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The Internet of Toys

studies in childhood and youth

Practices, Affordances and the Political
Economy of Children’s Smart Play

Edited by Giovanna Mascheroni

and Donell Holloway
Studies in Childhood and Youth

Series Editors
Afua Twum-Danso Imoh
University of Sheffield
Sheffield, UK

Nigel Thomas
University of Central Lancashire
Preston, UK

Spyros Spyrou
European University Cyprus
Nicosia, Cyprus

Penny Curtis
University of Sheffield
Sheffield, UK
This well-established series embraces global and multi-disciplinary
scholarship on childhood and youth as social, historical, cultural and
material phenomena. With the rapid expansion of childhood and youth
studies in recent decades, the series encourages diverse and emerging
theoretical and methodological approaches. We welcome proposals
which explore the diversities and complexities of children’s and young
people’s lives and which address gaps in the current literature relating to
childhoods and youth in space, place and time.
Studies in Childhood and Youth will be of interest to students and
scholars in a range of areas, including Childhood Studies, Youth
­
Studies, Sociology, Anthropology, Geography, Politics, Psychology,
Education, Health, Social Work and Social Policy.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14474
Giovanna Mascheroni · Donell Holloway
Editors

The Internet of Toys

Practices, Affordances
and the Political Economy
of Children’s Smart Play
Editors
Giovanna Mascheroni Donell Holloway
Department of Communication School of Arts and Humanities
Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Edith Cowan University
Milan, Italy Mount Lawley, WA, Australia

Studies in Childhood and Youth

ISBN 978-3-030-10897-7 ISBN 978-3-030-10898-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10898-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018965777

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by
similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein
or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover image: © Ociacia/Getty

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Preface and Acknowledgements

This book brings together diverse contributions on Internet connected

toys from leading scholars in the field of children and media studies.
The Internet of Toys is only the latest technological innovation aimed
at children and an emerging application of the Internet of Things. It
embodies a number of technological and sociocultural developments—
the robotification of childhood, datafication and dataveillance, and the
emergence of connected and hybrid play practices—that render it an
excellent point of departure for those interested in understanding, more
broadly, how children’s lives, and their futures, are transforming. We are
deeply grateful to the authors of the following chapters for providing
innovative and thought-provoking research that helps the readers situate
the Internet of Toys against the background of such broader sociocul-
tural and media changes. Without their enthusiasm and commitment,
this book would have not been possible.
Our interest in how digital media are embedded in children’s every-
day lives originated as members of the EU Kids Online network. In
over ten years of EU Kids Online research, we became fully commit-
ted to going beyond media panics and researching media from the
viewpoint of children and their families. While the Internet and digital

v
vi   Preface and Acknowledgements

media are undoubtedly an integral and pervasive component of chil-

dren’s everyday lives, we believe in the need for research that accounts
for the varied ways in which children and their families face the chal-
lenges that digital media pose, and adapt and reinvent technologies
so as to fit their everyday lives. A meaningful experience for the both
of us was the comparative qualitative research into young (0–8) chil-
dren’s use of technology at home coordinated by the Joint Research
Centre. More recently, the inspiration to direct our attention towards
the Internet of Toys and Things for young children came from our par-
ticipation in the COST Action IS1410, the digital literacy and multi-
modal practices of young children (DigiLitEY)—which also supported
this publication. Therefore, we are deeply grateful to our EU Kids
Online and DigiLitEY colleagues for helpful discussions and inspiration
along the way, and especially to Stéphane Chaudron, Ola Erstad, Rosie
Flewitt, Lelia Green, Leslie Haddon, Uwe Hasebrink, Claudia Lampert,
Sonia Livingstone, Jackie Marsh, Tijana Milosevic, Kjartan Olafsson,
Ingrid Paus-Hasebrink, Julian Sefton-Green, David Smahel, Elisabeth
Staksrud, Anca Velicu, Dylan Yamada-Rice and Bieke Zaman. A special
thank goes also to Nick Couldry and Andreas Hepp who inspired the
theoretical backbone of our understanding of IoToys as media.
We are also grateful to the various opportunities we had to present
and discuss our ideas, namely the Internet of Toys panel organised at
the DigiLitEY meeting in Prague in November 2016; the two sessions
we organised with DigiLitEY colleagues at the Cyberspace Conference
in Brno in November 2017; and finally, the panel at the ICA 2018
Conference in Prague.
We are deeply grateful to our partners, Massimiliano Giacomello and
David Holloway, for their love, patience and support.
Finally, a particular inspiration for both of us comes from children,
first and foremost those in our families: we want to dedicate this book
to Aiden, Angus, Clara and Patrick. We would also like to thank Archie,
Laika and Scout, our non-human companions.

Milan, Italy Giovanna Mascheroni

Fremantle, Australia Donell Holloway
August 2018
 Contents

1 Introducing the Internet of Toys 1

Giovanna Mascheroni and Donell Holloway

Part I New Toys, New Play, New Childhood?

2 Asking Today the Crucial Questions of Tomorrow:

Social Robots and the Internet of Toys 25
Jochen Peter, Rinaldo Kühne, Alex Barco,
Chiara de Jong and Caroline L. van Straten

3 The Uncanny Valley Revisited: Play with the Internet

of Toys 47
Jackie Marsh

4 Toying with the Singularity: AI, Automata and

Imagination in Play with Robots and Virtual Pets 67
Seth Giddings

vii
viii   Contents

5 Postdigitality in Children’s Crossmedia Play:

A Case Study of Nintendo’s Amiibo Figurines 89
Bjorn Nansen, Benjamin Nicoll and Thomas Apperley

Part II Domesticating the Internet of Toys: Practices

and Contexts

6 The Domestication of Smart Toys: Perceptions

and Practices of Young Children and Their Parents 111
Rita Brito, Patrícia Dias and Gabriela Oliveira

7 An Ecological Exploration of the Internet of Toys

in Early Childhood Everyday Life 135
Lorna Arnott, Ioanna Palaiologou and Colette Gray

8 Persuasive Toy Friends and Preschoolers: Playtesting

IoToys 159
Katriina Heljakka and Pirita Ihamäki

Part III Design and Research Methodologies

9 Designing the Internet of Toys for and with Children:

A Participatory Design Case Study 181
Maarten Van Mechelen, Bieke Zaman, Lizzy Bleumers
and Ilse Mariën

10 Including Children in the Design of the Internet of Toys 205

Dylan Yamada-Rice

11 Testing Internet of Toys Designs to Improve Privacy

and Security 223
Stéphane Chaudron, Dimitrios Geneiatakis,
Ioannis Kounelis and Rosanna Di Gioia
 Contents   ix

12 Video Methods: Researching Sociomaterial Points-

of-View in Children’s Play Practices with IoToys 241
Thomas Enemark Lundtofte and Stine Liv Johansen

13 Hybrid Methods for Hybrid Play: A Research Toolkit 265

Giovanna Mascheroni and Donell Holloway

Part IV The Political Economy of IoToys

14 The Internet of Toys: Playing Games with Children’s

Data? 285
Ingrida Milkaite and Eva Lievens

15 Covert Advertising on IoToys 307

Esther Martínez Pastor and Patricia Núñez

16 The Industry of Smart Toys: Cultural Implications

from the Political Economy 327
Vilmantė Liubinienė and Ana Jorge

17 Concluding the Internet of Toys 347

Giovanna Mascheroni and Donell Holloway

Index 363
 Notes on Contributors

Thomas Apperley (Ph.D.) is a researcher and educator that s­pecialises

in digital games and other playful technologies. Tom is a University
Researcher at the Centre of Excellence in Game Culture Studies at
Tampere University.
Lorna Arnott is a Lecturer in the University of Strathclyde, UK.
Lorna’s main area of interest is in children’s early experiences with
technologies, particularly in relation to social and creative play. She
also has a keen interest in research methodologies, with a special-
ist focus on consulting with children. Lorna is the convener for the
Digital Childhoods Special Interest Group as part of the European
Early Childhood Educational Research Association and is the Editorial
Assistant for the International Journal of Early Years Education.
Alex Barco (Ph.D., 2017, La Salle—Ramon Llull University) is a
postdoctoral researcher in the Amsterdam School of Communication
Research (ASCoR) at the University of Amsterdam. His interests are
on how social robots can have an impact in education for children with
and without disabilities.

xi
xii   Notes on Contributors

Lizzy Bleumers is a senior researcher at imec-SMIT, Vrije Universiteit

Brussel. She has mainly conducted user research related to gaming, play,
learning and participatory practice. To do so, she combines human-centred
design research methods with living lab testing. Lizzy loves organising events
that bring academia closer to the public, like the Ludic City Lectures on
gameplay in an urban setting together with DiGRA Flanders and, currently,
master classes for city representatives on research and developments in the
smart cities domain.
Rita Brito is an Invited Assistant Professor in Lisbon College of
Education, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, in Early Childhood
Education Masters. She holds a degree in Early Childhood Education,
a Ph.D. in Educational Technology and a postdoctoral research on the
use of technologies by families and children up to 6 years old. Rita is
a researcher at UIDEF—Institute of Education, University of Lisbon.
Rita’s research focuses on digital educational technology, children under
6 years old, Early Childhood Educators and Primary teachers training.
She has published several journal and book articles in international jour-
nals and books. Rita is the author of http://www.Familia.com (2017).
Stéphane Chaudron works on research projects dedicated to
Empowering Children Rights and Safety in emerging ICT at the Joint
Research Centre of the European Commission. Her background is
in Social Geography and Science Pedagogy. She has been for years in
charge of the coordination of large European Research Networks ded-
icated to e-safety, New media education, Standardization and Science
Teaching Education (UCLouvain, Imperial College London, European
Schoolnet). She has been in charge of the coordination of EC’s research
project “Young Children (0–8) and Digital Technology” since 2014.
Recently she has undertaken research on security and safety considera-
tions of the Internet of Toys and explores the effect of the digital trans-
formation on the concept of Identity, on the way users manage (or not)
their personal data.
Chiara de Jong (M.A., 2017, Tilburg University) is a Ph.D. candidate
at the Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR) at the
University of Amsterdam. She investigates children’s interaction with
social robots and in particular children’s acceptance of robots.
 Notes on Contributors   xiii

Rosanna Di Gioia is a researcher in the JRC Cyber and Digital

Citizens’ Security Unit. Her background is in Social Psychology and
she has earned a master degree in Cognitive Processes and Technology
from International Telematics University Uninettuno with a focus on
Media Education, Social Cognition and Cyber-Risk Propensity and
Assessment. In the past five years, she has been involved in projects
on cyber-security, cyber-bullying and Empowering Citizens’ Rights
in emerging ICT. Her research interests include Privacy and Data
Protection practices together with Digital Play. She is currently coor-
dinating the development and dissemination of an edutainment in
the format of a storytelling game introducing Data Protection Rights
to (young) citizens. Previously, she contributed to development of the
Happy Onlife toolkit raising awareness on Internet risks and opportuni-
ties. Currently, she is involved in projects exploring the digital transfor-
mation impact of the Internet of Toys and the Blockchain technologies
in Energy Communities.
Patrícia Dias is Assistant Professor of the Faculty of Human Sciences
and researcher at the Research Centre for Communication and Culture
Studies at the Catholic University of Portugal. Holding a Ph.D. in
Communication Sciences, her research interests are digital media,
young children, mobile communication, marketing and public rela-
tions. She is author of Living in the Digital Society (2014) and The
Mobile Phone and Daily Life (2008).
Dimitrios Geneiatakis holds a Ph.D. in the field of Information and
Communication Systems Security from the Department of Information
and Communications Systems Engineering of the University of Aegean,
Greece. He has participated in various research projects in the area of
information systems security. His current research interests are in the
areas of security mechanisms in Internet telephony, Internet of Things,
intrusion detection systems, network security and lately in software
security. He is an author for more than fifty refereed papers in inter-
national scientific journals and conference proceedings. Currently, he
is a scientific project officer within Joint Research Centre of European
Commission. Previously, he was a lecturer at the Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering of the Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, Greece.
xiv   Notes on Contributors

Seth Giddings (Ph.D.) is Associate Professor Digital Culture

and Design within Winchester School of Art at the University of
Southampton. Seth is a media and cultural theorist, and occasional
media artist. Seth has published widely on new media, video games and
play culture, and media theory. Recent research has centred on etholo-
gies of the design of playful technologies, from mobile games to robots
to playground swings.
Colette Gray is a Principal Lecturer in Early Childhood Studies at
Stranmillis University College, Queen’s University Belfast. Editor of the
International Journal of Early Years Education, she continues to develop
her research interests in the field of participatory research which children
and marginalised groups, the impact of special needs on children’s learn-
ing, and the ethical implications of research involving vulnerable groups.
Katriina Heljakka (Doctor of Arts, visual culture, M.A. Art History,
M.Sc. Economics) is a toy researcher who holds a postdoctoral posi-
tion at University of Turku (digital culture studies) and continues her
research on toys, toy fandom and the visual, material, digital and social
cultures of play in the Academy of Finland project Centre of Excellence
in Game Culture Studies. Her current research interests include the
emerging toyification of contemporary culture, toy design and the
hybrid and transgenerational dimensions of ludic practices.
Donell Holloway is a Senior Research Fellow at Edith Cowan
University, in Perth, Western Australia. She has authored or co-authored
over 50 refereed journal articles, book chapters and conference papers
and is in the process of writing a sole-authored book titled Children’s
Digital Lives: The Parent Factor. She is currently a chief investigator on
two Australian Research Council grants, The Internet of Toys: Benefits
and risks of connected toys for children, and Toddlers and tablets:
exploring the risks and benefits 0–5s face online. As an ethnographic
researcher, her work centres on the domestic contexts of children’s
media use.
Pirita Ihamäki received her M.A. in digital culture 2006, M.Sc.
in marketing 2011 and her Ph.D. in digital culture 2015 from
the University of Turku at Pori Unit. She is currently working as a
 Notes on Contributors   xv

consultant in the Sustainable Development Industrial Zone Project at

Prizztech Ltd. She has also worked as a researcher at different universi-
ties. Her current research interests are game design, gamification, service
design, toyification, the Internet of Toys and toy tourism.
Stine Liv Johansen (Ph.D.) is Associate Professor at Centre for
Children’s Literature and Media, Department of Communication and
Culture, Aarhus University. Stine Liv Johansen studies children’s use of
and play with media, toys and technology in their everyday life in- and
outside of institutional settings. She has written and published stud-
ies on for instance football as a mediatised play practice and YouTube
as a site for children’s playful practices. She is a member of the Danish
Media Council for Children and Young People.
Ana Jorge (Communication Sciences Ph.D., University NOVA of
Lisbon) is Assistant Professor at the Catholic University of Portugal and
researcher at CECC. She has researched on children and youth as media
audiences, as objects of representation in the media and as content pro-
ducers. Her postdoctoral research focused on children and media educa-
tion, particularly consumer literacy. She is member of COST DigiLitEY
and European Literacy Network; previously, she was member of EU
Kids Online and CEDAR networks, and of RadioActive101 project.
Ioannis Kounelis is a scientific project officer at the Joint Research
Centre of the European Commission. His research activities focus on
blockchain technologies, software security, especially on mobile devices,
as well as Internet of Things security. He holds a M.Sc. and a Ph.D.
degree in ICT security from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
in 2010 and 2015, respectively, while he received his B.Sc. degree in
computer science from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 2007.
Rinaldo Kühne (Ph.D., 2015, University of Zürich) is an Assistant
Professor in the Amsterdam School of Communication Research
(ASCoR) at the University of Amsterdam. His research focuses on
media effects on young people, the communication between humans
and artificial agents, cognitive and emotional mechanisms of media uses
and effects, and methods in communication research.
xvi   Notes on Contributors

Eva Lievens is an Assistant Professor of Law & Technology at Ghent

University and a member of the Human Rights Centre and the Crime,
Criminology & Criminal Policy Consortium. A recurrent focus in her
research relates to human and children’s rights in the digital environ-
ment. She is a member of the Flemish Media Regulator’s Chamber for
impartiality and the protection of minors, the associate editor of the
International Encyclopaedia of Laws—Media Law and a contributor to
the European Audiovisual Observatory IRIS newsletter for Belgium.
Vilmantė Liubinienė (Social Sciences, Sociology Ph.D., Kaunas
University of Technology) is Professor at Kaunas University of
Technology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Lithuania.
Her research fields are media linguistics, media literacy, localisation
and translation, digital culture and intercultural communication,
system of universal values, identity building, etc. She is a member of
COST IS1410 Action “The digital literacy and multimodal practices of
young children” and the European Commission’s JRC project “Young
Children (0–8) and Digital Technologies”. ECREA Member since
2017.
Thomas Enemark Lundtofte is a Ph.D. fellow in Media Studies at the
Department for the Study of Culture, University of Southern Denmark.
Thomas researches how young children, ages 4 to 6 years, play with
tablet computers. He has conducted fieldwork in the homes of seven
Danish children using the POV methodology. His research on young
children’s play practices with tablet computers centres on their use of
DR Ramasjang—an app provided by the National Danish Broadcasting
Company (DR)—which is a common frame of reference within this
particular age group in Denmark.
Ilse Mariën is working as a post-doc researcher at imec-SMIT, a
research centre attached to the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) where
she is leading several projects related to digital inequalities, e-skills and
participation. In 2016, she successfully defended her Ph.D. that entails
(1) a more contextualised and comprehensive theoretical framework for
digital inequalities; and (2) a concise strategic framework for developing
sustainable e-inclusion policies. Over the past 10 years, Ilse has built a
great deal of expertise on (1) e-inclusion theories and policies, (2) doing
 Notes on Contributors   xvii

research with vulnerable groups and groups at risk of digital and social
exclusion and (3) innovative, interactive, participatory and action-
oriented research methods.
Jackie Marsh is Professor of Education at the University of Sheffield,
UK. Jackie has led numerous research projects engaging children,
teachers, parents and children’s media industry partners in research on
young children’s play and digital literacy practices in homes and schools.
Jackie is Chair of COST Action IS1410, DigiLitEY, a European net-
work of 35 countries focusing on research in this area (2015–2019).
She is currently leading a 7-country project on makerspaces in the early
years, MakEY http://makeyproject.eu (2017–2019) funded by the EU
Horizon 2020 programme. Jackie has published widely in the field and
is a co-editor of the Journal of Early Childhood Literacy.
Giovanna Mascheroni (Ph.D.) is a Senior Lecturer of Sociology of
Media and Communications in the Department of Communication,
Università Cattolica of Milan. She is part of the management team of
EU Kids Online and co-chair of WG4 of the COST Action IS1410
DigiLitEY. Her work focuses on the social shaping and the social conse-
quences of the Internet, mobile media and Internet of Toys and Things
among children and young people, including online risks and oppor-
tunities, civic/political participation, datafication and digital citizenship.
Ingrida Milkaite is a doctoral student in the research group Law &
Technology at Ghent University in Belgium. She is working on the
research project “A children’s rights perspective on privacy and data
protection in the digital age: a critical and forward-looking analysis of
the General Data Protection Regulation and its implementation with
respect to children and youth”. Ingrida takes part in the activities of the
Human Rights Centre, is a member of the European Communication
Research and Education Association (ECREA) and a contributor to the
Strasbourg Observers blog.
Bjorn Nansen is a Senior Lecturer in Media and Communications
at the University of Melbourne. His research focuses on emerging and
evolving forms of digital media use in everyday and family life, using
a mix of ethnographic, participatory and digital methods. His current
xviii   Notes on Contributors

research projects explore changing home media infrastructures and envi-

ronments, children’s mobile media and digital play practices, the digiti-
sation of death and the body, and the datafication of sleep.
Benjamin Nicoll is a lecturer and researcher based in the School of
Culture and Communication at the University of Melbourne, Australia.
His research focuses on the history and critical theory of video games
and video game platforms, with a particular focus on notions of tech-
nological failure and marginality in game history. He is currently devel-
oping a research project that examines the use and implementation of
“game engines” in Australian game design contexts.
Patricia Núñez (Ph.D.) is Professor of Advertising and Public
Relations at the Faculty of Information Sciences, Complutense
University, Madrid. She is member of the research group SOCMEDIA:
Study of the learning and leisure socio-communicative behaviour and
competences developed by children and young people (digital natives)
through the use of new media and ICT. Patricia chaired the TWG
Advertisement Research of ECREA. She held visiting fellowships in
several international universities, including the University of Sao Paulo
(Brazil) and Helsinki (Finland).
Gabriela Oliveira holds a Master in Communication Sciences by the
Catholic University of Portugal. Her research focuses on consumer
behaviour, particularly on children, toys and technologies. Currently,
she is research assistant at the Research Centre for Communication and
Culture, at the same university.
Ioanna Palaiologou is an Academic Associate of the University
College London, Institute of Education, UK and an educational psy-
chologist. She completed her Ph.D. in 2003 and has worked both as a
researcher in education and lecturer on Education and Early Childhood
Studies in UK universities. She is a member of the executive commit-
tee of British Education Studies Association (BESA). She is also the
Coordinator of the Special Interest Group (SIG) SIG on Transforming
Assessment, Evaluation and Documentation Early Childhood Pedagogy
in the European Early Childhood Education Research Association
(EECERA).
 Notes on Contributors   xix

Esther Martínez Pastor is Assistant Professor in the Faculty of

Communication Sciences at the University Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid.
She holds a Ph.D. in Communication Sciences and a degree in
Advertising and Public Relations (University Complutense de Madrid)
and Law (UNED). Her research is focused on advertising, emotions
in advertising, kids and regulation. She elaborates an annual Report
to evaluate “Self-Regulatory Code for Television spots of toys and
Children” for the Spanish Association of Toy. She was involved in the
project “the Analysis of the use and consumption of media and social
networks on the Internet among Spanish adolescents. Characteristics
and high-risk practices (CSO2009-09577)” funded by the Spanish
Ministry of Science and Innovation.
Jochen Peter (Ph.D., 2003, University of Amsterdam) is a Full
Professor in the Amsterdam School of Communication Research
(ASCoR) at the University of Amsterdam. His research deals with
young people’s use of new communication technologies and its conse-
quences for their psychosocial development.
Maarten Van Mechelen is a postdoctoral researcher at TU Delft
specialised in the domain of Child–Computer Interaction. His cur-
rent research focuses on early mastering of twenty-first-century skills
through design-based learning. His teaching responsibilities include
supervising M.A. and Ph.D. students and teaching a course on design-
ing for and with children. Maarten holds master degrees in Graphic
Design and Cultural Studies and a doctoral degree in Design Research
(KU Leuven—UHasselt). In addition, he is a member of different
organising committees including the ACM IDC 2018 conference.
Caroline L. van Straten (M.Sc., 2016, Utrecht University) works as a
Ph.D. candidate in the Amsterdam School of Communication Research
(ASCoR) at the University of Amsterdam. Her research investigates the
psychological mechanisms underlying relationship formation between
children and social robots.
Dylan Yamada-Rice is a Senior Tutor in Information Experience
Design at the Royal College of Art. She is also a Senior Research
Manager for Dubit, a company that specialises in strategy, research and
xx   Notes on Contributors

digital for children’s entertainment brands. Her research focuses on the

design of digital storytelling, games and play on a range of platforms
such as apps, augmented and virtual reality, as well as new content
for television. She specialises in experimental visual and multimodal
research methods.
Bieke Zaman is Assistant Professor at Mintlab, part of the Institute of
Media Studies at KU Leuven. Her research focuses on digital media,
children and interaction design from a communication sciences and
Human–Computer Interaction perspective. Bieke is Associate Editor
of the International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction and Personal
and Ubiquitous Computing. She is Vice-Chair of the ECREA TWG on
Children, Youth and Media; member of the EU COST Action IS1410
DigiLitEY, and member of the organising committee of the Interaction
Design and Children conference.
 List of Figures

Fig. 4.1 The prototype robot (top) and 3D printed model (below) 71
Fig. 4.2 Children’s robotic imaginary (top), with ‘Sort-of Brian’
(below) 74
Fig. 4.3 Robot design drawings, with jet packs (top), and sensors
(below) 81
Fig. 7.1 The social ecologies of play in digital lives 141
Fig. 7.2 Larry and the learning robot 144
Fig. 7.3 Engagement with a hybrid toy 148
Fig. 7.4 Scaffolding with a hybrid toy 151
Fig. 9.1 Storyboard visualizing the third concept, a customizable
robot that interacts with other objects, including physical
cards 192
Fig. 9.2 The final prototype that was evaluated by 266 children
aged 4–6 years in eight schools 194
Fig. 10.1 Avakai 210
Fig. 10.2 Physical making for the Avakai 216
Fig. 11.1 IoToys data flow 227
Fig. 11.2 An example of a Man-in-the-Middle attack
for capturing/extracting encrypted traffic 232
Fig. 11.3 Vulnerable points, in dark grey, of IoToys architecture,
as identified by using our test protocol 234

xxi
xxii   List of Figures

Fig. 12.1 The POV setup 243

Fig. 12.2 Interacting with the camera through silly play 248
Fig. 12.3 Matching picture cards with words 256
Fig. 12.4 Reaching out to share a successful moment with the
researcher and mum 258
Fig. 12.5 Smelling urinary tracts 258
 List of Tables

Table 6.1 Socio-demographic information about the families

which participated in the study 118
Table 8.1 Play affordances, children’s perceptions of play patterns
and design values for IoToys 170
Table 13.1 Walkthrough analysis of connected toys. Adapted
from Light et al. (2018) 273
Table 15.1 “Hello Barbie Dream House” characteristics 314
Table 15.2 Child YouTubers who reviewed ‘Hello barbie
Dreamhouse’ 316
Table 16.1 Media commentary on IoToys by country, economic
and linguistic indicators 332
Table 16.2 Language of smart toys’ websites by type of producer 334

xxiii
 1
Introducing the Internet of Toys
Giovanna Mascheroni and Donell Holloway

Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT), where physical objects are embedded
with electronics, sensors, software and connectivity that support the
exchange of data, is a growing part of the Internet experience—includ-
ing that of young children. A new generation of toys connected to the

In accordance with the Italian academic convention, we specify that while the general structure
and the conceptual framework of the chapter were designed by the two authors jointly, Giovanna
Mascheroni specifically wrote the following sections: The Internet of Toys as Media and The Internet
of Toys and the Datafication of Everyday Life; Donell Holloway wrote the sections The Internet of
Toys as Toys and The Internet of Toys as Social Robots.

G. Mascheroni (*)
Department of Communication, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart,
Milan, Italy
e-mail: giovanna.mascheroni@unicatt.it
D. Holloway
School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University,
Mt Lawley, WA, Australia
e-mail: donell.holloway@ecu.edu.au
© The Author(s) 2019 1
G. Mascheroni and D. Holloway (eds.), The Internet of Toys,
Studies in Childhood and Youth, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10898-4_1
2    
G. Mascheroni and D. Holloway

Internet have been launched on the market in the past decade and are
becoming increasingly commonplace (McReynolds et al., 2017). The
Internet of Toys (IoToys) are very similar to other IoT devices, in that
they consist of physical toys that are connected to the Internet—and,
potentially, to other toys—through Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. They are
equipped with sensors and voice/image recognition software and/or
can be controlled and programmed via apps on smartphones or tablets
(Holloway & Green, 2016). The first popular example of IoToys was
toys-to-life, action figures such as Skylanders or Disney Infinity, that are
connected to a video game by means of radio frequency identification
(RFID), near-field communication (NFC) or image recognition soft-
ware. The market for connected toys has expanded quickly and now
includes dolls and teddy bears equipped with voice and image recogni-
tion, such as Hello Barbie, My Friend Kayla, CloudPets; robots, drones
or other mechanical toys that are remotely controlled and/or program-
mable through apps, such as Anki Cozmo, Sphero SPRK and Dash &
Dot; puzzle and building blocks such as Osmo; arts-to-life such as Play-
Doh Touch; outdoor physical toys such as the Springfree Trampoline;
and teddy bears that monitor the child’s health parameters, such as
Teddy the Guardian.
As a consequence of their being fitted with sensors and con-
nected to networks, these toys gain “new skills [affordances] that are
expressed in new forms of communication” (Bunz & Meikle, 2018,
p. 1): they can react to various physical inputs (sounds, images, touch
and movements); track children’s behaviour and biometrical data,
and/or measure the surrounding environment; interact with children
on a personalised basis (e.g. by replying to their queries); and produce
information (data) that is circulated through networks for analysis and
interpretation. In this sense, physical toys have become media that
“mediate what has not been mediated before” (Bunz & Meikle, 2018,
p. 18).
This introduction aims to contextualise IoToys within the tradition
of media and communications, set out the theoretical foundations for
this volume and explore the notions of mediatization, datafication and
robotification.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Otaheitans, habits of, 29
Ovaries, 240

Pain, natural, 256

Pain, after, 328
Pelvis, female, 230
Physical hindrances in pregnancy, 196
Piles, or hemorrhoids, 176
Piles, treatment of, 177
Placenta, the, 272
Pregnancy, signs of, 92
Pregnancy, duration of, 99
Pregnancy, management in, 108, 118, 123
Pregnancy, disorders of, 132
Pressure, evils of, 112
Prolapsus uteri, 430
Pruritus pudendi, 193
Puberty, 34
Puberty, changes at, 35
Puerperal fever, 342
Puerperal fever, case of, 348
Purgatives, 220

Quadrigemini, 317
Quickening, 96, 100

Raynold, Dr., 21
Right side, pain of, 191

Salivation, 182
Sea-sickness, 136
Sexual indulgence, 149
Shippen, Dr., 24
Signs of pregnancy, 92
Skin, office of the, 113
Sleeplessness, 166
Sleeplessness, treatment of, 167
Solar light, effects of, 118
Sore nipples, 362
Spices, 150
Spinal diseases, xii
Sterility, 224
Still-birth, 301
Stomach, cramp of, 186
Stye in the eye, 181

Tea, coffee, and spices, 150

Tennant, Dr. J. B. V., 25
Toothache, 187
Toothache, treatment of, 188
Triplets, 316
Turn of life, 49
Turn of life, management in, 55
Twins. 316
Twin cases, 322

Umbilical cord, the, 292

Urethra, 232
Urinary difficulties, 185
Uterine hemorrhage, 162
Uterus, 234
Uterus, appendages of, 238

Vaccination, 197
Vagina, 233
Vegetarian diet, 127, 150
Veins, varicose, 194
Viability of the fetus, 103
Villiers, Duchess of, 23
Vomiting in pregnancy, 132
Vomiting in sea-sickness, 136

Water-drinking, 129
Water-drinking in sea-sickness, 136
Waters, the, 264
Whites, the, 429
Womb, falling of the, 430
Womanhood, period of, 36
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PARENTS’ GUIDE FOR TRANSMISSION OF DESIRED
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PRACTICE OF WATER-CURE. WITH AUTHENTICATED
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PHILOSOPHY OF WATER CURE. A DEVELOPMENT OF
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PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH. ILLUSTRATED WITH
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PRINCIPLES OF HYDROPATHY: OR, THE INVALID’S
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RESULTS OF HYDROPATHY; OR, CONSTIPATION NOT A
DISEASE of the Bowels; Indigestion not a Disease of the
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SCIENCE OF SWIMMING. GIVING A HISTORY OF
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WATER-CURE LIBRARY. (In Seven 12mo. Volumes.)
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WATER-CURE IN AMERICA. OVER THREE HUNDRED
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of Domestic Practice. Designed for Popular as well as
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WATER AND VEGETABLE DIET IN CONSUMPTION,
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WATER-CURE APPLIED TO EVERY KNOWN DISEASE. A
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of the Hydropathic System of Curing Diseases; showing also
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Translated from the German. Muslin, 87 cents.
WATER-CURE MANUAL. A POPULAR WORK,
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WATER-CURE ALMANAC. PUBLISHED ANNUALLY,
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WATER-CURE JOURNAL, AND HERALD OF REFORMS.
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Life and Health. Illustrated with Numerous Engravings.
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human progress and welfare.—N. Y. Tribune.
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