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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 721

Álvaro Rocha
Teresa Guarda Editors

Proceedings of the
International Conference
on Information
Technology & Systems
(ICITS 2018)
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 721

Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl
About this Series
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory,
applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually
all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT,
economics, business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list
of topics spans all the areas of modern intelligent systems and computing.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily
textbooks and proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover
significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and applicable character.
An important characteristic feature of the series is the short publication time and world-wide
distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of research results.
Advisory Board
Chairman
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
e-mail: nikhil@isical.ac.in
Members
Rafael Bello Perez, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
e-mail: rbellop@uclv.edu.cu
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
e-mail: escorchado@usal.es
Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
e-mail: hani@essex.ac.uk
László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
e-mail: koczy@sze.hu
Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
e-mail: vladik@utep.edu
Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
e-mail: ctlin@mail.nctu.edu.tw
Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
e-mail: Jie.Lu@uts.edu.au
Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
e-mail: epmelin@hafsamx.org
Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: nadia@eng.uerj.br
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
e-mail: Ngoc-Thanh.Nguyen@pwr.edu.pl
Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
e-mail: jwang@mae.cuhk.edu.hk

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Álvaro Rocha Teresa Guarda
•

Editors

Proceedings of the
International Conference
on Information
Technology & Systems
(ICITS 2018)

123
Editors
Álvaro Rocha Teresa Guarda
DEI/FCT Systems Department
Universidade de Coimbra Universidad Estatal Península de Santa
Coimbra Elena
Portugal La Libertad
Ecuador

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-3-319-73449-1 ISBN 978-3-319-73450-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73450-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017963760

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

This book contains a selection of papers accepted for presentation and discussion at
the 2018 International Conference on Information Technology & Systems
(ICITS’18). This conference had the support of the State University of Península de
Santa Elena, IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society, and AISTI (Iberian
Association for Information Systems and Technologies). It took place at Libertad,
Península de Santa Elena, Ecuador, January 11–13, 2017.
The 2018 International Conference on Information Technology & Systems
(ICITS’18) is an international forum for researchers and practitioners to present and
discuss the most recent innovations, trends, results, experiences, and concerns in the
several perspectives of Information Technology & Systems.
The Program Committee of ICITS’18 was composed of a multidisciplinary
group of 110 experts and those who are intimately concerned with Information
Systems and Technologies. They have had the responsibility for evaluating, in a
“double-blind review” process, the papers received for each of the main themes
proposed for the conference: (A) Information and Knowledge Management;
(B) Organizational Models and Information Systems; (C) Software and Systems
Modeling; (D) Software Systems, Architectures, Applications, and Tools;
(E) Multimedia Systems and Applications; (F) Computer Networks, Mobility, and
Pervasive Systems; (G) Intelligent and Decision Support Systems; (H) Big Data
Analytics and Applications; (I) Human–Computer Interaction; (J) Ethics,
Computers & Security; (K) Health Informatics; (L) Information Technologies in
Education.
ICITS’18 also included several workshop sessions taking place in parallel with
the conference ones. They were sessions of the WMETACOM 2018—1st
Workshop on Media, Applied Technology and Communication.
ICITS’18 received about 200 contributions from 31 countries around the world.
The papers accepted for presentation and discussion at the conference are published
by Springer (this book) and by AISTI and will be submitted for indexing by ISI,
EI-Compendex, SCOPUS, DBLP, and/or Google Scholar, among others.

v
vi Preface

We acknowledge all of those that contributed to the staging of ICITS’18 (au-

thors, committees, workshop organizers, and sponsors). We deeply appreciate their
involvement and support that was crucial for the success of ICITS’18.

January 2017 Álvaro Rocha

Teresa Guarda
Organization

Conference

Organizing Committee

Datzania Villao State University of Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador

Shendry Rosero Vasquez State University of Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador
Teresa Guarda State University of Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador

Scientific Committee

Álvaro Rocha (Chair) University of Coimbra, Portugal

Abderrazak Sebaa Bejaia University, Algeria
Adefemi Falase Ajayi Crowther University, Nigeria
Abdulmotaleb El Saddik University of Ottawa, Canada
Alexandru Vulpe University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania
Amal Al Ali University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
André da Silva IFSP and NIED/UNICAMP, Brazil
André Marcos Silva University Adventist of São Paulo, Brazil
Andrés Melgar Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru
Angeles Quezada Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Mexico
Ania Cravero University de La Frontera, Chile
Antonio Jara HES-SO, Switzerland
Antonio Osorio University of Minho, Portugal
Arnulfo Alanis Garza Tijuana Institute of Technology, Mexico
Anushia Inthiran University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Azeddine Chikh University of Tlemcen, Algeria
Borja Bordel Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Carlos Carreto Polytechnic of Guarda, Portugal
Carlos Grilo Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal
Dalila Durães Technical University of Madrid, Spain

vii
viii Organization

Dália Filipa Liberato ESHT/IPP, Portugal

Daniela Benalcázar Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Ecuador
Dante Carrizo Universidad de Atacama, Chile
Diego Marcillo Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Ecuador
Diego Ordóñez-Camacho Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Ecuador
Eddie Galarza Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Ecuador
Edison Loza-Aguirre Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ecuador
Eduardo Albuquerque Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
Efraín R. Fonseca C. Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Ecuador
Egils Ginters Riga Technical University, Latvia
Enrique Carrera Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Ecuador
Ewaryst Tkacz Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Fabio Gomes Rocha Tiradentes University, Brazil
Felix Blazquez Lozano University of A Coruña, Spain
Filipa Ferraz University of Minho, Portugal
Filipe Sá Câmara Municipal de Penacova, Portugal
Francisco Andrade University of Minho, Portugal
Franklim Silva Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Ecuador
Gabriel Pestana Universidade Europeia, Portugal
George Suciu BEIA, Romania
Gregory O’Hare University College Dublin, Ireland
Hector Florez Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas,
Colombia
Henrique Lopes Cardoso University of Porto, Portugal
Ildeberto Rodello University of São Paulo
Isabel Pedrosa Coimbra Business School - ISCAC, Portugal
Ivan Puentes Rivera University of Vigo, Spain
Jan Kubicek Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science VŠB-TUO, Czech Republic
João Paulo Pereira Polytechnic of Bragança, Portugal
João Vidal de Carvalho ISCAP/IPP, Portugal
Jonathas Cruz IFPI, Brazil
José Araújo SAP, Portugal
Jose Ignacio Universidade Distrital Francisco Jose Caldas,
Rodrigues Molano Colombia
José Luís Silva ISCTE-IUL and Madeira-ITI, Portugal
Juan Jesus Ojeda University of Almeria, Spain
Juan M. Ferreira Senate, Paraguay
Júlio Menezes Jr. Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
Justyna Trojanowska Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Korhan Gunel Adnan Menderes University, Turkey
Laura Varela-Candamio University of A Coruña, Spain
Leandro Flórez Aristizábal Antonio Jose Camacho University Institute,
Colombia
Leonardo Botega UNIVEM, Brazil
Organization ix

Mafalda Teles Roxo INESC TEC, Portugal

Magdalena Diering Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Manuel Monteiro Hospital Particular São Lucas, Portugal
Marcelo Mendonça Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Brazil
Teixeira
Marcia Bayas Universidad Estatal Peninsula de Santa Elena,
Ecuador
Marciele Berger University of Minho, Portugal
Maria José Sousa University of Coimbra, Portugal
Maria Koziri University of Thessaly, Greece
María Pilar Mareca López Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
María Teresa University of A Coruna, Spain
García-Álvarez
Maristela Holanda University of Brasilia, Brazil
Martin Kyselak University of Defence, Czech Republic
Michele Della Ventura Music Academy “Studio Musica,” Italy
Miguel Angel Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Manso Callejo
Mohamed Abouzeid Innovations for High Performance
Microelectronics IHP, Germany
Monica Leba University of Petrosani, Romania
Nadjet Kamel University Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Algeria
Nikolai Prokopyev Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Nikolaos Giannakeas Technology Educational Institute of Epirus, Greece
Niranjan S K JSS Science and Technology University, Mysore,
India
Nomusa Dlodlo Namibia University of Science and Technology,
Namibia
Pablo Alejandro Quezada Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Ecuador
Sarmiento
Pedro Fernandes State University of Maringá, Brazil
de Oliveira Gomes
Pedro Liberato ESHT/IPP, Portugal
Pedro Nogueira LIACC, Portugal
Ramayah T. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Ramon Alcarria Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Robson Lemos Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
Prabhat Mahanti University of New Brunswick, Canada
Said Achchab Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
Samanta Patricia Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
Cueva Carrión
Sandra Patricia San Buenaventura Cali University, Colombia
Cano Mazuera
Sampsa Rauti University of Turku, Finland
Santoso Wibowo CQUniversity, Australia
x Organization

Saulo Barbará Oliveira Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Sergio Luján-Mora University of Alicante, Spain
Shuai Zhao MediaTek Inc. USA, USA
Simona Riurean University of Petrosani, Romania
Songjie Wei Nanjing University of Science and Technology,
China
Stanley Lima Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Sylvie Ratté École de Technologie Supérieure, Canada
Tariq Ahamed Ahanger Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University,
Saudi Arabia
Teresa Guarda State University of Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador
Thanasis Loukopoulos University of Thessaly, Greece
Victor Georgiev Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Victor Villar Tiradentes University, Brazil
Ville Leppänen University of Turku, Finland
Vladislav Gorbunov Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
WMETACOM 2018 – 1st Workshop on Media,
Applied Technology and Communication

Organizing Committee

Andrea Mila Maldonado Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede

Ibarra, Ecuador
Francisco Campos Freire Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Iván Puentes Rivera Universidade de Vigo, Spain
María Fannery Directora Académica Pontificia Universidad
Suárez Berrío Católica del Ecuador Sede Ibarra, Ecuador
María Josefa Prorrectora Pontificia Universidad Católica del
Rubio Gómez Ecuador Sede Ibarra, Ecuador
Mónica López-Golán METACOM research group from Pontificia
Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Ibarra,
Ecuador
Nancy Ulloa Erazo METACOM research group from Pontificia
Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Ibarra,
Ecuador
Paulo Carlos López-López METACOM research group from Pontificia
Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Ibarra,
Ecuador
Tania Aguilera Bravo Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede
Ibarra, Ecuador
Xosé López García Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Scientific Committee

Ana Belén Fernández Universidade de Vigo, Spain

Souto
Andrea Mila Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede
Ibarra, Ecuador
Alba Silva Rodríguez Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Carlos Toural Bran Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain

xi
xii WMETACOM 2018

Clide Rodríguez Vázquez Universidade de A Coruña, Spain

Eva Sánchez Amboage Universidade de A Coruña, Spain
Francisco Campos Freire Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Félix Blázquez Lozano Universidade de A Coruña, Spain
Iván Puentes Rivera Universidade de Vigo, Spain
Magdalena Universidade de A Coruña, Spain
Rodríguez Fernández
Miguel Túñez López Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Mónica López Golán Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede
Ibarra, Ecuador
Nancy Ulloa Erazo Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede
Ibarra, Ecuador
Óscar Juanatey Boga Universidade de A Coruña, Spain
Paulo Carlos López Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede
Ibarra, Ecuador
Tania Aguilera Bravo Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede
Ibarra, Ecuador
Valentín Alejandro Universidade de A Coruña, Spain
Martínez Fernández
Xosé Rúas Araújo Universidade de Vigo, Spain
Xosé López García Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Contents

Organizational Models and Information Systems

Rationalization of Organizational Processes: The Case
of the Institute of Applied Social Sciences of
Rio de Janeiro Federal Rural University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Elisangela Costa, Saulo Barbará de Oliveira,
and Daniel Ribeiro de Oliveira
Benefits of Process Simulation Software – The Case of a Brazilian
Mixed Public-Private Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Ricardo Luiz Schiavo do Nascimento, Saulo Barbará de Oliveira,
and Aparecida Laino Entriel
IT Service Management Using COBIT Enablers: The Case
of Brazilian National Institute of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Sandro Luís Freire de Castro Silva, Saulo Barbará de Oliveira,
Marcos Azevedo Benac, Antônio Augusto Gonçalves,
and Carlos Henrique Fernandes Martins
Towards a Forensic Analysis of Mobile Devices Using Android . . . . . . . 30
Estevan Gomez-Torres, Oswaldo Moscoso-Zea, Nelson Herrera Herrera,
and Sergio Lujan-Mora
Process-Based Project Management for Implementation
of an ERP System at a Brazilian Teaching Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Ada Guagliardi Faria, Saulo Barbará de Oliveira,
and Fábio Carlos Macêdo
A Conceptual Framework for the Implantation of Enterprise
Applications in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Irving Reascos and João Alvaro Carvalho
Model for Selecting Software Development Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Lizeth Chandi, Catarina Silva, Tatiana Gualotuña, and Danilo Martinez

xiii
xiv Contents

Information and Knowledge Management

Smart Cities Semantics and Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Antonio J. Jara, Martin Serrano, Andrea Gómez, David Fernández,
Germán Molina, Yann Bocchi, and Ramon Alcarria
The Information Technologies in the Competitiveness
of the Tourism Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Pedro Liberato, Dália Liberato, António Abreu, Elisa Alén-González,
and Álvaro Rocha
A Fuzzy Classifier-Based Penetration Testing
for Web Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
J. K. Alhassan, Sanjay Misra, A. Umar, Rytis Maskeliūnas,
Robertas Damaševičius, and Adewole Adewumi
Comparative Evaluation of Mobile Forensic Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
J. K. Alhassan, R. T. Oguntoye, Sanjay Misra, Adewole Adewumi,
Rytis Maskeliūnas, and Robertas Damaševičius
Cloud Based Simple Employee Management Information System:
A Model for African Small and Medium Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Isaac U. Oduh, Sanjay Misra, Robertas Damaševičius,
and Rytis Maskeliūnas
Inexpensive Marketing Tools for SMEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
José Avelino Vitor, Teresa Guarda, Maria Fernanda Augusto,
Marcelo Leon, Datzania Villao, Luis Mazon,
and Yovany Salazar Estrada
Big Data, the Next Step in the Evolution
of Educational Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
W. Villegas-Ch, Sergio Luján-Mora, Diego Buenaño-Fernandez,
and X. Palacios-Pacheco
Method for Emotion Corpus Validation from the Consensual
Identification of Patterns in Alzheimer’s Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Pablo Gómez, Alexandra González-Eras, and Pablo Torres Carrión
Web Prosumers: The Intangible Wealth of Education
and Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Emanuel Bohórquez, Teresa Guarda, Humberto Peña, Marcelo León,
William Caiche, and José Villao
Analysis of Correspondences Applied to Vehicle Plates
Using Descriptors in Visible Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Shendry Rosero and Alberto Jimenez
Contents xv

Alignment of Software Project Management with the Business

Strategy in VSEs: Model and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Carlos Montenegro and Geovani Barragán
Proposal to Implementation Time-Driven Activity Based Costing
(TDABC) for Calculation of Surgical Procedure Costs
of a Medium-Sized Teaching Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Michele Mendes Hiath Silva and Saulo Barbará de Oliveira
Best Practices and Pitfalls in Open Source Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Manuel Moritz, Tobias Redlich, and Jens Wulfsberg
Best Practice in Advanced Enterprise Knowledge Engineering . . . . . . . 211
Matteo Sasgratella and Alberto Polzonetti
Production Flow Improvement in a Textile Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Jose J. Lopes, Maria L. R. Varela, Justyna Trojanowska,
and Jose Machado
Marketing Knowledge Management Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Teresa Guarda, Maria Fernanda Augusto, Marcelo León,
Hugo Pérez, Washington Torres, Walter Orozco,
and Jacqueline Bacilio
Participative Sensing in Noise Mapping: An Environmental
Management System Model for the Province of Santa Elena . . . . . . . . . 242
Teresa Guarda, Marcelo León, Maria Fernanda Augusto, Hugo Pérez,
Johnny Chavarria, Walter Orozco, and Jaime Orozco
Using Experimental Material Management Tools in Experimental
Replication: A Systematic Mapping Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Edison Espinosa, Juan M. Ferreira, and Henry Chanatasig
Unveiling Unbalance on Sustainable Supply Chain Research:
Did We Forget Something? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Edison Loza-Aguirre, Marco Segura Morales, Henry N. Roa,
and Carlos Montenegro Armas
Industry Knowledge Management Model 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
José Ignacio Rodríguez-Molano, Leonardo Emiro Contreras-Bravo,
and Edwin Rivas-Trujillo
Smartphone-Based Vehicle Emission Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
M. Cerón, M. Fernández-Carmona, C. Urdiales, and F. Sandoval
An Information Visualization Engine for Situational-Awareness
in Health Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Flávio Epifânio and Gabriel Pestana
xvi Contents

ECOPPA: Extensible Context Ontology for Persuasive

Physical-Activity Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Mohamad Hoda, Valeh Montaghami, Hussein Al Osman,
and Abdulmotaleb El Saddik
Creating Predictive Models for Forecasting the Accident Rate
in Mountain Roads Using VANETs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Borja Bordel, Ramón Alcarria, Gianluca Rizzo, and Antonio Jara

Intelligent and Decision Support Systems

Improving Game Modeling for the Quoridor Game State
Using Graph Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Daniel Sanchez and Hector Florez
A Model of Self-oscillations in Relay Outputs Control Systems
with Elements of Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
R. H. Rovira, V. M. Duvoboi, M. S. Yukhimchuk, M. M. Bayas,
and W. D. Torres
Computer Vision-Based Method for Automatic Detection of Crop
Rows in Potato Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Iván García-Santillán, Diego Peluffo-Ordoñez, Víctor Caranqui,
Marco Pusdá, Fernando Garrido, and Pedro Granda
A Finger-vein Biometric System Based on Textural Features . . . . . . . . . 367
Enrique V. Carrera, Santiago Izurieta, and Ricardo Carrera
Multi-level Skew Correction Approach for Hand Written
Kannada Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
H. C. Vinod and S. K. Niranjan
Semi-automatic Determination of Geometrical Properties of Short
Natural Fibers in Biocomposites by Digital Image Processing . . . . . . . . 387
Victoria Mera-Moya, Jorge I. Fajardo, Iális C. de Paula Junior,
Leslie Bustamante, Luis J. Cruz, and Thiago Barros
ExperTI: A Knowledge Based System for Intelligent Service Desks
Using Free Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Alejandro Bello, Andrés Melgar, and Daniel Pizarro
Mapping the Global Offshoring Network Through
the Panama Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
David Dominguez, Odette Pantoja, and Mario González
Comparing Different Data Fusion Strategies for
Cancer Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Katarzyna Pojda, Michał Jakubczak, Sebastian Student,
Andrzej Świerniak, and Krzysztof Fujarewicz
Contents xvii

A Recommender System Based on Cognitive Map

for Smart Classrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Jose Aguilar, Priscila Valdiviezo-Diaz, and Guido Riofrio
Strategy to Develop a Digital Public Health Observatory
Integrating Business Intelligence and Visual Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Leidy Alexandra Lozano and Maria del Pilar Villamil
Using Machine Learning for Sentiment and Social Influence Analysis
in Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Emmanuel Awuni Kolog, Calkin Suero Montero, and Tapani Toivonen

Big Data Analytics and Applications

Big Data Applications in Cancer Research: A Case Study
at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Antônio Augusto Gonçalves, Carlos Henrique Fernandes Martins,
José Geraldo Pereira Barbosa, and Sandro Luís Freire de Castro Silva
New Diagnostic Tool for Patients Suffering from Noncommunicable
Diseases (NCDs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Wojciech Oleksy, Zbigniew Budzianowski, Ewaryst Tkacz,
and Małgorzata Garbacik
Detection of Genetic Aberrations in Cancer Driving Signaling
Pathways Based on Joint Analysis of Heterogeneous
Genomics Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Roman Jaksik and Krzysztof Fujarewicz

Ethics, Computers and Security

Cookie Scout: An Analytic Model for Prevention of Cross-Site
Scripting (XSS) Using a Cookie Classifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Germán Eduardo Rodríguez, Diego Eduardo Benavides, Jenny Torres,
Pamela Flores, and Walter Fuertes
An Empirical Evaluation of Open Source in Telecommunications
Software Development: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Rolando P. Reyes Ch., Efraín R. Fonseca C., John W. Castro,
Hugo Pérez Vaca, and Manolo Paredes Calderón
Wearable Technology, Privacy Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Pablo Saa, Oswaldo Moscoso-Zea, and Sergio Lujan-Mora

Human-Computer Interaction
Older Adults’ Perception of Online Health Webpages Using Eye
Tracking Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Anushia Inthiran and Robert D. Macredie
xviii Contents

Method for Accessibility Assessment of Online Content Editors . . . . . . . 538

Tania Acosta, Patricia Acosta-Vargas, Luis Salvador-Ullauri,
and Sergio Luján-Mora
An Approach to Mobile Serious Games Accessibility Assessment
for People with Hearing Impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Angel Jaramillo-Alcázar and Sergio Luján-Mora
Real Time Driver Drowsiness Detection Based on Driver’s Face
Image Behavior Using a System of Human Computer Interaction
Implemented in a Smartphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Eddie E. Galarza, Fabricio D. Egas, Franklin M. Silva, Paola M. Velasco,
and Eddie D. Galarza
Interactive System Using Beaglebone Black with LINUX Debian
for Its Application in Industrial Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Marco Pilatásig, Franklin Silva, Galo Chacón, Víctor Tapia,
John Espinoza, Esteban X. Castellanos, Lucia Guerrero,
and Jessy Espinosa
Interactive System for Monitoring and Control of a Flow Station
Using LabVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Jorge Buele, John Espinoza, Marco Pilatásig, Franklin Silva,
Alexandra Chuquitarco, Jenny Tigse, Jessy Espinosa,
and Lucía Guerrero
Interactive System for Hands and Wrist Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Marco Pilatásig, Jenny Tigse, Alexandra Chuquitarco, Pablo Pilatásig,
Edwin Pruna, Andrés Acurio, Jorge Buele, and Ivón Escobar
Toward a Combined Method for Evaluation of Web Accessibility . . . . . 602
Patricia Acosta-Vargas, Sergio Luján-Mora, Tania Acosta,
and Luis Salvador-Ullauri
Educational Math Game for Stimulation of Children
with Dyscalculia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Pablo Torres-Carrión, Christian Sarmiento-Guerrero,
Juan Carlos Torres-Diaz, and Luis Barba-Guamán
Intelligent Tutoring Based on a Context-Aware Dialogue
in a Procedural Training Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
José Paladines and Jaime Ramírez
Communities of Language Learners: Mobility, Usability
and Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Fernanda Maria Pereira Freire, André Constantino da Silva,
and Isaque Miguel Pires
Contents xix

Moving Beyond Limitations: Evaluating the Quality

of Android Apps in Spanish for People with Disability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Andrés Larco, Cesar Yanez, Carlos Montenegro,
and Sergio Luján-Mora

Software Systems, Architectures, Applications and Tools

Analysis and Implementation of ETL System for Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles (UAV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Wilson Medina-Pazmiño, Aníbal Jara-Olmedo, Cristian Tasiguano-Pozo,
and José M. Lavín
Analysis of the Interaction on the Web Through Social Networks
(Twitter, Facebook, Instagram) Case Study: Economic Sectors
with Higher Incomes in Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Mariuxi Tejada-Castro, Maritza Aguirre-Munizaga,
Vanessa Vergara-Lozano, Mayra Garzon-Goya, and Evelyn Solís-Avilés
Proposal of a Supply Chain Architecture Immersed
in the Industry 4.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Jose Ignacio Rodriguez, Monica Blanco, and Karen Gonzalez
Open Source Web Software Architecture Components for Geographic
Information Systems in the Last 5 Years: A Systematic
Mapping Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Alvaro Uyaguari, Edison Espinosa-Gallardo,
Santiago P. Jácome-Guerrero, Patricio Espinel, Cristian F. Cabezas,
Gloria I. Arias Almeida, and Frankz Alberto Carrera Calderón
Ethnographic Study on Practices of the Software Development
Industry in Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Dante Carrizo and Andrés Alfaro
Geolocation Applied to Emergency Care Systems
for Priority Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
A. José Sánchez, L. Lídice Haz, B. Datzania Villao,
and G. Washington Torres
MORPHY: A Multiobjective Software Tool for Phylogenetic
Inference of Protein Coded Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Cristian Zambrano-Vega, Antonio J. Nebro, José F. Aldana Montes,
and Byron Oviedo
Adaptive Harris Corner Detector Evaluated
with Cross-Spectral Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
Patricia L. Suárez, Angel D. Sappa, and Boris X. Vintimilla
xx Contents

JavaScript Middleware for Mobile Agents Support on Desktop

and Mobile Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Carlos Silva, Nuno Costa, Carlos Grilo, and Jorge Veloz
Analyzing UAV-Based Remote Sensing and WSN Support
for Data Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Ramón Alcarria, Borja Bordel, Miguel Ángel Manso, Teresa Iturrioz,
and Marina Pérez
Continuous Speech Recognition and Identification
of the Speaker System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Diego Guffanti, Danilo Martínez, José Paladines, and Andrea Sarmiento
Competitive Intelligence Using Domain Ontologies on Facebook
of Telecommunications Companies of Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Geraldo Colchado and Andrés Melgar
Sustainability Performance Evaluation of Groundwater
Remediation Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
Santoso Wibowo and Srimannarayana Grandhi
Mobile Application to Encourage Local Tourism
with Context-Aware Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796
Carlos A. Silva, Renato Toasa, Juan Guevara, H. David Martinez,
and Javier Vargas
Modelled Testbeds: Visualizing and Augmenting Physical
Testbeds with Virtual Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Stephane Kundig, Constantinos Marios Angelopoulos, and Jose Rolim
Proposal for an Integrated Framework for Mobile
Applications Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
Danilo Martínez, Xavier Ferré, and Diego Marcillo

Computer Networks, Mobility and Pervasive Systems

An Adaptive-Bounds Band-Pass Moving-Average Filter
to Increase Precision on Distance Estimation from Bluetooth RSSI . . . . 823
Diego Ordóñez-Camacho and Edwin Cabrera-Goyes

Health Informatics
Towards a Framework to Enable Semantic Interoperability of Data
in Heterogeneous Health Information Systems in Namibian Public
Hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
Nikodemus Angula and Nomusa Dlodlo
Contents xxi

Automatic Extraction and Aggregation of Diseases

from Clinical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846
Ruth Reátegui and Sylvie Ratté
eHealth Applications in Portuguese Hospitals: A Continuous
Benchmarking with European Hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856
João Vidal Carvalho, Álvaro Rocha, and António Abreu
Innovation Process in Cancer Treatment: The Implementation
of Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)
at Brazilian National Cancer Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Antônio Augusto Gonçalves, Carlos Henrique Fernandes Martins,
José Geraldo Pereira Barbosa, and Sandro Luís Freire de Castro Silva
The Higher-Order Spectra as a Tool for Assessing the Progress
in Rehabilitation of Patients After Ischemic Brain Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . 874
Ewaryst Tkacz, Zbigniew Budzianowski, and Wojciech Oleksy
Developing and Testing an Application to Assess the Impact
of Smartphone Usage on Well-Being and Performance Outcomes
of Student-Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
Poppy DesClouds, Fedwa Laamarti, Natalie Durand-Bush,
and Abdulmotaleb El Saddik
Multisensory Virtual Game with Use of the Device Leap Motion
to Improve the Lack of Attention in Children of 7–12 Years
with ADHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
David Chilcañán Capelo, Milton Escobar Sánchez,
Jhonatan Salazar Hurtado, and Daniela Benalcázar Chicaiza
Development and Improvement of the Visomotriz Coordination:
Virtual Game of Learning and Using the Sphero Haptic Device
for Alpha Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
David Chilcañán Capelo, Milton Escobar Sánchez,
Chrystian López Hidalgo, and Daniela Benalcázar Chicaiza

Information Technologies in Education

Experiential Education: Creation of a Business Game to Enhance
Learning of Business Administration Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
Eduardo de Oliveira Ormond, Gustavo Olivares,
and Saulo Barbará de Oliveira
Educational Computing Resources Applied to the Teaching
of Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927
Leonardo Emiro Contreras Bravo, Jose Ignacio Rodriguez Molano,
and Edwin Rivas Trujillo
xxii Contents

Recommendation Systems in Education: A Systematic

Mapping Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937
Abdon Carrera Rivera, Mariela Tapia-Leon, and Sergio Lujan-Mora
Looking for Usability and Functionality Issues: A Case Study . . . . . . . . 948
Karina Jiménes, Jhonny Pincay, Mónica Villavicencio,
and Alberto Jiménez
Determinants of ICT Integration in Teaching Secondary School
Agriculture: Experience of Southern Africa (Swaziland) . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
Nomsa M. Mndzebele, Mzomba Nelson Dludlu,
and Comfort B. S. Mndebele

Media, Applied Technology and Communication

Design of a Recommender System for Intelligent Classrooms Based
on Multiagent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973
Dulce Rivero-Albarrán, Francklin Rivas-Echeverria, Laura Guerra,
Brian Arellano, and Stalin Arciniegas
The Visual Speech and Creativity in Advertising Impressed
in Ecuador in Daily “El Comercio” Between 1908 and 1950 . . . . . . . . . 983
Marco López-Paredes
Influence of Social Networks from Cellphones to Choose
Restaurants, Salinas – 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
Homero Rodríguez, Jeyco Macías, Néstor Montalván,
and René Garzozi
Digital Feedback and Academic Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
Laura Guerra, Dulce Rivero, Stalin Arciniegas, and Santiago Quishpe
Mobile Learning: Challenging the Current Educational Model
of Communication Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014
Verónica Yépez-Reyes
Competencies and Indicators for a Productive
Digital Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Laura Guerra, Stalin Arciniegas, Luis David Narváez,
and Francisca Grimon
Transparency and Participation in Public Service Television
Broadcasters: The American Southern Cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
Paulo Carlos López-López, Mónica López-Golán,
and Iván Puentes-Rivera
Contents xxiii

Knowledge Based of an Expert System Using the Horizontal

Analysis for Financial Statements of National, Private TV Companies
in Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044
Ana Cecilia Vaca-Tapia, Francisco Campos Freire,
Francklin Iván Rivas-Echeverría, and Johnny Alejandro Aragón-Puetate
The Use of Facebook in Community Radio: A Quantitative
Analysis of the Andean Community of Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
Viviana Galarza-Ligña, Amparo Reascos-Trujillo,
and Stalin Rivera-Imbaquingo
The Interaction Gap: From the Bit to the Resurgence of a New
Information and Communication System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
Carmelo Márquez-Domínguez, Nancy Ulloa-Erazo,
and Yalitza Therly Ramos-Gil
The Influence of New Technologies on University
Radio in Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
Ana Culqui Medina and Elizabeth Granda Sánchez
The Press in the Context of the Andean Community
of Nations (CAN): Without Sustainable Monetization
in the Digital Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084
Yalitza Ramos-Gil, Carmelo Márquez-Domínguez,
and Aldo Romero-Ortega
Ecuador, the Non-communication: Postdrama or Performance? . . . . . . 1094
Miguel Ángel Orosa and Aldo Romero-Ortega
Media Processes of Communicational Management, Information
Transparency and the Incidence of TIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104
Nancy Ulloa-Erazo and Álvaro Cevallos Ramírez
Radio: A Didactic Meaningful Strategy, for Strengthening
the Oral Communicative Competence in the English Language . . . . . . . 1115
María Fernanda Ibadango-Tabango,
Armida Mariela Montenegro-Cevallos,
and Luz Marina Rodríguez-Cisneros
The Communication in English from an Educational Perspective
and Its Relationship with the Competence-Based Teaching Profile . . . . 1125
Brenda Gutierrez-Franco, Armida Mariela Montenegro-Cevallos,
and Hazel Machado-Rosales
The Diffusion of Public Policies on Technical Training
for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135
Tania Aguilera, Andrea Mila, Daniela Batallas, and Giovannina Torres
xxiv Contents

Open Government and Citizen Participation in the Web Portals

of Ecuador GADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146
Patricia Henríquez-Coronel, Jennifer Bravo-Loor, Enrique Díaz-Barrera,
and Yosselin Vélez-Romero
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
THE POSITION OF THE BRAIN WHEN THE HEAD IS VIEWED FROM THE
FRONT.
LOCATING THE BRAIN WITH THE SIDE OF THE HEAD TO THE
SPORTSMAN.
 THE ELEPHANT, AFTER THE BRAIN SHOT, DIES QUIETLY AND THE OTHERS DO NOT
TAKE ALARM.

The greatest disadvantage the brain shot has is the difficulty of locating the
comparatively small brain in the enormous head. The best way is, of course,
to kill an elephant by the heart shot and very carefully to dissect the head,
thereby finding out the position of the brain in relation to the prominent points
or marks on the head, such as the eyes and ear holes. Unfortunately for this
scheme, the head is never in the same position when the animal is dead as
when alive, as an elephant hardly ever dies kneeling when a body shot has
been given him.
The experienced elephant shot can reach the brain from almost any angle,
and with the head in almost any position. But the novice will be well advised to
try the broadside shot only. Having mastered this and studied the frontal shot,
he may then try it. When successful with the above two shots he may be able
to reach the zenith of the elephant hunter’s ambition, i.e., to kill
instantaneously any of these huge pachyderms with one tiny nickel pencil-like
bullet when moving or stationary and from any angle.
 From the point of view of danger to the hunter, should a miss occur, an
ineffective shot in the head does not appear to have the enraging effect a
body shot elsewhere than in the vitals sometimes has. Should the bullet miss
the brain, but still pass sufficiently close to it to stun the animal, he will drop to
every appearance dead. If no convulsive jerking of the limbs is noticed he is
only stunned, and should be given another shot, as otherwise he will soon get
up and make off as if nothing had touched him.
 III
THE BODY SHOT AT ELEPHANT

Although the brain shot is speedier in result and more humane if bungled
than the body shot, yet the latter is not to be despised. Many hunters employ
no other. These will generally be found to be adherents to the “Big Bore”
school. The heart and lungs of an elephant present, together with the huge
arteries immediately adjacent, a large enough target for anyone, provided his
or her nerves are sufficiently controlled to allow of the rifle being aimed at the
correct spot. If this is not the case, and the whole animal is treated as the
target, to be hit anywhere, then the result will be flight or a charge on the part
of the elephant. Should the latter occur in thick stuff or high grass—12 ft. or 14
ft.—the novice will have a very unpleasant time indeed. An angry bull elephant
is a magnificent sight, but an extremely difficult animal to deal with, even for
the practised shot. For one thing, he is generally end on and the head is at a
high angle and never still. If the novice comes through the encounter
undamaged he will either leave elephants severely alone for the rest of his life
or he will be extremely careful where he puts his bullet next time.
 THE ANGRY BULL.

A magnificent sight but extremely difficult to deal with.

1.—WHERE THE WINDPIPE ENTERS THE BODY IS THE SPOT TO HIT WHEN
THE ANIMAL IS IN THIS POSITION.
 2.—ELEPHANT IN THE COUNTRY MOST SUITED TO THE BODY SHOT.

Even here, on an open grassy plain, if the hunter can get within thirty or forty yards, the brain
shot is to be preferred.
 3.—WITH ONE EYE SHUT.

The shaded portion represents the hands holding the rifle.

4.—WITH BOTH EYES OPEN.

The whole of the head is visible through the hands and rifle.
THE DOTTED LINES SHOW THE POSITION OF THE HEART AND LUNGS.
 WITH THE HERD IN THE PAIRING SEASON.

The natural inclination of most men is to fire and fire quickly, straight at the
beast, anywhere. This must be resisted at all costs. If you can force yourself to
wait until you have counted ten slowly, the animal is yours. The mere act of
asserting your mentality gives such ascendency to your powers of judgment
and such confidence that you will be surprised to find yourself coolly waiting
for a better chance than the one you were quite prepared to take a few
seconds before. When you are in this state of mind, try and get to a range of
about thirty yards at right angles to the fore and aft line of the animal. Now see
if the fore leg is clearly visible for the greater part. If it is and is fairly upright
you may use its centre line as your direction. A third of the distance from the
brisket to the top of the back is the elevation. If struck there or thereabouts
either the top of the heart or the lungs or some of the arteries will be pierced
and the animal cannot live, even when the bullet used is as small as a ·256.
He may run fifteen or twenty yards, subside into a walk for another forty or fifty
yards, stand about for some time and then subside. This is a pierced artery.
He may rush away for thirty to sixty yards at a great pace and fall in his stride.
This is a heart shot. Or he may rush off spouting bright red blood from his
trunk in great quantities. This is a shot in the lungs.
If you have missed the deadly area and are high, you may have touched the
spinal column. But it is so massive at this spot in a large elephant that it will
rarely be broken, so that even when he comes down he will soon recover and
be up and off. Too far forward you may get the point of the shoulder and your
bullet may have so weakened the bone that when he starts off it may break.
An elephant can neither trot nor gallop, but can only pace, therefore one
broken leg anchors him. It is true that he may just stagger along for a few
yards by substituting his tusks as a support in place of the broken leg. In a
case of this sort you will naturally dispatch him as quickly as possible.
If your bullet has gone too far back and got into the stomach you may be in
for a lively time, as nothing seems to anger them more than a shot so placed.
If he comes for you meaning business, no instructions would help you, simply
because you wouldn’t have time to think of them. Hit him hard quickly and as
often as you can, about a line between the eyes, or in the throat when his
head is up, and see what happens. Never turn your back to him. While you
can see him you know where he is. And besides, you cannot run in thick stuff
without falling. Always stand still and shoot whichever animal threatens you
most is what I have found to be the best plan.
Should you come upon a good bull in a position such as is shown in Fig. 1,
you may kill him with a shot where the windpipe finally enters the chest as
indicated by the spear. For some reason or other this is not an easy shot. It
may be because the spot is nearly always in deep shadow. Personally I would
wait until he lowered his head and gave me a chance at his brain. A hunting
companion of mine once shot an elephant in the brain while in a position such
as shown in Fig. 1. The bullet had entered through the top of the palate,
showing that he must have been almost under the animal’s head when he
fired. In Fig. 2 we have elephant in country most suitable for the body shot,
that is, open, short grassy plains. The mature bull on the right is the first
choice. Observe his massive head, short but heavy tusks. He is not old, but
his teeth will weigh well. The second choice is the one on the left which is
swinging his ears. Our friend in the middle which is philandering with the
heavy-looking cow should be spared. Observe how his teeth taper away to
nothing. They would scarcely scale 30 lb. each.
In Fig. 3 I have tried to show what happens when you aim your rifle with one
eye closed at an elephant’s brain. Everything below the head is obliterated
with this form of backsight. This makes it much more difficult to judge correctly
the position of the brain, as the sight cuts out one or both of the “leading
marks,” i.e., the eye and the earhole. The shaded portion represents the
hands holding the rifle.
Fig. 4 is meant to show what happens when the same sight is being taken
at the same elephant but with both eyes open. Owing to the left eye seeing
the whole image—as its view of it is not obstructed by the hands—the whole
of the elephant’s head appears visible through the hands and rifle. The
advantage is obvious. Anyone can do it who will take the trouble to practise.
Finally, I would like to warn anyone who may be going out for his elephant
for the first time to beware that the native gun-bearer does not rush him into
firing too soon. They have not our medical knowledge which teaches us that
the brain, heart and lungs are the best places to hit. They would hit them
anywhere and trust to “medicine” to do the rest. I have been solemnly assured
by native elephant hunters that it is not the bullet which causes the animal’s
death, but the fire from the powder which enters the hole made by the bullet.
 IV
AFRICAN “MEDICINE” OR WITCHCRAFT AND ITS
BEARING ON SPORT

The ruling factor in the pagan African’s life is witchcraft, generally called
throughout the continent “medicine.” All his doings are ruled by it. No venture
can be undertaken without it. Should he be going into the bush on some trivial
project he will pick up a stone and deposit it on what has through years
become a huge pile. This is to propitiate some spirit. But this apparently does
not fully ensure the success of the expedition, for should a certain species of
bird call on the wrong side of the road the whole affair is off and he returns to
his village to wait until another day when the omens are good.
In illness he recognises no natural laws; all is ascribed to medicine on the
part of some enemy. Should his wife fail to produce the yearly baby, someone
is making medicine against him through her. Hunting or raiding ventures are
never launched without weeks of medicine making. The regular practitioners
of this medicine are called “medicine men” or witch doctors. Their power is
enormous and is hardly fully realised even by the European administrations,
although several African penal codes now contain legislative efforts to curtail
the practice of the evil eye and the black arts. These medicine men have
always appeared to me to be extremely shrewd and cunning men who yet
really believed in their powers. While all goes well their lot is an enviable one.
Gifts of food are showered upon them. I suspect that they secretly eat the
fowls and goats which are brought as sacrifices to propitiate the spirits: at any
rate, these seem to disappear in a mysterious manner. Beer and women are
theirs for the asking as long as all goes well. But, should the medicine man
have a run of ill luck in his practice and be not too firmly established, he
sometimes comes to grief. The most frequent cause of their downfall appears
to occur in the foretelling of rain. Supposing a dry year happens to come
along, as it so frequently does in Africa, everyone to save his crops resorts to
the medicine man. They take to him paltry presents to begin with. No rain.
They give him fowls, sheep and goats. Still no rain. They discuss it among
themselves and conclude that he is not yet satisfied. More presents are given
to him and, maybe, he is asked why he has not yet made the rain come.
Never at a loss, he explains that there is a strong combination up against him,
a very strong one, with which he is battling day and night. If he only had a
bullock to sacrifice to such and such a spirit he might be able to overcome the
opposition. And so it goes on. Cases are known among rich tribes where the
medicine man has enriched himself with dozens of head of cattle and women.
At this stage should rain appear all is well, and the medicine man is acclaimed
the best of fellows and the greatest of the fraternity. But should its appearance
be so tardy that the crops fail, then that medicine man has lost his job and has
to flee to some far tribe. If he be caught he will, most probably, be stoned or
clubbed to death.
To the elephant hunter the medicine man can sometimes be of great
assistance. I once consulted a medicine man about a plague of honey-guides.
These are African birds about the size of a yellowhammer, which have the
extraordinary habit of locating wild bees’ nests and leading man to them by
fluttering along in front of him, at the same time keeping up a continuous and
penetrating twittering until the particular tree in which the nest is situated is
reached. After the native has robbed the nest of its honey, by the aid of smoke
and fire, he throws on the ground a portion—sometimes very small—of the
grub-filled comb as a reward for the bird.
My experience occurred just after the big bush fires, when elephant are so
easily tracked, their spoor standing out grey on the blackened earth. At this
season, too, the bees’ nests contain honey and grubs. Hundreds of natives
roam the bush and the honey-guides are at their busiest. Elephants were
numerous, and for sixteen days I tracked them down and either saw or heard
them stampede, warned of our presence by honey-guides, without the chance
of a shot. Towards the end of this ghastly period my trackers were completely
discouraged. They urged me to consult the medicine man, and I agreed to do
so, thinking that at any rate my doing so would imbue the boys with fresh
hope. Arrived at the village, in due course I visited the great man. His first
remark was that he knew that I was coming to consult him, and that he also
knew the reason of my visit. By this he thought to impress me, I suppose, but,
of course, he had heard all about the honey-guides from my boys, although
they stoutly denied it when I asked them after the interview was over. Yes, I
said, I had come to see him about those infernal birds. And I told him he could
have all the meat of the first elephant I killed if he could bring about that
desirable end to my long hunt. He said he would fix it up. And so he did, and
the very next day, too.
In the evening of the day upon which I had my consultation I was strolling
about the village while my boys got food, prepared for another trip in the bush.
Besides these preparations I noticed a lot of basket mending and sharpening
of knives. One woman I questioned said she was coming with us on the
morrow to get some elephant meat. I spoke to two or three others. They were
all preparing to smoke and dry large quantities of meat, and they were all
going with us. Great optimism prevailed everywhere. Even I began to feel that
the turning in the lane was in sight. Late that night one of my trackers came to
say that the medicine man wished me to stay in camp in the morning and not
to proceed as I had intended. I asked the reason of this and he simply said
that the medicine man was finding elephant for me and that when the sun was
about so high (9 o’clock) I should hear some news.

ELEPHANT SLINKING AWAY, WARNED OF THE APPROACH OF MAN BY HONEY-GUIDES.

 MEDICINE INDEED!

Soon after daybreak natives from the village began to arrive in camp. All
seemed in great spirit, and everyone came with knives, hatchets, baskets and
skin bags of food. They sat about in groups laughing and joking among
themselves. Breakfast finished, the boys got everything ready for the march.
What beat me was that everyone—my people included—seemed certain they
were going somewhere. About 9.30 a native glistening with sweat arrived. He
had seen elephant. How many? Three! Big ones? Yes! Hurriedly telling the
chief to keep his people well in the rear, off we set at a terrific pace straight
through the bush until our guide stopped by a tree. There he had left his
companion watching the elephants. Two or three hundred yards further on we
came to their tracks. Everywhere were the welcome signs of their having fed
as they went. But, strangest thing of all, not a single honey-guide appeared.
Off again as hard as we could go, the tracks running on ahead clear and
distinct, light grey patches on a burnt ground with the little grey footmarks of
the native ahead of us. In an hour or so we spotted him in a tree, and as we
drew near we caught the grey glint of elephant. Still no honey-guides;
blessings on the medicine man! Wind right, bush fairly open, it only remained
to see if they were warrantable. That they were large bulls we already knew
from their tracks. Leaving the boys, I was soon close behind the big sterns as
they wandered gently along. In a few seconds I had seen their ivory
sufficiently to know that one was really good and the other two quite shootable
beasts. Now for the brain shot. Of all thrills in the world give me the standing
within 20 yds. of good elephant, waiting for a head to turn to send a tiny nickel
bullet straight to the brain. From toenail to top of back they were all a good 11
ft. Stepping a few yards to the left and keeping parallel with them I saw that
the way to bag the lot was to shoot the leader first, although he was not the
biggest. Letting pass one or two chances at the middle and rearmost beasts, I
finally got a bullet straight into the leader’s brain. The middle one turned
towards the shot and the nearest turned away from it, so that they both
presented chances at their brains: the former an easy broadside standing, the
latter a behind the ear shot and running. So hard did this one come down on
his tusks that one of them was loose in its socket and could be drawn straight
out. Almost immediately one could hear a kind of rush coming through the
bush. The chief and his people were arriving. There seemed to be hundreds
of them. And the noise and rejoicings! I put guards on the medicine man’s
beast. From first to last no honey-guide had appeared. The reader must judge
for himself whether there was any magic in the affair or not. What I think
happened was this: knowing that the medicine man was taking the affair in
hand and that he had promised elephant, the natives believed that elephant
would be killed. Believing that, they were willing to look industriously for them
in the bush. Great numbers of them scattered through the bush had the effect
of splitting up and scattering the honey-guides, besides increasing the
chances of finding elephant. The fact that we did not hear a single bird must
have been mere chance, I think. But you could not convince an African of that.
Natural causes and their effects have not a place in his mind. I remember
once an elephant I had hit in the heart shook his head violently in his death
throes. I was astounded to see one of his tusks fly out and land twelve paces
away. The boys were awe-stricken when they saw what had happened. After
ten minutes’ silence they started whispering to each other and then my gun-
bearer came to speak to me. He solemnly warned me with emotion in his
voice never to go near another elephant. If I did it would certainly kill me after
what had occurred. It was quite useless my pointing out that the discarded
tusk was badly diseased, and that it would have probably fallen out in a short
time anyhow. No! No! Bwana, it is medicine! said they.
HE SHOOK HIS HEAD SO VIOLENTLY IN THE DEATH THROES THAT A TUSK FLEW OUT
AND LANDED TWELVE PACES AWAY.
 A M’BONI VILLAGE.

Perhaps twenty grass shelters are dotted here and there under the trees.

Some few years ago I was hunting in the Wa Boni country in British East
Africa. The Wa Boni form an offshoot of the Sanya tribe and are purely
hunters, having no fixed abode and never undertaking cultivation of any kind.
They will not even own stock of any sort, holding that such ownership leads to
trouble in the form of—in the old days—raids, and now taxation. Living entirely
on the products of the chase, honey, bush fruits and vegetables, they are
perhaps the most independent people in the world. They are under no
necessity to combine for purposes of defence, having nothing to defend.
Owning no plantations, they are independent of droughts. The limitless bush
provides everything they want. Skins for wearing apparel, meat for eating,
fibres of great strength for making string and ropes for snares, sinew for
bowstrings, strong and tough wood for bows, clay for pottery, grass for shelter,
water-tubers for drinking when water is scarce, fruit foods of all sorts; and all
these for the gathering. No wonder they are reluctant to give up their roving
life. I was living in one of the M’Boni villages, if village it could be called. It
consisted of, perhaps, twenty grass shelters dotted here and there under the
trees. It was the season when honey is plentiful, and there was a great deal of