street. These two also entered the vehicle,
which rolled swiftly down the street.
A few minutes’ drive brought them to the plain, substantial kirk which
had been chosen by Rufus Black as the scene of his second
marriage to Lally.
The four pursuers leaped from the cab, and hastily entered the
edifice by its half-opened door.
Passing through the dim and chilly vestibule, they pushed open one
of the baize-covered inner doors, which swung noiselessly upon its
well-oiled hinges, and stood within the kirk.
It was a plain church interior, without stained glass or lofty arched
window, with bare walls and ceilings, and with the plainest of
gasoliers; the reading desk of solid oak, beautifully carved, was yet
in keeping with the rugged simplicity of this house of worship. Here
the old Covenanters might have worshiped; and here their
descendants did worship, in all the stern simplicity of the faith in
which they had been trained.
There was no one save the pew-opener in the church at the moment
of the intrusion of Sir Harold Wynde and his companions. The four
passed silently down the long dim aisle, and entered a tall-backed
pew, in which they were nearly hidden from view. Lord Towyn gave
the pew-opener a shilling, and they were left to themselves.
“It doesn’t look like a wedding,” said Sir Harold, shivering in his
greatcoat. “If the bridegroom came on before us, where is he?”
The question was answered by the appearance of Rufus Black and
the minister from the little vestry, in which they had gone to warm
themselves. Rufus wore his ordinary garments, but had bought a
white waistcoat and neck-tie, which gave him a clerical air. He kept
his eyes upon the door with an anxious, uneasy glance.
“He’s afraid she’ll give him the slip, after all,” muttered Ryan.
The green baize-covered door swung open and closed again. Rufus
Black and the occupants of the high-back pew in the corner near the
reading desk alike started, but the arrival was only that of a few
persons who had seen the open church door, and surmised that a
wedding was in progress. They questioned the pew-opener, and
subsided into pews.
Presently a few more curious persons appeared, and took their seats
also.
The occupants of the high-backed pew grew impatient. It was after
ten o’clock, an early hour for a wedding, but the hour Rufus had
himself appointed, in his eager impatience to claim his young wife. A
cold sweat started to the young bridegroom’s face. He began to think
that Lally had thought better of her promise to remarry him, and had
decided to give him up for the worthless, weak, irresolute being he
knew himself to be.
“There’s a hitch somewhere,” said Ryan.
Again the baize-covered door swung open, and four persons came
slowly up the aisle.
It was the bridal party at last.
Rufus Black started forward with an irrepressible eagerness, joy and
relief. Sir Harold Wynde and Lord Towyn, alike pale and agitated,
regarded the approaching party with burning eyes.
First of all came the steward of Heather Hills, with a girlish figure
clinging to his arm. Behind these two came the steward’s wife in gray
silk, and Peters in black silk and crape, but with white ribbons at her
throat, and white lace collar and sleeves.
Sir Harold and the young earl looked at the three strange figures in a
sort of bewilderment. They had expected to see Craven Black and
Octavia. Not seeing them, they fixed their glances upon Lally.
The young wife had laid aside her mourning for her great-aunt upon
this occasion, and wore a dress that Mrs. Wroat had bought for her
upon their memorable shopping expedition immediately after Lally’s
arrival in London.
It was a delicate mauve moire, made with a long train. Over it was
worn an upper dress of filmy tulle, arranged in foam-like puffs over
all its surface. This too formed a trail. The corsage was of puffs of
tulle over the moire, and was made low in the neck and short in the
sleeves. The bride wore a tulle vail, which fell over her face in soft
folds, and was confined to her head by an aigrette of diamonds.
Through the filmy folds of her vail the spectators caught the gleam of
diamonds on her arms and neck and bosom.
The steward conducted his beautiful young charge to the altar, and
bride and bridegroom stood side by side and the minister slowly took
his place.
Lord Towyn made a movement to dash from his seat, but Sir Harold
caught his arm in a stern grip, and compelled him to remain.
At the moment of beholding the bride, a mist had swept over the
young earl’s vision. His brain had seemed to swim. For the instant he
had scarcely doubted, in his excitement, that it was Neva who stood
before him; but as his vision cleared, he knew that this young bride
was not his betrothed wife. He knew it, although he could not see
Lally’s face. He missed the haughty carriage of Neva’s slender
figure, the proud poise of her small, noble head, the swaying grace
of her movements. This young bride was not so tall as Neva, and
had not Neva’s dainty imperial grace.
“It’s not Neva!” he whispered excitedly. “That is Rufus Black, sure
enough, but the lady is not Neva.”
“You can’t see her face,” said Atkins. “I think it is Miss Wynde.”
At this moment the bride with a sweep of her hand, threw back her
vail. As her bright, dark face, so like a gipsy’s and with a glow of
happiness upon it, met the gaze of the spectators, Sir Harold stifled
a groan.
Lord Towyn stared at the pretty brown face, with its fluctuating color,
and the softly melting black eyes, and a dead pallor covered his
face.
If this young girl was the chosen bride of Rufus Black, where was
Neva? Why had Rufus given her up? The wildest fears for her life
and safety possessed him.
The marriage went on. The four pursuers who had come to interrupt
the proceedings sat in their high-backed pew as if utterly stupefied.
What objection could they raise to the marriage of Rufus Black to a
stranger who came to the church escorted by her friends? Why
should they object to such a marriage? They heard the questions
and answers as in a trance. The name of Lalla Bird sounded
strangely upon their ears. And when the minister said, “I now
pronounce you man and wife, and whom God has joined together let
not man put asunder,” Sir Harold Wynde and the young earl looked
at each other with terrified, inquiring eyes, that asked the question
that filled their souls alike: Where was Neva?
After the prayer that followed the ceremony, the minister went into
the vestry, followed by the newly married pair, the steward and his
wife, and good Mrs. Peters.
The casual spectators of the wedding stole silently out of the church.
“Well, I’ve come up here on a fool’s errand,” muttered Ryan, in a
tone of chagrin.
“Perhaps not,” said Lord Towyn. “Rufus may be able to give us some
clue to his father’s whereabouts, if we approach him judiciously. I am
going into the vestry to see him.”
“And I too,” said the baronet, rising.
The young earl led the way from their pew to the vestry, Sir Harold at
his side, and Mr. Atkins and Ryan behind them.
The bride, all blushes and smiles, was writing her name in the
marriage register, when the young earl and his companions entered
the small room. Rufus Black had just signed it, and was putting on
his gloves. He gave a great start as he recognized Lord Towyn and
Atkins, and stared beyond them with an unmistakable terror, as if he
expected to behold the cynical sneering face and angry eyes of his
father looming up behind the intruders.
“You here, my lord?” he faltered.
“Yes, Rufus,” said the young earl, holding out his hand. “We
happened to be at Inverness and have been witnesses to your
marriage. Permit us to congratulate you.”
Rufus drew a long breath of relief and shook the earl’s hand heartily.
“I thought—I thought—” he began, confused and hesitating—“I was
afraid— But never mind. It’s odd your being up here, my lord. How
do you do, Atkins? Lally,” and Rufus turned to his young wife, who
was looking curiously at the new-comers, “here are some friends of
mine, up from Kent. Lord Towyn, Lally, and Mr. Atkins of Canterbury.”
Lally blushed and acknowledged the introduction gracefully.
“Can we see you in the church a moment, Mr. Black?” asked Lord
Towyn.
Rufus consented, with that look of fear again in his eyes. He
apologized for a moment’s absence to his bride and her friends, who
were now signing their names to the register, and accompanied his
pursuers back into the church. His face brightened when he found
that his father was not in waiting for him in the church.
“You have a pretty young bride, Rufus,” said the young earl
pleasantly. “We have followed you up from Kent, with the idea that
you were on your way to Miss Wynde. It was in this way we
happened to be at your wedding. Is Mrs. Rufus Black a recent
acquaintance?”
Rufus hesitated, with a quick glance at Sir Harold’s muffled face and
figure. Then he said bravely, resolving to act upon his new principles
of straightforwardness and courage:
“It is an odd story, Lord Towyn. I have been married before to my
wife to whom I was married this morning. My father separated me
from her and I read in a London paper that she was dead. I
discovered my mistake the other day in London. I met her in a
picture-shop. She came off to Scotland that night, and I found her
yesterday. She is an heiress now, my lord, but the same true and
loving wife she used to be. I was desperate at her loss; I was half
mad, I think, when I asked Miss Wynde to marry me. I never loved
any one but my own wife, and I beg you to say to Miss Wynde for
me, that I send my best wishes for her happiness, and I should be
glad to witness her marriage with you, my lord.”
“Thank you, Rufus. But where is Miss Wynde?”
A look of genuine surprise appeared in Rufus Black’s eyes.
“Why, she is at Wynde Heights, with my father and her step-mother,”
he answered.
“She is not there. They have not been there. They have conveyed
her to some lonely place, where they hope to subdue her into
consenting to marry you,” said Lord Towyn. “Can you give us no clue
to their whereabouts?”
“None whatever, my lord. My father said they were going to Wynde
Heights, and ordered me to hold myself in readiness to come to him
at a moment’s warning. I have not heard from him since he left
Hawkhurst. I am now of age, and have flung off my father’s authority
forever. I know no more than you do, my lord, where my father can
have gone. But one thing is sure. When he sees the announcement
of my marriage in the Times, he’ll give up the game, and bring Miss
Wynde back to her home.”
“He may not dare to do that,” said Atkins. “He has carried matters
with too high a hand, and has gone too far to make an easy retreat.
Has your father any property, Mr. Black?”
“About three hundred a year,” said Rufus. “His wife is rich.”
“I mean, does he own any real estate?”
Rufus smiled, shook his head, and hesitated.
“I don’t know,” he said doubtfully. “I believe he does own a small
estate somewhere, but it never brought him in a penny. It is barren,
unproductive, and out of the world.”
“The very place to which he would have gone!” cried Atkins. “Where
is it?”
“I don’t know,” confessed Rufus. “You see my father never talked of
his affairs to me. In fact, I never lived with him. I was always at
school, and we were more like strangers, or master and serf, than
like father and son. His property may be in Wales, and it may be
elsewhere. I believe there are mountains near it or around it, but I
am not sure. Indeed, my lord, almost any one who ever knew my
father can tell you more about his affairs than I can.”
Rufus spoke with a plain sincerity that convinced his hearers of his
truthfulness.
“We have had our journey to Scotland for nothing,” said Atkins.
Ryan looked crestfallen.
“We will detain you no longer, Rufus,” said Lord Towyn, a shadow
darkening his fair and noble face. “Make our excuses to your bride
for taking you from her so soon after your marriage, and accept our
best wishes for your future prosperity and happiness. And now good-
morning.”
With an exchange of courtesies and friendly greetings the party
broke up, Rufus Black returning to his young wife and her wondering
friends, to make all necessary apologies for his absence from them,
and Lord Towyn and his companions making their way into the
street.
“What are we to do now?” demanded the young earl, as they paused
at the open door of the cab.
Sir Harold looked at his daughter’s lover with haggard eyes.
“I am worn out with excitement and fatigue,” said the baronet, in a
low, weary voice. “I will go back to the hotel and lie down. I must not
become worn out. Heaven knows I shall need all my strength.”
“And you, Atkins?” said Lord Towyn.
“I shall try to catch a nap also,” said the solicitor gloomily. “I’m tired
too. I can’t stand it to go banging back to Kent by the first south-
bound train.”
“And you, Ryan?” asked the earl.
“I don’t know,” said the detective. “I want to think over what has
happened, and see if I can get any new ideas.”
He raised his hat, and walked away.
“I’ll take a stroll about the town, Sir Harold,” said the earl. “I feel
strangely restless, and not at all sleepy. I slept very well last night on
the train—as well as I have slept since Neva disappeared. I’ll meet
you and Atkins in our sitting-room at the Railway Hotel by four
o’clock.”
Sir Harold and Atkins entered the cab, and were driven to their hotel.
The young earl watched the cab until it disappeared from sight, and
then he walked down the street, idly taking his way toward the river.
The wind blew strong and fiercely—a very winter wind, as cold and
keen as if it blew directly from the North pole, and having
suggestions of icebergs in it. The young earl shivered, and drew up
his coat collar.
“Pretty weather for this season,” he muttered. “The gale of night
before last has not quite blown itself out, and is giving us a few
parting puffs.”
He walked down to the wharves and stood by the water’s edge, his
hat pulled over his fair brows to keep it on, his hands in his pockets,
the very picture of a careless saunterer, but a great wave of despair
was surging in his heart.
“My poor Neva!” he said to himself. “Where is she this wild day?
Does she begin to think I am never coming to rescue her?”
His wild glances, straying over the boats in the river, settled at that
instant upon a graceful yacht just coming to anchor. He could read
on her stern her name—The Arrow. He watched her idly for a long
time. He saw a boat lowered from her deck, and two sailors descend
into it. A gentleman in greatcoat and tall silk hat followed them, and
was rowed toward the shore.
The young earl started, his blue eyes flaming. Something in the
attitude and carriage of the gentleman excited his keenest scrutiny.
As the boat came nearer, and the faces of its occupants were
revealed more plainly, a strange cry sprang to Lord Towyn’s lips. He
had recognized in the tall stranger gentleman his own and Neva’s
enemy—Craven Black!
 CHAPTER XXI.
TROUBLE AHEAD FOR THE PLOTTERS.

It was a strange fatality that had brought Craven Black to Inverness

at the very time when his enemies were there, engaged in a search
for him.
The cold weather had set in early in his Highland retreat, and already
a foretaste of winter reigned in the Wilderness. Octavia’s cold had
settled upon her lungs, and she coughed dismally, and in a way that
made Artress tremble lest the wealth upon which they all counted
and Octavia’s life should die out together. Medicine was needed
imperatively, and so were all manner of winter supplies: and it was
for these things Craven Black had ventured from his stronghold like
some beast of prey, and when he should have obtained them he
intended to return to the Wilderness, and there wait patiently until
Neva should yield to his infamous demands that she should wed his
son.
He sprang nimbly from the boat on reaching the wharf, and taking
the cigar from his mouth, said, in a voice loud enough to convey his
words to the ears of Lord Towyn, whom he had not even seen:
“I am going up among the shops, boys, to make my purchases. I
shall go nowhere except to the shops, for I don’t want to incur any
risks. Be guarded, and say nothing to any one about your business
or employer. I sha’n’t go aboard under two or three hours, and you
can spend the time in some gin-shop. Here’s a crown to divide
between you, but don’t get drunk. Remember, we must get all our
stores aboard early and be off at daybreak in the morning. Be back
at the boat here in a couple of hours.”
The men assented and took the money given them, hurrying away.
Craven Black walked in an opposite direction, and was soon lost to
view.
Lord Towyn turned his gaze on the yacht. He saw that a man had
been left in charge of the yacht, for the captain stood on the deck
smoking a pipe.
A waterman was rowing along the river near the wharves, and Lord
Towyn signalled him. He came up swiftly to the edge of the wharf
upon which the young earl stood, and doffed his tarpaulin.
“Row me out to the yacht yonder,” said Lord Towyn, springing into
the boat. “I’ll board her on the further side.”
He sat down and the waterman pulled lustily out into the stream. In a
very brief space of time the boat had crept into the shadow of the
yacht on its further side, and the young earl climbed lightly to the
deck.
The captain approached him, scowling.
“Hallo, you there; what do you want?” he demanded gruffly. “This
here’s a private yacht, sir.”
“So I supposed,” said his lordship coolly. “It belongs to Mr. Craven
Black, doesn’t it?”
The pipe fell from the captain’s hands. He changed color.
“I don’t know as it makes no difference who it belongs to,” he said
blustering. “I work for pay, and it makes no difference to nobody who
I work for. Get out of this, young man!”
“Come, come,” said Lord Towyn sternly, his blue eyes blazing with a
light that terrified the captain. “None of your bluff, fellow. It won’t work
with me. I know with whom I am dealing. You are the servant of
Craven Black, and what have you to urge against my having you
indicted with him for the abduction of Miss Wynde?”
The captain fairly gasped for breath. He looked helplessly toward the
shore.
“I haven’t done nothing,” he muttered presently, quailing under the
steady, fixed and stern gaze of the earl’s blue eyes. “I’ve hired as
cap’n, and I am cap’n; but that’s all. On my soul, I an’t no party to no
abduction.”
“Your past character will be examined to throw light upon your
present motives and doings,” said the earl, with a telling random
shot.
The captain winced and quavered.
“Now see here, my man,” said Lord Towyn, following up his
advantage. “If you have done anything wrong in the past, it will be
like a leaden weight to drag you down when the officers of the law
arrest you for assisting in the abduction of Miss Wynde. It makes no
difference to you whom I am. Your game is up. The officers of the
law have accompanied us up from London. There are four of us in all
upon the trail of Craven Black. Refuse to do as I tell you, and I’ll call
yonder policeman on the wharf and give you up on the charge of
abducting a lady of rank and fortune.”
“What do you want of me?” the captain asked falteringly. “I haven’t
had my pay from Mr. Black, and he’ll kill me if I betray him.”
“He need not know that you have betrayed him,” said our hero. “You
need not leave this vessel. All that you have to do to secure your
safety is this: Tell me exactly the whereabouts of Miss Wynde, and
her friends will follow the yacht at a safe distance, quite out of sight
from your deck, and you can remain on board and collect your pay of
Mr. Black. He need not suspect that you have betrayed him.”
“And what will I gain by betraying him?”
“Your freedom from arrest. You see the policeman still stands on the
wharf? So sure as you refuse to speak, and speak quickly, I’ll call
him!”
Lord Towyn meant what he said, and the captain comprehended the
fact. He saw that Craven Black had been caught in a trap, and with
the usual instinct of villainy, he resolved to save himself from the
general ruin.
“You swear that I shall be protected if I tell the truth?” he asked.
“I do.”
“I suppose it’s penal servitude for abducting a young lady,” said the
captain. “Jack said so last night. Blamed if I haven’t been sick of the
job, anyhow. I don’t mind a mutiny at sea, when there’s cause, but I
can’t relish making war on a helpless girl, and I haven’t from the
first.”
“Come to the point. Where is Miss Wynde?”
“At a place up in the mountains owned by Mr. Black, and called the
Wilderness.”
“Miss Wynde is there, and Mrs. Craven Black?”
“Yes; and the servants, and Mrs. Artress.”
“How far from here is the Wilderness?”
“About twenty miles, if you could go direct, which you can’t. It’s forty
miles by water. You know Cromarty Frith, up in Ross—and—
Cromarty?”
Lord Towyn assented.
“You go about half-way up the Frith and turn into a river that leads up
among the mountains. The stream grows narrower as you ascend,
but the water remains deep, and at last your boat fetches into a
small loch lying at the foot of the mountains and surrounded by
them. A steep mountain rises right before you. Half-way up its side
lies a wide ledge, and on that the house is built. It’s a wild-looking
spot, sir, and a dreary one. It’s mighty cold up there, and I haven’t
relished the prospect of spending the winter there, not by no means.”
The earl asked several questions, to make himself conversant with
the route, and also to make sure that the man was not lying to him.
Assured on this point, he said:
“Craven Black intends to return home in the morning. He must not
suspect that you have betrayed him. Keep the secret, and we will do
so.”
The captain’s look of fear showed conclusively that he would be
careful not to allow his employer to suspect his treachery.
After a few further words, Lord Towyn re-entered his boat and
returned to the shore.
“Anything more, sir?” asked the waterman, as the boat ground
against the wharf.
“Nothing more—unless,” added the earl, with a sudden thought, “you
could direct me to a small vessel, a fast sailer, that I could hire for a
day or two. I should want a couple of men to take charge of her.”
“I don’t know of any such boat,” said the waterman, scratching his
head. “And yet The Lucky might suit you, sir, though it isn’t a
gentleman’s boat. She’s built for a fishing vessel, is brand-new, and
had a trial sail the day afore the gale, when she went like a bird.”
“I’d like to see her. Take me out to her.”
The Lucky lay out in the stream, half a mile further inland. Lord
Towyn rowed out to her, and found her joint-owners, two brothers, on
board. He went over the vessel, and found it new and clean, and in
fine order. The owners were willing to let the little craft with their
services, and the young earl hired it for a week, paying in advance
twice the sum the thrifty Scotsmen demanded for it.
“She must be provisioned immediately,” said Lord Towyn. “Her
destination is a secret, which I will tell you in the morning. I have
three friends who will make the excursion with me. We shall want
blankets, and all kinds of cooked meats and stores. We must leave
Inverness at day-break. Come ashore with me, one of you, and I will
select the stores we are likely to need.”
One of the brothers accompanied the earl ashore, and conducted
him to various shops, Lord Towyn keeping a keen look-out for
Craven Black, in order to avoid him.
Blankets and mattresses and bed linen were sent down to The
Lucky; various kinds of cooked meats, including rounds of roast
beef, roasted chickens, meat puddings, ham and veal pies, smoked
salmon and boiled ham, were packed in hampers and sent aboard;
and Lord Towyn added baskets of fruits, both dried and fresh, and
jams and confitures of every sort in abundance, besides boxes of
biscuits of every description.
“It looks like a v’y’ge to Ingy,” said Macdonald, the one of the two
brothers who had accompanied Lord Towyn ashore, contemplating
the array of stores with kindling eyes. “We can provision a ship’s
crew to Australy.”
“Whatever is left, you will be welcome to,” said the earl, smiling.
The young lord saw his new purchases deposited on board The
Lucky, and himself attended to the arrangement of the little cabin,
and then paying his waterman liberally, he returned to his hotel.
The day had passed swiftly, and he found that it was nearly five
o’clock of the short afternoon, and the street lamps were lighted,
when he entered his hotel and went up stairs, two steps at a time, to
his sitting-room.
 CHAPTER XXII.
THE FINAL MOVE IMPENDING.

The young Lord Towyn came into his sitting-room and the presence
of his friends like a sunny south breeze, all hopefulness and
gladness. He found Sir Harold walking the floor, his head bowed
upon his breast, his face ghastly pale, his eyes haggard, his mind
bordering upon distraction. The father’s anxieties concerning his
missing daughter was almost more than the overstrung brain and
tortured heart could bear.
Mr. Atkins stood at the window, sullenly despairing.
Ryan, completely at his wit’s end, sat before the blazing fire in a
crouching attitude, and with crestfallen visage.
Sir Harold, Atkins and Ryan turned, as by one impulse, toward the
young earl, as he bounded lightly into the room. Their eyes
expressed their wonder at the change a few hours had wrought in
him.
“You look like incarnate sunshine, Arthur,” said the baronet sadly.
“Ah, the elastic spirit of youth!”
The young lord laughed joyously, his fair face aglow with the
gladness that filled his being. He took off his greatcoat and hat, great
drops of sleet or rain falling from it, and shook himself, as he said:
“There’s a mist beginning to fall. We shall have a wet day to-
morrow.”
Sir Harold looked more keenly at the young earl, and a sudden
excitement possessed him.
“What has happened, Arthur?” he demanded. “You have news of
Neva?”
The glad smiles rippled like waves of sunlight over the young lord’s
mouth, and a joyous light danced in his blue eyes.
“Yes,” he said, “I have news of Neva.”
In an instant, Sir Harold, Atkins and Ryan crowded around our hero,
all eagerness and excitement.
“Is she here, at Inverness?” cried Atkins. “Have you seen her?”
“No; she is hidden among the Highlands, up in Ross and Cromarty.
She is safe and well.”
“But how do you know it?” demanded Ryan, full of professional zeal
and jealousy at once.
Lord Towyn took in his own the right hand of Sir Harold and pressed
it, as he answered gravely:
“I have seen Craven Black!”
A series of exclamations burst from the earl’s hearers. Sir Harold
Wynde trembled like a leaf, and turned his back upon the keen-eyed
detective.
“Black is here?” ejaculated Ryan, all thoughts of “the mysterious Mr.
Hunlow” lost in his sudden amazement. “Then our trip to Scotland
was not a wild-goose chase, after all? Tell me where he is, my lord;”
and Ryan took a step toward the door.
“Leave the management of the affair to me for the present, Ryan,”
said Lord Towyn. “You have placed us on the right track, and you
shall have all the credit for doing so, but we want no arrests, no
noise, no scandal. The matter must be hushed up for family reasons.
No whisper must go forth to the world of the wickedness of Lady
Wynde. The failure of the conspirators must be their punishment.”
“Yes, yes,” said Sir Harold. “The earl is right. There must be no
scandal.”
The detective shot a keen glance at the baronet, whose back was
still toward him.
“I have discovered,” continued Lord Towyn, “that Craven Black has
an old house up in the Highlands, and that he has Neva there in
close imprisonment. Neva has all the courage for which we gave her
credit, and holds out stoutly against her enemies. Black apprehends
a long stay in the Highlands while reducing her to subjection, and
has come to Inverness to-day for winter stores. His yacht lies in the
river, and he will be off at daybreak.”
“What are we to do?” exclaimed Atkins. “He will escape us. It will be
necessary to arrest him.”
“I have made all the preparations for pursuit,” replied our hero. “I
have a sloop, provisioned and ready, in which we will follow the
yacht. We will dine here, and at a late hour this evening we will go
aboard our vessel. We must be off in the morning, soon after the
yacht.”
Sir Harold plied the earl with questions, and the latter told the tale of
his day’s adventures at full length.
At six o’clock, dinner was served in their sitting-room. After dinner
they talked for hours, and at ten o’clock that evening they quitted
their hotel and went down to the wharf.
A fine mist was falling. The river was shrouded in darkness, but
watery gleams of light came from the yacht and the other vessels
lying in the river. The wind was still strong and free, blowing in fitful
gusts.
The party had hardly come to a halt upon the wharf, when a small
boat manned by two rowers shot out of the gloom, and ran along-
side the landing-place.
“Is it you, Macdonald?” asked the young earl, bending forward and
straining his eyes through the darkness.
“Aye, aye, sir. Is it you, my lord!” said Macdonald, in a loud whisper,
rising in the boat.
“You are on time,” said Lord Towyn. “The clock is striking the hour at
this moment.”
The earl assisted Sir Harold into the boat, and sprang in after him.
Atkins and Ryan followed, and the boat shot out again into the
stream. A vigorous row of several minutes on the part of the brothers
Macdonald, brought the party alongside The Lucky, and they
climbed to her deck. The boat was drawn up and secured to the
davits.
The young earl led the way out of the wet and gloom down into the
cabin. There was no fire here, but a lantern hung from the ceiling,
shedding a bright light upon the table and the bench around it. The
air was chilly, and the small cabin, despite its snugness, had the
comfortless appearance usual to a ship’s cabin.
“It’s cold here,” said the elder Macdonald, the captain of the sloop.
“I’ll just mix you a punch. There’s nothing like a good punch to keep
the rheumatiz out of one’s bones.”
He brought from the pantry a spirit lamp, which he lighted. Over this,
upon a light frame-work, he placed a tea-kettle. Then he brought out
an immense bowl and ladle, a netted bag full of lemons, a tin can of
sugar, various spices, and a jug of Scotch whisky. When the water in
the tea-kettle boiled, he rolled up his sleeves and set to work,
concocting a punch which proved a success. The four passengers,
as well as the two Macdonalds, did full justice to the warming
beverage.
About eleven o’clock Sir Harold Wynde was persuaded to retire to a
state-room and berth, but he did not sleep. A host of anxieties
pressed upon him, and he tossed for hours on his hard bed, the prey
of a torturing anguish.
Atkins and Ryan went to bed, and to sleep.
Lord Towyn went out upon the deck, and walked to and fro with
Macdonald, whom he found to be a shrewd, kindly Scotsman, and
he told him enough concerning the misdeeds of Craven Black, and
the abduction of Miss Wynde, to interest him personally in the
restoration of Neva to her friends.
“We must keep an eye upon the yacht all night,” said the earl. “She
may creep out in the darkness, and if she attempts that, we will
creep after. I know the route she will take, but I prefer to arrive at the
inland loch not an hour behind her.”
“I will keep watch,” said Macdonald. “You ought to get a little sleep,
my lord.”
“I cannot sleep,” answered Lord Towyn, more to himself than to his
new ally. “My veins seem full of quicksilver to-night, rather than full of
blood. So near to her—so near!”
He paced the deck alone in the mist and the darkness. Around him
the watery gleams of light flickered upon the river, and from the
wharves other watery gleams strayed, looking like reflections of the
first. The bells rang the hours with muffled clangor. A strange
ghostliness fell upon the dark river and the sleeping city.
All through the night Lord Towyn continued his weary tramping to
and fro upon the deck. One of the Macdonalds shared his vigil; the
other slept.
The Arrow lay quietly at her moorings throughout the night, but at
daybreak signs of activity were seen upon her deck. The morning
had not fairly dawned when the yacht slipped out of the stream,
heading toward Moray Frith.
The breeze was favorable to her progress, without being astern, and
she bowled away at a fine rate of speed. The young earl, looking
through a sea glass, could distinguish four figures upon the deck of
The Arrow, and one of these he recognized as that of Craven Black.
“Shall we shake out the sails, my lord?” asked the elder Macdonald.
“The yacht goes well, but I fancy we might show her the heels of The
Lucky in a fair race. We can keep her in sight the whole distance.”
“That won’t do, Macdonald. Black must not suspect he’s followed.
This mist is like a vail, and will conceal us if we keep at a reasonable
distance behind. Let him get half way to Fort George, and then we
will start.”
In good time, when The Arrow had made about the distance
indicated as desirable, The Lucky slipped from her moorings, and
shaking out her sails as a bird shakes its wings, she flew onward
over the waters in pursuit.
The sloop was half-way to the fort, and the yacht was out of sight,
when the baronet, fully dressed, and showing by his haggard face
that he had not slept during the night, came out upon the deck.