Practical Circuit of the Transformers

Equivalent Circuit of the Transformer referred to the Primary Side

Where:
Ro1 = R1 + a2R2 Ro1 - Equivalent resistance referred to the primary side
Xo1 = X1 + a2X2 Xo1 - Equivalent reactance referred to the primary side
Zo1 = Ro1 + jX01 Zo1 - Equivalent impedance referred to the primary side

𝑍!" = #𝑅!" # + 𝑋!" #

E1 = aV2 + I1Zo1

Equivalent Circuit of the Transformer referred to the Secondary Side

Where:
2
Ro2 = R1/a + R2 Ro2 - Equivalent resistance referred to the secondary side
Xo2 = X1/a2 + X2 Xo2 - Equivalent reactance referred to the secondary side
Zo2 = Ro2 + jX02 Zo2 - Equivalent impedance referred to the secondary side

𝑍!# = #𝑅!# # + 𝑋!# #

E1/a = V2 + I2Zo2
Voltage Regulation

𝑽𝑵𝑳 (𝟏 𝒐𝒓𝟐) − 𝑽𝑭𝑳 (𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐)

%𝑽𝑹 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑽𝑭𝑳 (𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐)

𝑬𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝑵𝑳 (𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐) = '(𝑽𝑭𝑳 (𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝑰𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 𝑹𝒆𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝑽𝑭𝑳 (𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 ± 𝑰𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 𝑿𝒆𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 )𝟐

+ Lagging; - Leading

In complex form
𝑬𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 = 𝑽𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 + (𝑰𝟏 𝒐𝒓𝟐 ∠𝜽)(𝑹𝒆𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 + 𝒋𝑿𝒆𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 )

𝟏
%𝑽𝑹 = (𝑰𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ± 𝑰𝑿𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽) + ( 𝑰𝑿𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 ∓ 𝑰𝑹𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟐
𝟐𝟎𝟎
+ Lagging - Lagging
- Leading + Leading
𝟏
%𝑽𝑹 = (%𝑰𝑹 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 ± 𝑰𝑿𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽) + (% 𝑰𝑿𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 ∓ %𝑰𝑹𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟐
𝟐𝟎𝟎

%𝑽𝑹 = [C(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + %𝑰𝑹)𝟐 + (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 ± %𝑰𝑿)𝟐 − 𝟏] 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

+ Lagging; - Leading

Sample Problems
1. A 50 kVA, 2500/250 volts single phase transformer has a primary resistance and
primary reactance of 1.25 and 5.75 ohms respectively. Furthermore, the secondary
resistance and reactance are 0.003 and 0.015 ohms respectively. Determine
a) The equivalent resistance referred to the primary side
b) The equivalent resistance referred to the secondary side
c) The equivalent reactance referred to the primary side
d) The equivalent reactance referred to the secondary side
e) The equivalent impedance referred to the primary side
f) The equivalent impedance referred to the secondary side
g) The percent voltage regulation at full-load at:
1) 0.8 lagging power factor
2) 0.8 leading power factor
3) Unity power factor
2. A transformer has copper-loss of 1.5% and reactance-drop of 3.5% when tested at full-
load. Calculate its full-load regulation at
• unity pf
• 0.8 p.f. Lagging and
• 0.8 p.f. Leading

Supplementary Problems

1. A 150 kva 2400/240 volt transformer has the following parameters:

R1 = 0.2 Ω R2 = 0.002 Ω
X1 = 0.45 Ω X2 = 0.0045 Ω
Calculate the voltage regulation at rated load with a 0.8 lagging pf

2. A 100 kVA 2400/240 volt 60 cycle transformer has following constants: Rp = 0.42 Ω; Xp
= 0.0038 Ω; Rs = 0.022 Ω; Xs = 0.0068 Ω. Calculate the following values in primary and
secondary terms: Re, Xe, Ze