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10th International
Symposium on
High-Temperature
High-Temperature
Metallurgical
Processing
EDITED BY
Tao Jiang
Jiann-Yang Hwang
Dean
De an Gregurek
Zhiwei Peng
Peng
Jerome P. Downey
Baojun Zhao
Onuralp Yücel
Ender Keskink
Keskinkilic
ilic
Rafael Padilla
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
Tao Jiang Jiann-Yang Hwang
• •
Rafael Padilla
Editors
10th International
Symposium
on High-Temperature
Metallurgical Processing
123
Editors
Tao Jiang Jiann-Yang Hwang
Central South University Michigan Technological University
Changsha, China Houghton, MI, USA
Rafael Padilla
University of Concepción
Concepción, Chile
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
This book presents selected papers submitted for the 10th International Symposium
on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing organized in conjunction with the
TMS 2019 Annual Meeting and Exhibition in San Antonio, Texas, USA. More than
120 abstracts were received. Among them, 90 were selected for oral presentation
and 34 were provided with a poster presentation opportunity. After reviewing the
submitted manuscripts, 75 were accepted for publication in this book.
As the title of symposium suggests, the interest of the symposium is on thermal
processing of minerals, metals and materials that intends to promote physical and
chemical transformations of materials to enable the extraction and production of
valuable materials such as metals, alloys, ceramics and compounds. The sympo-
sium was open to participants from both industry and academia and focused on
innovative high-temperature technologies including those based on non-traditional
heating methods as well as their environmental aspects such as handling and
treatment of emission gases and by-products. Because high-temperature processes
require high energy input to sustain the temperature at which the processes take
place, the symposium addressed the needs for sustainable technologies with
reduced energy consumption and reduced emission of pollutants. The symposium
also welcomed contributions on thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reac-
tions, phase transformations that take place at elevated temperatures, as well as
simulation of high-temperature metallurgical processes. We hope the book will
serve as a reference for both new and experienced metallurgists, particularly those
who are actively engaged in exploring innovative technologies and routes that lead
to more energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable solutions.
v
vi Preface
Tao Jiang
Jiann-Yang Hwang
Dean Gregurek
Zhiwei Peng
Jerome P. Downey
Baojun Zhao
Onuralp Yücel
Ender Keskinkilic
Rafael Padilla
Contents
vii
viii Contents
xv
xvi About the Editors
Shun Yao, Sheng-li Wu, Bo Song, Ming-yin Kou and Heng Zhou
Abstract A carbon loss mathematical model was established based on the Fe–O–C
balance and traditional engineering method. The coke carbon loss and carbon loss
of coupled direct reduction are calculated based on this model and actual production
data of B# blast furnace in Bayisteel. And then, the model is applied to research the
effect of coal ratio, burden metallization rate, blast temperature, oxygen enrichment
rate and blast humidity on carbon loss of direct reduction and carbon loss of
coupled direct reduction. The results show that burden metallization rate and
oxygen enrichment rate have significant influences on carbon loss of direct
reduction. The burden metallization rate, oxygen enrichment rate and coal ratio
have significant influences on carbon loss of coupled direct reduction. In addition,
comparing with 4# blast furnace in Baosteel, the high-quality coke can observably
reduce carbon loss of coupled direct reduction.
Introduction
Metallurgical coke is the most important and inevitable raw material in the blast
furnace. Metallurgical coke is a fuel, a reductant, a carburetant, a permeable grid in
the blast furnace. And coke is indispensable material in the blast furnace, because it
sustains the passages of liquid metal and slag towards the lower part and of
high-temperature reducing gas towards the upper part, and it is the only material
that remains a solid phase in the high-temperature zones adjacent to the blast
furnace raceways. Coke quality affects the gas permeability, liquid permeability of
the burden and state of hearth [1].
steam gasified coke than CO2 gasified coke. After reacting with CO2 and steam, the
high-temperature compressive strength of coke will decrease with the increasing of
solution loss or temperature. Guo et al. [11] researched the solution loss kinetics
behaviour on coke strength after reaction. The results showed that the temperature
of gradient reaction brings the most serious degradation to three cokes are different
due to different reactivity, and the temperature of the high reactive coke is about
1100 °C which is lower than another two cokes. Liu et al. [12] investigated kinetics
of coke gasification with CO2 by non-isothermal thermogravimetry. The results
showed that when the gasification temperature is higher than 1200 K, both of the
gasification reaction rate and carbon conversion rate increase significantly. When
the gasification temperature reaches about 1500 K, the gasification reaction rate
reaches the maximum. NOMURA et al. [13] investigated the strength of
catalyst-added highly reactive coke after solution loss reaction. This result showed
that the adding method and the types of catalyst have a great influence on the
post-reaction strength of coke.
These researches have important guiding significance to ironmaking process, but
there is few information about the quantization of coke solution loss in the blast
furnace. In this study, a carbon loss calculation model is established based on
traditional engineering method and Fe–O–C balance. The coke carbon loss of direct
reduction and carbon loss of coupled direct reduction in B# blast furnace of
Bayisteel are calculated based on actual production data. Discussions were made on
the influences of different operating factors to coke carbon loss.
Modelling
There are some shortcomings in traditional engineering method, such as using the
assumed direct reduction degree, unchangeable empirical specific heat capacity and
ignoring the effects of blast humidity and pulverized coal. Therefore, the short-
comings of traditional engineering method have been corrected in this work. Firstly,
carbon loss of direct reduction is calculated by this model based on conservation of
carbon. Then the amount of carbon loss of coupled direct reduction can be cal-
culated by the result of carbon loss of direct reduction. This model assumes the
following conditions: all pulverized coal is burned with oxygen; all combustion of
carbon and oxygen is incomplete combustion; it is 0.999:0.001 that the distribution
ratio of iron to hot metal and slag.
Language: English
A Cadet’s Honor
On Guard
BY
CHAPTER I.
ACCEPTING A CHALLENGE.
Drills were over for that day, and likewise dinner, and the corps
had been dismissed, excepting members who had extra tours of
guard duty to do by way of punishment. This included one of the
Seven, the unfortunate granger from Kansas, “Sleepy,” who had
forgotten to invert his washbowl at the “A. M. inspection.”
Poor Sleepy was obliged to shoulder his musket with what grace
he could and sadly watch his friends vanish in the woods.
The wicked drummer boy, who was getting rich nowadays by
furnishing contraband disguises for the yet more wicked Banded
Seven, had designated a place where he would hide the “duds,” and
for that place the six made with all possible speed. Some hour or so
later there were three curious-looking couples strolling down the
road to the Falls.
The drum orderly, with considerable appropriateness, had
furnished a full dress evening suit for Chauncey. It being afternoon,
Chauncey had indignantly refused to “dream” of wearing it, and so
the meek Indian had had his fat limbs crowded into the costume.
Texas had a flaming red sweater and huge farmer’s trousers with
one suspender. Mark had the tattered remains of a tennis blazer and
checkerboard “pants.” The Parson was muttering anathemas at the
facetious lad who had gotten, from somewhere, a clerical costume
with a rip up the back, and Dewey was handsome and resplendent in
one of the drum orderly’s own cast-off uniforms. Poor Chauncey
having refused the swallow-tails, was doomed to be commonplace in
a white flannel costume last worn by a coal heaver.
Do you wonder at the phrase “curious-looking couples” used
above?
It had been agreed that they would excite less suspicion two by
two. All in a crowd they might be mistaken for the rear guard of the
circus procession, which they could tell from the sound of the band
had proceeded them down the main street of Highland Falls. The six
set out swiftly in pursuit.
Texas was fairly boiling over with anxiety to catch a glimpse of
Smasher. Texas had done nothing but talk about Smasher since he
started.
If there had chanced to be any officers from the post down there
they would probably have recognized their cadets, in spite of false
mustaches and hair. For the plebes were so used to going behind a
band by this time that the tune―“The Girl I Left Behind Me”―set
them all to marching with West Point precision―“left, left! Eyes to
the front―heads up―chest out, little fingers on the seams of the
trousers―left, left!”
Fortunately, however, nobody noticed their rather unusual style,
and down at the far end of the long and narrow town they came upon
the circus grounds. No small boy enjoying his holiday from school
was gazing upon the scene with more interest than our plebes.
There were three big tents in a vacant lot. The band had gone
inside by that time, and a string of people were following, buying
their tickets of a black and long-haired “genuine Australian bushman”
who stood as a walking live hint to the wonders that were inside, and
incidentally made change wrong and talked in Irish brogue to an
invisible some one.
Also worthy of mention was “Tent No. 2.” We shall see a good
deal of the contents of Tent No. 2. Tent No. 2 was the dime museum
tent, and varied and startling were its decorations. A two-headed boy
grinned merrily at a painted hyena on one side. It was a laughing