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AS 5100.4:2017
Bridge design
Part 4: Bearings and deck joints

AP-G51.4-17
AS 5100.4:2017
This Australian Standard® was prepared by Committee BD-090, Bridge Design. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 13 March 2017.
This Standard was published on 31 March 2017.
The following are represented on Committee BD-090:
 Australian Industry Group

 Australian Steel Institute
 Austroads
 Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
 Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand
 Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia—Cement
 Concrete Institute of Australia
 Consult Australia
 Engineers Australia
 New Zealand Heavy Engineering Research Association
 Rail Industry Safety and Standards Board
 Steel Construction New Zealand
 Steel Reinforcement Institute of Australia
 Sydney Trains
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 5100.4:2016.
Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that
contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the
Committee and through the public comment period.
Keeping Standards up-to-date

Australian Standards® are living documents that reflect progress in science, technology and
systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions
are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.
Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are
using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been
published since the Standard was published.
Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can
be found by visiting www.standards.org.au
Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to

notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at
mail@standards.org.au, or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.
AS 5100.4:2017
Australian Standard®
Bridge design
Originated as HB 77.4—1996.
Revised and redesignated as AS 5100.4—2004.
Second edition 2017.
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia Limited
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright Act 1968.
Published by SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited, GPO Box
476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 978 1 76035 717 7
AS 5100.4:2017 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee BD-090, Bridge Design
to supersede AS 5100.4—2004.
This Standard is also designated as Austroads publication AP-G51.4-17.
The objectives of the AS(AS/NZS) 5100 series are to provide nationally acceptable
requirements for—
(a) the design of road, rail, pedestrian and cyclist-path bridges;
(b) the specific application of concrete, steel and composite steel/concrete construction,
which embody principles that may be applied to other materials in association with
relevant Standards; and
(c) the assessment of the load capacity of existing bridges.
The objective of this Part (AS 5100.4) is to specify requirements for the design and
selection of bearings and deck joints for bridges in Australia.
The requirements of the AS(AS/NZS) 5100 series are based on the principles of structural
mechanics and knowledge of material properties, for both the conceptual and detailed
design, to achieve acceptable probabilities that the bridge or associated structure being
designed will not become unfit for use during its design life.
Whereas earlier editions of the Bridge design series were essentially administered by the
infrastructure owners and applied to their own inventory, an increasing number of bridges
are being built under the design-construct-operate principle and being handed over to the
relevant statutory authority after several years of operation. This Standard includes clauses
intended to facilitate the specification to the designer of the functional requirements of the
owner, to ensure the long-term performance and serviceability of the bridge and associated
structure.
Significant differences between this Standard and AS 5100.4—2004 are the following:
(i) Tables of standard elastomeric bearing properties have all been updated to add
additional numbers of elastomer layers in each plan size.
(ii) The requirements for the sealing rings of pot bearing have been modified.
(iii) Spherical advanced composite material bearings have been introduced.
(iv) The movement range deck joints need to be designed for have been modified.
(v) Load distribution from bearings to concrete surfaces has been introduced.
(vi) Project-specific requirements (Appendix E) have been added.
(vii) Provisions for modular bridge expansion joints (MBEJ) have been added.
In line with Standards Australia policy, the words ‘shall’ and ‘may’ are used consistently
throughout this Standard to indicate, respectively, a mandatory provision and an acceptable
or permissible alternative.
Statements expressed in mandatory terms in Notes to Tables are deemed to be requirements
of this Standard.
The term ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which it applies. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part
of the Standard. An ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.
3 AS 5100.4:2017
CONTENTS
Page
1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 4
2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES ................................................................................... 4
3 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 5
4 NOTATION AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................... 6
5 FUNCTIONS OF BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS ............................................... 11
6 LOADS, MOVEMENTS AND ROTATIONS .......................................................... 11
7 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS .................................................................. 11
8 MOVEMENT RESTRAINTS ................................................................................... 13
9 ALIGNMENT OF BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS .............................................. 14

10 ANCHORAGE OF BEARINGS ............................................................................... 14
11 LOADS RESULTING FROM RESISTANCE TO MOVEMENT ............................. 15
12 ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS................................................................................... 17
13 POT BEARINGS ...................................................................................................... 26
14 SPHERICAL APPROVED SLIDING MATERIAL (ASM) BEARINGS.................. 27
15 PLANE SLIDING CONTACT SURFACES ............................................................. 31
16 MECHANICAL BEARINGS .................................................................................... 32
17 LOAD DISTRIBUTION FROM BEARINGS TO CONCRETE ELEMENTS .......... 34
18 BEARINGS SUBJECT TO UPLIFT ......................................................................... 35
19 DECK JOINTS.......................................................................................................... 36
20 MODULAR BRIDGE EXPANSION JOINTS (MBEJ) ............................................. 39
APPENDICES
A TABLES OF STANDARD ELASTOMERIC BEARING PROPERTIES .................. 52
B TESTING OF ELASTOMER—CATEGORY 1 TESTS ............................................ 82
C MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES FOR LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC
BEARINGS ............................................................................................................... 86
D TESTING OF LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS .................................... 88
E DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MODULAR DECK JOINTS ............................... 90
F TEST PROCEDURE FOR EXPERIMENTAL MODAL ANALYSIS ....................... 92
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 96
AS 5100.4:2017 4
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Bridge design
1 SCOPE
This Standard sets out minimum design and performance requirements for bearings and
deck joints for the articulation and accommodation of movements of bridge structures. It
applies to elastomeric, pot, spherical and mechanical bearings and deck joints, all of which
are locations where rotation or translation, or both, can take place. It does not apply to
concrete hinges.
2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
The following are the normative documents referenced in this Standard.
NOTE: Documents referenced for informative purposes are listed in the Bibliography.
AS
1683 Methods of test for elastomers
1683.11 Method 11: Tension testing of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber
1683.12 Method 12: Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic—Determination of tear
strength (trouser, angle and crescent test pieces)
1683.14.1 Method 14.1: Adhesive strength of vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber—One-
plate method
1683.15.1 Method 15.1: International rubber hardness
1683.15.2 Method 15.2: Durometer hardness
1683.22 Method 22: Determination of vulcanization characteristics using the
oscillating disc curemeter
1683.24 Method 24: Determination of the resistance of vulcanized or thermoplastic
rubbers to ozone cracking—Static strain test
1683.26 Method 26: Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic—Accelerated ageing or
heat-resistance tests
5100 Bridge design
5100.2 Part 2: Design loads
5100.5 Part 5: Concrete
AZ/NZS
1554 Structural steel welding
1554.5 Part 5: Welding of steel structures subject to high levels of fatigue loading
2312 Guide to the protection of structural steel against atmospheric corrosion by
the use of protective coatings
5100 Bridge design
5100.6 Part 6: Steel and composite construction
ISO
815 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic—Determination of compression set
815-1 Part 1: At ambient or elevated temperatures
13000 Plastics—Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) semi-finished products
13000-1 Part 1: Requirements and designation
 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

5 AS 5100.4:2017
EN
1337 Structural Bearings
1337-5 Part 5: Pot bearings
ASTM
A240/A240M-03b Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless
Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General
Applications
C719-14 Standard Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elastomeric Joint
Sealants Under Cyclic Movement (Hockman Cycle)1, 2
5973 Standard Specification for Elastomeric Strip Seals with Steel Locking
Edge Rails Used in Expansion Joint Sealing
NCHRP
Report 467 Performance Testing for Modular Bridge Joint Systems
3 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
3.1 Bonded layer
A layer of elastomer bonded on both faces to metal plates, achieved by a vulcanization
process.
3.2 Deck joint
A structural discontinuity between two elements, at least one of which is a deck element,
which is designed to permit relative translation or rotation, or both, of abutting structural
elements.
3.3 Laminated bearing
An elastomeric bearing with two or more metal plates bonded into the elastomer.
3.4 Modular deck joint
A joint that consists of a number of transverse beams and seals that are connected to a
series of support mechanisms that provide a large movement capability.
3.5 Plain bearing
A bearing made up of a single unbonded layer of elastomer.
3.6 Pot bearing
A bearing that carries vertical load by compression of an elastomeric disc confined in a
steel cylinder and which accommodates rotation by angular deformation of the disc.
3.7 Rated load
The calculated maximum permissible compressive load that is applied to a bearing when it
is subjected at the same time to specified shear strain and rotation.
3.8 Semi-bonded layer
A layer of elastomer bonded on one face to a metal plate.
3.9 Spherical bearing
Bearing consisting of a plate with a convex spherical surface and a plate with a concave
spherical surface between which a low friction sheet and a mating material form a curved
sliding surface.
www.standards.org.au  Standards Australia

AS 5100.4:2017 6
3.10 Strip bearing

A plain bearing pad in which the length is more than 10 times the width.
3.11 Unbonded layer
A single layer of elastomer that is not bonded to metal plates.
4 NOTATION AND ABBREVIATIONS

4.1 Notation
The symbols used in this Standard are as listed below.
Unless a contrary intention is given, the following applies:
(a) Where non-dimensional ratios are involved, both the numerator and denominator are
expressed in identical units.
(b) The dimensional units for length and stress in all expressions or equations are to be
taken as millimetres (mm), Newtons (N) and megapascals (MPa) respectively, unless
specifically noted otherwise.
(c) An asterisk (*) placed after a symbol as a superscript denotes a design action effect
due to the design load for the ultimate limit state (ULS).
Symbol Definition
Ab bonded surface area
Acs reduced contact area of the curved sliding surface
Aeff effective loaded plan area, nominally equal to the projected area common to
top and bottom when a bearing is distorted tangentially
Ap projected contact area (length of the seating times the diameter of the pin)
Ar total rubber plan area
A1 effective loaded area at the interface of the attachment plate and the mortar pad
or concrete substrate
A2 maximum distribution area based on a dispersion angle from the effective
loaded area through the mortar pad and concrete
a plan dimension of the edge of the bonded surface of rectangular bearings
parallel to the span of the bridge
B bulk modulus of elastomer
Bc width of centre beam at top
Bw contact width of dual truck tyres
b plan dimension of the edge of the bonded surface of a rectangular bearing
transverse to the span of the bridge
be lesser of a and b for rectangular bearings
b1 load distribution width at the interface of the attachment plate and motor pad
b2 load distribution width based on the dispersion angle through the motor pad
and concrete
C1, C2 constant dependent on bearing shape
DL design life of the component, in years
d plan diameter of circular bearing at edge of bonded surface

7 AS 5100.4:2017
dc total compressive deflection

d1 diameter of the elastomeric pad within the pot bearing
d2 diameter of the projected plan area of the approved sliding material (ASM)
sliding surface
Ec effective compression modulus of elastomer
Eh homogeneous compression modulus
Er effective rotation modulus of elastomer
Es Young’s modulus of elasticity
e eccentricity
f c lesser of the 28 days compressive cylinder strength of the mortar or concrete
substrate
fd design compressive strength of approved sliding material (ASM)
fn normal stress
fo stress used in calculation of anchorage of laminated bearing
fp principal stress
fr resultant stress
frn fatigue detail category defined in AS/NZS 5100.6, which is the corrected
fatigue strength (in MPa) at 2  106 cycles
fu tensile strength used in design
fy nominal yield strength of metal plates; or
nominal yield stress used in design
f5 detail category fatigue strength at cut-off limit
G chord shear modulus
gc gap between centre beams at appropriate joint opening
H horizontal force; or
shear force, serviceability limit state (SLS)
H* horizontal force; or
shear force, ultimate limit state (ULS); or
design longitudinal force
h minimum protrusion of sliding material above the recess in curved backing
plate of a spherical bearing
I second moment of area of the plan area of the elastomer about its axis of
rotation
Ju maximum ultimate opening between edge beams of a modular deck joint
Kc compressive stiffness of a bearing
Kcn compressive stiffness of an individual layer n of elastomer in a laminated
bearing
Kh lateral horizontal stiffness
Kr rotational stiffness of bearing
Krn rotational stiffness of a layer n
Ks shear stiffness of an elastomeric bearing

AS 5100.4:2017 8
Kv effective compression stiffness

L diameter of the projected area of the sliding material; or
length of the cylinder
Lw tyre contact length in direction parallel to traffic
M rotational moment
m ratio of the sides of a rectangular laminated bearing
N compressive load on a bearing, serviceability limit state (SLS); or
design bearing load
Nc number of centre beams supported on a support bar
N min. minimum permanent compressive load normal to the bearing anchorage
interface concurrent with H, serviceability limit state (SLS)
N min.PE minimum compressive load, due to permanent load effects, normal to the
bearing anchorage interface concurrent with H

N* design axial force at ultimate limit state (ULS)
N  min . minimum concurrent load acting in compression normal to the bearing
anchorage interface, ultimate limit state (ULS)
na number of bearings contributing to adverse frictional load
ne number of effective cycles of vibration following excitation
nr number of bearings contributing to relieving frictional load
nsc design number of stress cycles caused by the design load
P* vertical load
P surface perimeter for laminated elastomeric bearings
p tyre inflation pressure
Q* vertical design force
Q *
up
upward rebound force on the yoke of a modular deck expansion joint due to the
passage of a wheel load across the joint
q ratio
R support reaction
*
R fatigue resistance for the appropriate detail category
Rlim ultimate section or member capacity of a component of a modular deck joint
Rua characteristic ultimate shear capacity of mechanical anchors
r radius of cylindrical roller or rocker; or
radius of spherical rocker
r1 radius of the concave seating
S shape factor of a layer of elastomer; or
shape factor of the thickest inner layer
S* design action effect (force, stress, stress range, etc) for the appropriate limit
state; or
design action in general
s shear stress
T* transverse design force

9 AS 5100.4:2017
t total thickness of elastomer in a laminated bearing or thickness of plain pad or

strip bearing; or
thickness of the overlying concrete and permanent surfacing layer
tc thickness of a cover layer of a laminated elastomeric bearing
te effective thickness of an individual elastomer layer in compression (due to
vertical load or rotation)
ti thickness of an individual inner layer of elastomer in a laminated bearing
tn thickness of a typical layer n of elastomer
tp thickness of the plate
ts thickness of metal plates
W wheel load
w width of strip
 maximum angle of rotation, that is, change in angle between top and bottom
surfaces of bearing in critical direction; or
dynamic load allowance
a angle of rotation parallel to the span of the bridge
b angle of rotation transverse to the span of the bridge
 distribution factor
a, r factors dependent on the numbers of bearings na and nr
χ dynamic amplification factor (DAF)
χdn downward component
χmod overall dynamic amplification factor
χLB lower bound value of the dynamic amplification factor
χUB upper bound value of the dynamic amplification factor
χup upward component
a maximum shear displacement tangential to bearing surface in the direction of
dimension a due to movements of the structure and tangential forces
b maximum shear displacement tangential to bearing surface in the direction of
dimension b due to movements of the structure and tangential forces
s maximum resultant vector shear displacement tangential to the bearing surface,
considering movements of the structure and imposed shear force
 ratio of the longitudinal force in the direction of traffic to the concurrent
vertical load
 ratio of the force perpendicular to the direction of traffic to the concurrent
vertical load
 capacity reduction factor
f capacity reduction factor for friction
Rua design capacity of mechanical anchors
c compressive strain due to loads normal to the bearing surfaces
sc shear strain at edge of bonded surface due to loads normal to bearing surfaces

AS 5100.4:2017 10
sh shear strain at edge of bonded surface due to forces tangential to the bearing
surface or movement of the structure, or both
sr shear strain at edge of bonded surface due to relative rotation of bearing
surfaces
 load factor
 characteristic coefficient of friction
kmin. characteristic low friction coefficient
a adverse coefficient of friction
r relieving coefficient of friction
 angle of inclination of opposing bearings
s half included angle of the curved sliding surface
ASM compressive stress on approved sliding material (ASM)

 deviation angle from vertical axis of the line of action at the applied load
Subscripts
The above symbols may be qualified by one or more of the following subscripts:
Subscript Definition
f value at fatigue limit state
s value at SLS
u value at ULS
avg average
dn downward component
max maximum
min minimum
up upward component
4.2 Abbreviations
ASM approved sliding material

ASP accumulated slide path
CLA centre-line average
DAF dynamic amplification factor
FEA finite element analysis
FRF frequency response function
IRHD international rubber hardness degrees
MBEJ modular bridge expansion joint
MIO micaceous iron oxide
MSBJ multiple support bar modular joints
OMV opening movement and vibration

11 AS 5100.4:2017
POM polyoxymethylene
PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
SLS serviceability limit state
SPO seal push-out
SSBJ single support bar modular joints
ULS ultimate limit state
5 FUNCTIONS OF BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS

The function of bearings is to provide a special connection to control the interaction of
loads and movements between parts of the structure, usually between superstructure and
substructure.
The function of deck joints is to provide a trafficable surface across permanent openings in
the bridge deck between parts of the deck or between deck and abutments with the widths
of such openings varying with environmental effects, loads and movements.
The number of deck joints in a road bridge shall be minimized.
6 LOADS, MOVEMENTS AND ROTATIONS

The load and movement capabilities of bearings and deck joints for any bridge shall be
compatible with the assumptions made in the overall design of the bridge and the
requirements of this Standard.
The effects of movements of the centre of pressure due to rotation and the moment caused
by horizontal loads and friction forces shall be considered in the design of bearings and in
the calculation of bearing pressures on substructures and superstructures.
Movements including rotations shall be identified for each of the main axes.
Bridge drawings shall include a diagrammatic plan view of all bearings, by indicating the
various actions and degrees of restraint for each bearing by using appropriate symbols.
The loads and movements at the appropriate limit state shall be specified. Testing
requirements, including test loads, shall also be specified.
Bearing loads and bridge movements of skewed and curved bridges shall be assessed,
including variations of bearing loads across piers and abutments.
Detailing and construction of services, pipelines, railings, parapets and other bridge
furniture shall be such as to ensure that movements and rotations of the bridge are not
impeded.
7 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

7.1 Design considerations
The following shall be considered in the design of bearings and deck joints:
(a) Properties of the materials in the structure, including coefficients of thermal
expansion, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, creep and shrinkage.
(b) Tolerances on material properties, including tolerances on compressive, shear and
rotational characteristics.
(c) Effective temperature range of elements of the bridge.
(d) Sizes of structural elements.

AS 5100.4:2017 12
(e) Method and sequence of construction including prestressing effects and concrete
creep and shrinkage, as relevant.
(f) Tilt, settlement and movement of piers and abutments.
(g) Construction tolerances of elements of the bridge and bearings.
(h) Properties of the bearing in regard to restraints to translation.
(i) Static and dynamic response of the bridge including traffic, wind, flood, earthquake,
collision and ship impact loads.
(j) Changes to bearing loads due to the longitudinal and transverse effects of temperature
gradients in statically indeterminate structures.
(k) Fatigue requirements.
(l) Secondary effects resulting from eccentric loads or movements not along bearing axes
shall be considered in both the design of the bearing and adjacent structural elements.
NOTE: Additional requirements for modular deck joints are specified in Appendix E.
Where bearings with differing characteristics are used in the same line of support, the
resulting interactive effects shall be considered in the design of the bearings and the bridge.
7.2 Specification of bearing design requirements
Non-standard laminated elastomeric bearings and other bearings’ performance requirements
shall be specified on the drawings.
NOTE: Laminated elastomeric bearings are normally specified by part number. The part number
should be chosen from the tables of standard bearings given in Appendix A.
A bearing schedule shall be provided with sufficient information to allow the bearing to be
properly designed for all critical load cases.
NOTE: Several load combinations may need to be specified for a particular bearing (e.g. when
fatigue loads are to be designed for, where loads due to earthquake effects are significant, when
uplift occurs or when special bearing tests are required).
The bearing schedule shall nominate the load combinations for which frictional assistance
for anchorage of bearings shall be discounted [e.g. combinations including earthquake
effects and other extreme dynamic load fluctuations (see Clause 10.1)].
7.3 Design life
Bearings and deck joints, excluding easily replaceable components such as deck joint seals,
shall be designed for a minimum design life of 50 years. Cast-in components shall have the
same design life as the bridge.
7.4 Limit state requirements
All bearings and deck joints shall be designed to accommodate the relevant imposed loads,
load effects and movements at the required limit states.
ULS movements shall be derived from the nominal movements factored by the relevant
load factors specified in AS 5100.2.
Elastomeric bearings shall be designed for SLS effects.
Mechanical bearings shall be designed to accommodate ULS movements and to sustain
serviceability and ultimate limit state loads. In addition, mechanical bearings shall remain
undamaged after ultimate limit state load testing.
Other types of bearings, sliding contact surfaces and deck joints shall be designed to
accommodate ULS movements and to sustain serviceability and ultimate limit state loads
without damage, except where relaxation of this requirement is approved by the relevant
authority or permitted by other Parts of the AS(AS/NZS) 5100series.

13 AS 5100.4:2017
7.5 Provision for construction tolerances

Bearings shall be designed to accommodate the calculated rotation, including an allowance
to account for construction tolerances and erection procedure. Where superstructure
members are erected directly onto previously prepared bearings, construction tolerance
rotation allowance shall be taken as not less than 0.005 radians at SLS for elastomeric
bearings and 0.005 radians at ULS for all other bearings. The construction tolerance
rotation may be taken as zero where either—
(a) the superstructure members are initially supported above the bearings and the
remaining spaces are then fully grouted; or
(b) the superstructure is cast directly onto the installed bearing.
7.6 Provision for replacement
Provision shall be made to facilitate the removal and replacement of bearings. Provision
shall be made in both the superstructure and substructure design for jacking points. Jacking
points and loads shall be shown on the drawings.

Deck joint components subject to wear shall be detailed to facilitate their replacement.
7.7 Provision for resetting
Where it is known that excessive substructure settlements or rotations, or other movements
due to mining subsidence or other effects are likely to occur in the life of a bridge,
provision for resetting bearings shall be made and the joints shall be designed to
accommodate these movements or to facilitate resetting.
7.8 Provision for handling
Suitable handling attachments and lifting points shall be provided for heavy bearings and
joints to facilitate handling, placement and location.
7.9 Access
Adequate space shall be provided around bearings and major deck joints to facilitate their
inspection, maintenance and replacement.
7.10 Durability
All surfaces of bearings and deck joints shall be protected against corrosion.
Wherever possible, bearings shall be placed on pedestals to protect them against water or
dirt spilling from deck joints and against accumulations of dirt and debris.
8 MOVEMENT RESTRAINTS
8.1 General
Where it is required to restrict the movement of a bridge totally, partially or in a selected
direction, restraints shall be provided.
NOTE: These restraints may be provided as part of or separate from the bearings, and may take
the form of keys, keepers or side restraints.
8.2 Design loads
Restraints shall be designed to resist, at the ULS, either the design load effects or the
relevant component of the minimum lateral restraint capacity as specified in AS 5100.2,
whichever is the greater.
In addition to forces due to external loads, design load effects due to longitudinal and
transverse movements of the superstructure and misalignment of restraints shall be
considered.

AS 5100.4:2017 14
If restraint against translation is to be provided by several bearings, consideration shall be

given to the effects of any clearances between working parts of the bearings and their
guides, and the effects of the stiffness of the structure on the distribution of the resulting
loads between the bearings.
9 ALIGNMENT OF BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS

Bearings and deck joints shall be positioned such that they function as assumed in the
design.
Bearings shall be set level. Where bearings are required to be set on an incline, allowance
shall be made for the longitudinal and transverse components of vertical loads on the
bearings.
For all bridges, especially those with wide, skewed or horizontally curved superstructures,
due consideration shall be given to the alignment of each bearing in regard to the actual
directions of movements and rotations of the superstructure.
10 ANCHORAGE OF BEARINGS
10.1 Pot, spherical and mechanical bearings
Pot, spherical and mechanical bearings shall be anchored at all stages, including
construction, by a combination of friction and mechanical anchors. For incrementally
launched bridges, bearings may be anchored to the superstructure by friction alone.
The anchorage capacity of these bearings shall be calculated to resist the resultant shear
force (H*) as follows:
H *  f  k min . N min
*
.  Rua . . . 10.1
where
ϕf = capacity reduction factor for friction
= 0.6
kmin. = characteristic low friction coefficient for the contact interface as given in
Table 10.1; or determined by tests to provide 95% probability of exceedance
*
N min = minimum concurrent load acting in compression normal to the bearing
.
anchorage interface calculated in accordance with AS 5100.2
ϕ = capacity reduction factor
ϕRua = design capacity of mechanical anchors, calculated in accordance with
AS 5100.5 or AS/NZS 5100.6, as appropriate
For the design of bearings that incorporate longitudinal or transverse restraints and for the
design of separate restraining devices on bridges where extreme dynamic effects can occur,
kmin shall be taken as zero.
The bearing load schedule shall indicate if friction is not to be accounted for in determining
the anchorage capacity of bearings.
The requirement specified in this Clause shall be met for the ULS at all stages, including
during construction.
Bridge designers shall specifically indicate if the value of µkmin shall be taken as zero while
producing performance criteria for the bearings.

15 AS 5100.4:2017
TABLE 10.1
CHARACTERISTIC LOW FRICTION COEFFICIENT ( kmin.)
FOR ANCHORAGE OF BEARINGS
Characteristic low friction coefficient
Interface
(  kmin. )
Steel on concrete 0.50
Steel on steel grit blasted, metal zinc
0.30
sprayed or zinc silicate primed surfaces
Steel on steel clean mill scale surfaces 0.20
Hot-dip-galvanized surfaces 0.08
10.2 Elastomeric bearings

Elastomeric bearings to be anchored by friction only shall satisfy the requirements of
Clause 12.6.7 and the contact surface shall be sufficiently rough to ensure that the friction
or restrained force can be developed.
Where frictional restraint, as specified in Clause 12.6.7, is inadequate to restrain the bearing
in position and, thus, prevent slippage or crawling, then restraint shall be provided.
Restraints shall be removable to allow bearing replacement.
Adhesives including epoxies shall not be used to provide restraint or fixing of elastomeric
bearings.
10.3 Restraint of superstructures for earthquakes and accidental impacts
Where the horizontal restraints of conventional bearings are inadequate under earthquake
effects or accidental impacts, additional restraining devices, such as ties, shear keys, stops
and dowels, shall be provided with the specific aim of preventing dislodgment of the
superstructure from the support structure.
11 LOADS RESULTING FROM RESISTANCE TO MOVEMENT

11.1 General
Bearings and deck joints, their connections and associated supporting elements shall be
designed to transmit forces arising from resistance to movement due to friction of
mechanical and sliding components, and the rotational, compressive and shear stiffnesses of
elastomeric elements.
In considering the effects of bearings on structures, the force component due to frictional
effects on sliding contact surfaces shall be calculated for permanent effects only.
At ULS, the frictional force shall be calculated using the load factors specified in
AS 5100.2.
11.2 Frictional restraint of sliding surfaces
For design purposes, the appropriate characteristic maximum and minimum coefficients of
friction () for polished stainless steel sliding on permanently lubricated pure
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) at the SLS shall be taken as 0.03 and zero respectively. The
characteristic maximum coefficient of friction () for pure unlubricated PTFE on polished
stainless steel shall be taken as 0.06.
For alternative approved sliding materials, these friction coefficients shall be validated by
laboratory testing for the range of pressures the sliding surface will be subjected to.

AS 5100.4:2017 16
11.3 Reaction to sliding of multiple bearings

Where a number of bearings are so arranged that the adverse forces, resulting from reaction
to movement by some, are partly relieved by the forces resulting from the reaction to
movement by others, the respective coefficients of friction (a ) and ( r) shall be estimated
as follows, unless a more precise investigation has been made:
a   a  . . . 11.3(1)
r   r  . . . 11.3(2)
where
a = adverse coefficient of friction
r = relieving coefficient of friction
 = characteristic coefficient of friction for the bearing, as given in
Clause 11.2
a, r = factors dependent on the numbers of bearings na and nr, which are exerting
adverse and relieving forces respectively, as given in Tables 11.3(A)
and 11.3(B)
TABLE 11.3(A)
VALUES OF a
na a
4 1
n 4
4 < n a < 10 1  a 
 24 
 10 0.75
TABLE 11.3(B)
VALUES OF r
nr r
4 0
 nr  4 
4 < n r< 10  
 24 
 10 0.25
11.4 Shear resistance of elastomeric bearings

For elastomeric bearings where shear movements are accommodated by shear in the
elastomer, the shear force (H), due to a movement (s), shall be calculated as follows:
H  K s s . . . 11.4
where
Ks = shear stiffness of an elastomeric bearing
s = maximum resultant vector shear displacement tangential to the bearing
surface

17 AS 5100.4:2017
12 ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS
12.1 General
This Clause sets out minimum requirements for the design of single unbonded layer (plain
pads and strips) and laminated elastomeric bearings.
NOTE: Wherever possible, elastomeric bearings should be selected from standard sizes given in
Appendix A, and checked for meeting the criteria of this Standard.
12.2 Physical properties of elastomer
The elastomer used in the manufacture of bridge bearings shall comply with Appendix B.
Values of the chord shear modulus (G) and the bulk modulus (B) relevant to the elastomer
hardnesses detailed in Appendix B shall be as given in Table 12.2.
For plain pads and strips, the elastomer hardness shall be nominal IRHD 60.
Appropriate values of G and B shall be adopted for alternative elastomer formulations based
on appropriate test results.
The physical properties of natural rubber vary significantly at temperatures below 10 C.
For areas where the lowest one-day mean ambient temperatures fall below 10 C,
variations in the value of G of the elastomer shall be assessed or the use of alternative
formulations considered, or both.
TABLE 12.2
ELASTOMER PROPERTIES
Chord shear modulus Bulk modulus
Hardness
(G) (B)
IRHD 5 MPa MPa
50 0.69 2 000
60 0.90 2 000
12.3 General requirements

Laminated elastomeric bearings shall have a side cover of elastomer with a minimum
design thickness of 6 mm to protect the edges of the steel plates.
Tolerances for the manufacture of laminated elastomeric bearings shall be as given in
Appendix C.
The steel plates shall be bonded to the elastomer during vulcanizing, and the edges of all
plates shall be lightly rounded and the corners chamfered. For non-standard bearings having
thicker layers of elastomer under high compression, plate thickness shall be checked to
ensure that the plate does not fail in tension (see Clause 12.6.6).
Contact surfaces of a bearing shall be constructed at least 50 mm larger around all sides of
the bearing.
NOTE: This allows adjustment for positioning the bearings to accommodate construction
tolerances.
To ensure adequate edge support, there shall be a minimum clearance of 20 mm.
Relatively large tolerances shall be provided to meet the specified stiffness properties of
elastomeric bearings and also inherent variations of stiffness that occur in elastomers with
variations of strain. Where strain is significant, the effects of these tolerances and variations
shall be considered in the design of the structure. They may be assumed to be of the total
order of 20%.

AS 5100.4:2017 18
12.4 Design principles

12.4.1 General
Elastomeric bearings shall be designed to resist SLS loads and movements.
12.4.2 Bearing rotations
The structural elements of the bridge shall be detailed with the objective that, at completion
of construction, the loaded faces of the elastomeric bearing are parallel.
The elastomeric bearing shall then be designed to accommodate rotations due to traffic
loading and other transient effects, thermal effects and long-term permanent effects in
combination with an initial lack-of-parallelism due to construction tolerances.
12.5 Basis of design
12.5.1 General
Elastomeric bearings accommodate translation and rotation by elastic deformation. The
deflection of the elastomer under compressive load is influenced by its shape. Where
reinforcing plates are bonded to the elastomer, the design shall be based on the assumption
that there is no relative movement at the steel and elastomer interface.
The design of elastomeric bearings shall be in accordance with Clause 12.6. Special
consideration shall be given in the design for pads, strips and laminated elastomeric
bearings with shape factors outside the limits specified in Clause 12.5.2.
12.5.2 Shape factor
The shape factor (S) of a layer of elastomer shall be the area under compression divided by
the area free to bulge, and shall be calculated for layers without holes as follows:
(a) For laminated elastomeric bearings:
Ab
S
Pte . . . 12.5.2(1)
where
Ab = bonded surface area
P = surface perimeter
te = effective thickness of the individual elastomer layer in compression (due
to vertical load or rotation)
= ti for an inner layer . . . 12.5.2(2)
= 1.4 tc for a cover layer . . . 12.5.2(3)
ti = thickness of the individual inner layer of elastomer in laminated
elastomeric bearing
tc = thickness of a cover layer of laminated elastomeric bearing
(b) For plain pad bearings:
Ar
S . . . 12.5.2(4)
Pt e
where
Ar = total rubber plan area
te = 1.8t . . . 12.5.2(5)
t = total thickness of elastomer in laminated elastomeric bearing or
thickness of plain pad or strip bearing
19 AS 5100.4:2017
(c) For strip bearings:

w
S . . . 12.5.2(6)
2te
where
w = width of strip
te = 1.8t . . . 12.5.2(7)
Where dowel holes are to be provided, a special assessment of the shape factor (S) shall be
made, allowing for the holes and the restraint to bulge provided by the dowels.
For the design criteria specified in Clause 12, the shape factor (S) shall be as follows:
(i) For plain pads and strips ............................................................................... 1  S  4.
(ii) For internal layers of laminated elastomeric bearings .................................. 4  S  12.
12.6 Design requirements

12.6.1 Maximum shear strain in laminated elastomeric bearings
To ensure that the total shear strain developed in the elastomer is not excessive, the
following requirement at the edge of the bonded surface shall be satisfied:
2.6
 sc   sr   sh  . . . 12.6.1(1)
G
where
sc = shear strain at edge of bonded surface due to loads normal to bearing surfaces
sr = shear strain at edge of bonded surface due to relative rotation of bearing
surfaces
sh = shear strain at edge of bonded surface due to forces tangential to the bearing
surface or movement of the structure, or both
The values of shear strains shall be calculated as follows:
 sc  6S c . . . 12.6.1(2)
where
c = compressive strain due to loads normal to the bearing surfaces [based on the
effective loaded plan area (Aeff)]
N
3 Aeff G 1  2S 2 
= for internal layers only . . . 12.6.1(3)
N = compressive load on a bearing, SLS

Aeff = effective loaded plan area, nominally equal to the projected area
common to top and bottom when a bearing is distorted tangentially
   
= Ab  1  a  b  for rectangular bearings . . . 12.6.1(4)
 a b 
= A b  s d for circular bearings . . . 12.6.1(5)
a = maximum shear displacement tangential to bearing surface in
the direction of dimension a due to movements of the structure
and tangential forces

AS 5100.4:2017 20
a = plan dimension of the edge of the bonded surface of rectangular

bearings parallel to the span of the bridge
b = maximum shear displacement tangential to bearing surface in
the direction of dimension b due to movements of the structure
and tangential forces
b = plan dimension of the edge of the bonded surface of the
rectangular bearing transverse to the span of the bridge
s = maximum resultant vector shear displacement tangential to the
bearing surface
d = plan diameter of circular bearing at edge of bonded surface
 a a 2   bb2
sr = for rectangular bearings . . . 12.6.1(6)
2ti t
d2
= for circular bearings . . . 12.6.1(7)
2ti t
s
sh = for all bearings . . . 12.6.1(8)
t
a = angle of rotation parallel to the span of the bridge
b = angle of rotation transverse to the span of the bridge
 = maximum angle of rotation, that is, change in angle between top and
bottom surfaces of bearing in critical direction
ti = thickness of an individual inner layer of elastomer in a laminated
bearing
12.6.2 Compressive stress on elastomeric bearings
The mean compressive stress on elastomeric bearings shall be determined as follows:
(a) The mean compressive stress (N/Ab) on laminated elastomeric bearings shall be not
greater than 15 MPa.
(b) The mean compressive stress ( N/Ar) on plain pad and strip bearings shall be not
greater than the lesser of 2GS or 5 MPa.
12.6.3 Shear strain due to tangential movements and forces
To limit tangential distortion and to minimize rolling of the edges of the bearings or
tendency of the steel plates to bend, the following shall be satisfied:
sh  0.5
In the determination of sh the deflections due to earthquake and braking need not be
considered.
The tangential movements and forces shall not reduce the projected plan area common to
the top and bottom faces of a bearing by more than 20%, that is—
(a) Aeff  0.8Ab for laminated elastomeric bearings; and
(b) Aeff  0.8Ar for plain pads and bearing strips.

21 AS 5100.4:2017
12.6.4 Rotational limitation

For plain pads and laminated elastomeric bearings, the total compressive deflection (dc)
shall satisfy the following:
(a) For rectangular bearings:
 a a   bb
dc  . . . 12.6.4(1)
3
(b) For circular bearings:
d
dc  . . . 12.6.4(2)
3
(c) For plain strip bearings:
a w
dc  . . . 12.6.4(3)
3
where
dc = total compressive deflection
αa = angle of rotation parallel to the span of the bridge
a = plan dimension of the edge of the bonded surface of rectangular bearings
parallel to the span of the bridge
αb = angle of rotation transverse to the span of the bridge
b = plan dimension of the edge of the bonded surface of a rectangular bearing
transverse to the span of the bridge
α = maximum angle of rotation, that is, change in angle between top and bottom
surfaces of bearing in critical direction
d = plan diameter of circular bearing at edge of bonded surface
w = width of strip
12.6.5 Stability of bearings
The stability of bearings shall be determined as follows:
(a) Plain pad and strip bearings For plain pad and strip bearings, the thickness shall be
not greater than one quarter of the least lateral dimension.
(b) Laminated elastomeric bearings For laminated elastomeric bearings supporting a
bridge superstructure that is free to translate horizontally, the compressive load on
each bearing (N) shall satisfy the following:
2be GSAeff
N . . . 12.6.5
3t
where
be = lesser of a and b for rectangular bearings
= diameter (d) for circular bearings
S = shape factor of the thickest inner layer
For bearings supporting a bridge superstructure that is fixed against horizontal translation
both longitudinally and transversely, the stability limit may be increased by 50%.

AS 5100.4:2017 22
12.6.6 Thickness of metal plates

The minimum thickness of metal plates (ts) in elastomeric bearings shall conform to the
following:
(a) 3Nti
ts  ; and . . . 12.6.6(1)
Ab f y
(b) ts  5 mm . . . 12.6.6(2)
NOTE: For replacement of bearings, the thickness of the steel plates in the replacement
bearings may match the existing bearings.
where
fy = yield strength of the metal plate
For steel plates with dowel holes, fy shall be factored by 0.5.
12.6.7 Fixing of bearings
Elastomeric bearings in direct contact with a metal plate shall be mechanically restrained.
Under the provisions of Clauses 10.2 and 10.3, bearings may be restrained by friction only,
provided that under all SLS load combinations—
N min.  10 H  2 f o Aeff . . . 12.6.7(1)
where Nmin. is the minimum permanent compressive load normal to the bearing anchorage
interface concurrent with H, and under permanent loads only—
N min.PE  2.2 f o Ab . . . 12.6.7(2)
where
Nmin.PE = minimum compressive load, due to permanent load effects, normal to the
bearing anchorage interface concurrent with H
fo = stress used in calculation of anchorage of laminated elastomeric bearing
= 1.0 MPa
12.6.8 Compressive deflection
The total compressive deflection (dc) of the bearing shall be determined as follows:
d c  t n  c  . . . 12.6.8(1)
The value of the compressive strain (c) in a layer of a laminated elastomeric bearing to be
used in deriving the compressive deflection (dc) shall be determined as follows:
N
c  . . . 12.6.8(2)
Ec Ab
where
Ec = effective compression modulus of elastomer, as calculated for an individual
layer of a laminated elastomeric bearing
 
 2 
C1GS
= Eh +  
. . . 12.6.8(3)
  C1GS 2  
1 +   
  0.75B  
C1 = a constant dependent on the bearing shape
Eh = homogeneous compression modulus, calculated as follows:

23 AS 5100.4:2017
(a) For rectangular bearings:

   
2
 q  
Eh = 4G 1  . . . 12.6.8(4)
  1 q 2  
 
C1  4 + q 6  3.3q  . . . 12.6.8(5)
where
q = ratio
= a/b; or . . . 12.6.8(6)
= b/a, whichever is the lesser . . . 12.6.8(7)
(b) For circular bearings:
Eh = 3G . . . 12.6.8(8)
C1 = 6
(c) For plain pads and strips:
The value of the compressive strain (εc) to be used in deriving the total
compressive deflection (dc) shall be determined as follows:
N
c = . . . 12.6.8(9)
  N 
Ar 16GS  2  
  Ar 
12.7 Bearing stiffnesses
12.7.1 Compressive stiffness
The compressive stiffness of a bearing (Kc) shall be determined as follows:
1
Kc = . . . 12.7.1(1)
 1 
  
 K cn 
where
Kcn = compressive stiffness of an individual layer n of elastomer in a laminated
bearing
Ec Ab
= . . . 12.7.1(2)
tn
Ec = see Clause 12.6.8
tn = thickness of a typical layer n of elastomer
12.7.2 Shear stiffness
The shear stiffness of an elastomeric bearing (Ks) shall be determined as follows:
Ar G
Ks  . . . 12.7.2
t
The value of t shall be adjusted to allow for any layers of rubber not free to shear.
The value of the shear stiffness (Ks) of an elastomeric bearing under varying compressive or
shear stresses, or both, may be calculated from Equation 12.7.2 using G as defined in
Clause 12.2.

AS 5100.4:2017 24
12.7.3 Rotational stiffness

The rotational stiffness of a bearing (Kr) shall be the rotational moment (M) to produce unit
rotation and determined as follows:
(a) Rotational stiffness of a layer n (Krn) of a laminated elastomeric bearing:
M Er I
K rn   . . . 12.7.3(1)
 tn
where
M = rotational moment
I = second moment of area of the plan area of the bonded elastomer about its
axis of rotation
(i) For individual layers of laminated elastomeric bearings:
 
 
C 2 GS 2
Er  Eh    . . . 12.7.3(2)
  C 2 GS 2 
1    
  0.75 B  
C2 = constant dependent on the bearing shape
(ii) For rectangular bearings:
  m  2
E h  4G 1   2  

  m  1   
 
. . . 12.7.3(3)
 32 
C2  4  
 
. . . 12.7.3(4)
2 
10  m 4  3m  m 
m = ratio of the sides of a rectangular laminated elastomeric bearing
= a/b for rotation about an axis parallel to the long dimension of the
bearing
(iii) For circular bearings:
Eh  3G . . . 12.7.3(5)
C2  2 . . . 12.7.3(6)
(b) Total rotational stiffness of bearing (Kr):
1
Kr  . . . 12.7.3(7)
 1 
 
 K rn 
where
Er = effective rotation modulus of elastomer
G = chord shear modulus, between 5% and 25% shear strain for an elastomer
S = shape factor of the thickest inner layer

25 AS 5100.4:2017
12.7.4 Inclined elastomeric bearings

Elastometric bearings shall be installed level. Strip, plain pad and laminated elastomeric
bearings may be installed on an incline, provided the following criteria are met:
(a) The strip, plain pad or laminated elastomeric bearing is mechanically restrained on
both the top and bottom faces.
and
(b) The shear deflection of the bearing caused by the application of the self-weight of the
superstructure is less than 6 mm. Where the bearing is inclined about both axes, the
shear deflection shall be taken as the vector sum of the longitudinal and transverse
deflection.
NOTE: The designer should be aware that the lateral stiffness of elastomeric bearings can be
quite low and the component of force parallel to the incline may result in significant movement.
Additional restraints may be required both during construction and in service to control short-
term and long-term deflections.
Inclined elastomeric bearings may also be used in opposed pairs of identical bearings to
permit an increased transverse shear stiffness of the pair of bearings without increasing the
longitudinal shear stiffness or vice versa. First principles shall be used to determine the
combined effects.
The effective lateral horizontal stiffness (Kh) of a pair of identical bearings of shear
stiffness (Ks ) and compressive stiffness (Kc), if opposed at an angle () to the horizontal,
shall be calculated as follows:
K h  2 K c sin 2   2 K s cos 2  . . . 12.7.4(1)
where  is the angle of inclination of the opposing bearings.

Similarly, the effective compression stiffness (Kv) shall be calculated as follows:
K v  2 K c cos 2   2 K s sin 2  . . . 12.7.4(2)
To prevent lift-off in one of the pair of bearings, it shall be ensured that—

N K c tan 
 . . . 12.7.4(3)
H K c tan 2   K s
provided  < 5°.

Where significant transverse rotation of the superstructure occurs at the bearings due to
eccentric load effects, the effective value of Kh shall be reduced as follows:
2Kc Ks
Kh  . . . 12.7.4(4)
K c cos   K s sin 2 
2
Excessive tensions may develop in the bearings due to superstructure rotations, especially if
the compressive deflections are not sufficient. In this case, overall performance of the
bearing assembly shall be assessed from first principles.
12.8 Creep
Long duration loads introduce time-dependent effects in elastomers through creep and
stress relaxation.

AS 5100.4:2017 26
For most applications, the effects of creep and stress relaxation need not be considered.
However, when considering new formulations and synthetic rubber, creep tests shall be
performed.
NOTES:
1 For natural rubber, maximum compressive creep values of about 25% of the instantaneous
deformation may be used.
2 Creep effects are logarithmic functions of time and are also dependent on temperature, stress
history and elastomer formulation.
12.9 Load testing of elastomeric bearings
All laminated bearings shall be load-tested in compression to 1.5 times the rated load at
zero shear and zero rotation.
Compressive and shear stiffness testing shall be on representative samples of bearings. The
actual number of bearings checked for stiffness shall be determined by quality control
procedures and previous test data.
When acceptance tests for shear stiffness are required or when determining effective values
of G, bearings shall be subjected to a mean compressive stress of 2 MPa and the shear
stiffness or value of G, derived from the mean shear stiffness, measured between 5% and
25% shear strain.
Testing laminated elastomeric bearings shall be in accordance with Appendix D.
Representative samples of plain pad and strip bearings shall be subjected to compressive
load tests to 1.5 times the design vertical force (Q* ).
13 POT BEARINGS
13.1 Design
The components of pot bearings, including associated sliding contact surfaces, shall be
designed for ULS effects.
The following primary design parameters and fabrication details of pot bearings shall be
adopted:
(a) The maximum mean compressive stress on the elastomer shall be 50 MPa.
(b) The thickness and formulation of the elastomer shall depend on the required
rotational capacity and the smoothness of the inner surface of the pot; however, in no
case shall the total pad thickness be less than the larger of one fifteenth of the
diameter of the elastomeric pad or 10 mm.
(c) The maximum displacement due to the ULS rotation at the perimeter of the
elastomeric pad shall be not greater than 15% of the total pad thickness, including
sealing rings.
(d) To prevent extrusion of the elastomer, the pot shall incorporate a seal around the top
corner of the elastomeric disc. The internal seal shall be either a set of brass rings,
POM chain or a carbon-filled PTFE seal complying with requirements of EN 1337-5.
The maximum accumulated slide path (ASP) of the internal seals, defined as the sum
of the relative movements of the seal on the pot wall due to cycles of rotation of the
bearing caused by traffic loading shall be taken to be 2000 m for POM chain and
carbon-filled PTFE seals and 1000 m for brass rings.
Pot bearings with metallic seals shall not be used for rail bridges or for road bridges
where the number of vehicles per lane per day is predicted to exceed 1000 in the first
year of service, where the number of vehicles per lane per day is as defined for road
traffic fatigue loads in AS 5100.2.
(e) Pot bearings shall be anchored in accordance with Clause 10.1 and, where required,
movement restraints shall be provided in accordance with Clause 8.

27 AS 5100.4:2017
(f) If required, provision for horizontal movements shall be provided by a sliding surface
in accordance with Clause 14.
Pot bearings shall be designed to accommodate the calculated ultimate rotation including an
allowance to account for construction tolerances and erection procedure.
The load and rotation capacity of pot bearings shall be tested in accordance with
Clause 13.2.
NOTE: Pot bearings are normally supplied as a proprietary product where the detailed design of
the bearings is the responsibility of the manufacturer.
13.2 Load testing
Bearings shall be tested for compliance with the specified performance and load testing
requirements, and shall meet the relevant requirements of this Standard.
At least 1 in 10, or part thereof, of each type of bearing shall be tested to confirm that the
design and fabrication of the bearings are acceptable.
Bearings that are to be tested shall be separately load-tested as follows:

(a) In compression, to the maximum ultimate compressive load.
(b) In shear, to the maximum ultimate lateral shear load (vector sum in the case of fixed
bearings) in conjunction with the concurrent maximum ultimate compressive load.
(c) In shear, to the maximum ultimate lateral shear load (vector sum in the case of fixed
bearings) in conjunction with the concurrent minimum ultimate compressive load.
NOTE: For bearing subject to uplift, see Clause 16.
(d) In rotation, to the maximum ultimate rotation with 0.7 times the maximum ultimate
compressive load.
After load-testing, the bearing shall be dismantled and examined for rubber extrusion, PTFE
damage, warping, scoring or other effects that may affect the durability of the bearing.
13.3 Bearing identification and movement scale
Bearings shall be fitted with a nameplate indicating the manufacturer, bearing model or
type, year of manufacture and the design vertical load.
In addition, bearings incorporating a sliding contact surface shall specify the movement
capacity, as appropriate.
A movement scale and pointer shall be fitted to nominated bearings so as to be clearly
visible on the installed bearings.
14 SPHERICAL APPROVED SLIDING MATERIAL (ASM) BEARINGS

14.1 General
A spherical ASM bearing is a bearing consisting of a backing plate with a convex spherical
surface and a backing plate with a concave spherical surface between which a sliding
material and the mating material form a curved sliding surface.
Spherical ASM bearings may be used in combination with flat sliding elements and guides
to form free sliding and guided siding bearings. Spherical ASM bearings combined with a
plane sliding surface may be used together with a restraining ring to form fixed bearings.
NOTE: Examples of spherical bearings combined with flat sliding elements are given in
Figure 14.1.

AS 5100.4:2017 28
(i) Fre e for d i s p l ac e m e nt s in any (ii) Gui d e d by an inter nal g ui d e for

d ire c t i o n d i s p l ac e m e nt s in o n e d ire c t i o n
C C
(iii) Gui d e d by ex ter nal g ui d e s for (i v) Fixe d by a re str ainin g r in g

d i s p l ac e m e nt s in o n e d ire c t i o n
FIGURE 14.1 SPHERICAL BEARINGS COMBINED WITH FLAT SLIDING ELEMENTS
14.2 Design
The components of spherical bearings, including associated sliding contact surfaces, shall
be designed for ULS effects.
The compressive stresses on ASM at the ULS shall be not greater than the values
demonstrated by suitable testing and shall not exceed the values given below without the
approval of the relevant authority. Where the bearing temperature may exceed 35°C, the
allowable bearing pressure shall be reduced by an appropriate factor approved by the
relevant authority.
The following primary design parameters and fabrication details of spherical bearings shall
be adopted:
(a) The maximum mean compressive stress on the projected reduced area of the spherical
contact surface shall be 120 MPa.
(b) The maximum contact stress under or above a spherical bearing shall be in
accordance with Clause 17.
(c) Spherical bearings shall be anchored in accordance with Clause 10.1 and, where
required, movement restraints shall be provided in accordance with Clause 8.
(d) Curved sliding contact surfaces of a spherical bearing shall comply with Clause 14.5.
(e) Plane sliding contact surfaces of a spherical bearing shall comply with Clause 15.
(f) If required, provision for horizontal movements shall be provided by a sliding surface
in accordance with Clause 15.
Spherical bearings shall be designed to accommodate the calculated ultimate rotation about
any axis including an allowance to account for construction tolerances and erection
procedure. They shall be capable of transferring the specified forces between the
superstructure and substructure.
The load and rotation capacity of spherical bearings shall be tested in accordance with
Clause 14.3.
NOTE: Spherical bearings are normally supplied as a proprietary product where the detailed
design of the bearings is the responsibility of the manufacturer.

29 AS 5100.4:2017
14.3 Load testing

Bearings shall be tested for compliance with the specified performance and load testing
requirements, and shall meet the relevant requirements of this Standard.
At least 1 in 10, or part thereof, of each type of bearing shall be tested to confirm that the
design and fabrication of the bearings are acceptable.
Bearings that are to be tested shall be separately load tested as follows:
(a) In compression, to the maximum ultimate compressive load.
(b) In shear, to the maximum ultimate lateral shear load (vector sum in the case of fixed
bearings) in conjunction with the concurrent maximum ultimate compressive load.
(c) In shear, to the maximum ultimate lateral shear load (vector sum in the case of fixed
bearings) in conjunction with the concurrent minimum ultimate compressive load.
(d) In rotation, to the maximum ultimate rotation with 0.7 times the maximum ultimate
compressive load.
After load testing, the bearing shall be dismantled and examined for ASM damage, warping,
scoring or other effects that may affect the durability of the bearing.
14.4 Bearing identification and movement scale
Bearings shall be fitted with a nameplate indicating the manufacturer, bearing model or
type, year of manufacture and the design vertical load.
In addition, bearings incorporating a sliding contact surface shall specify the movement
capacity, as appropriate.
A movement scale and pointer shall be fitted to nominated bearings so as to be clearly
visible on the installed bearing.
14.5 Curved sliding contact surfaces
14.5.1 Materials
The materials for curved sliding contact surfaces shall be of—
(a) a suitable high compressive stress, low friction and high wear-resistance sliding
material ASM; and
(b) a mating surface of polished stainless steel in accordance with
ASTM A240 Type 316 2B or BA having a surface finish not rougher than 0.4 m
CLA in both directions and a Brinell hardness not less than 125 or chrome-plated
steel.
The sliding material on the curved surface of spherical bearings shall be a minimum of
8.0 mm thick and recessed into the curved backing plate so it protrudes by h.
where
h = 2.5 + L/3000, and
where
L = diameter of the projected area of the sliding material
14.5.2 Approved sliding materials (ASM)
For ASM to be permanently lubricated, the following shall apply:
(a) The ASM shall be dimpled or grooved to form lubrication reservoirs in the sliding
surface.
(b) The lubrication reservoirs shall cover between 20% and 30% of the total plan area of
the sliding material and shall be 2 mm deep.

AS 5100.4:2017 30
(c) The lubrication reservoirs shall be filled with long-life silicone grease, under factory
conditions. After filling the lubrication reservoirs, the contact surface of the ASM and
the mating surface shall not be allowed to separate at any time.
14.6.1 General
The following shall apply:
(a) Under ultimate rotation, the metallic mating surface shall be proportioned so that it
completely covers the sliding material.
(b) There shall be no contact between the upper and the lower part of the bearing or any
other metallic component in the ULS movement range and rotation.
(c) The backing plates shall be sufficiently rigid to avoid deformations that would
damage or cause premature wear of the sliding material.
14.6.2 Design verification for curved sliding surfaces

14.6.2.1 General
For the purpose of calculations in Clauses 14.6.2.2 and 14.6.2.3, the curved sliding surface
shall be replaced by its projection on a plane surface as shown in Figure 14.6.2.1.
H*
N* r
2θ s
-b
e
1 +b
d2
LEGEN D:
r = r ad i u s of s p h er i c al r o c ker
β = d ev i at i o n an g l e fro m ver t i c al a x i s of t h e lin e of ac t i o n at t h e a p p li e d l oad
θ s = half in c lu d e d an g l e of t h e c ur ve d s li d in g sur fac e
e = e c c e ntr i c it y
- b,+b = d i st an c e fro m t h e proj e c te d area of t h e c ur ve d s li d in g sur fac e
FIGURE 14.6.2.1 CURVED CONCAVE SLIDING SURFACE
The total eccentricity (e) of the axial force, shall be a combination of concurrent internal
forces and moments acting on the curved sliding surface due to frictional resistance,
externally applied horizontal loads and the rotation of the bearing.
The eccentricity (e) shall be calculated from first principles or other acceptable methods.

31 AS 5100.4:2017
14.6.2.2 Separation of sliding surfaces

Compressive stress on the ASM (σ ASM) shall be 0 in all load combinations at SLS
conditions.
σASM 0 is satisfied under SLS when the total eccentricity (e) falls within the kernel of the
projected area. For Spherical bearings this is when:
d2
e 
8
where
d2 = diameter of the projected plan area of the ASM sliding surface
14.6.2.3 Compressive load limit
The following conditions shall be met at ULS:
N*  fd  Acs
where
N* = design axial force at ULS
fd = design compressive strength of ASM
Acs = reduced contact area of the curved sliding surface
Acs shall be determined from first principles or other acceptable method.
15 PLANE SLIDING CONTACT SURFACES

15.1 General
Plane sliding contact surfaces shall only provide translational movements and shall not be
used to accommodate rotation.
Sliding contact surfaces shall be designed for ULS effects.
15.2 Materials
Materials in sliding contact surfaces shall consist of PTFE or ASM sliding on stainless
steel.
The surface mating with the PTFE or ASM shall consist of polished stainless steel in
accordance with ASTM A240/A240M-03b. Type 316 2B or BA having a surface finish not
rougher than 0.4 m centre-line average (CLA) in both directions and a Brinell hardness not
less than 125.
The resin used in the manufacture of PTFE sheets shall be 100% virgin PTFE, complying
with ISO 13000-1 Grade 1.
For PTFE or ASM to be permanently lubricated, the following shall apply:
(a) The PTFE or ASM shall be dimpled or grooved to form lubrication reservoirs in the
sliding surface.
(b) The lubrication reservoirs shall cover between 20% and 30% of the total plan area of
the sliding material and shall be 2 mm deep.
(c) The lubrication reservoirs shall be filled with long-life silicone grease, under factory
conditions. After filling the lubrication reservoirs, the contact surface of the PTFE
and the stainless steel shall not be allowed to separate at any time.
For guides, ASM or other low friction composite material sliding on polished stainless steel
shall be used.

AS 5100.4:2017 32

The following design requirements for bearings with sliding contact surfaces shall apply:
(a) A stainless steel plate attached to a backing plate shall be not less than 1.5 mm thick
if sliding on PTFE and 2.5 mm thick if sliding on ASM and shall be secured by
continuous edge welding.
The stainless steel plate shall be sufficiently large so that, under the ULS movement
range, the PTFE or ASM shall not extend over the edge of the stainless steel plate.
(b) The minimum thickness shall be 4.5 mm for unfilled pure PTFE and 8.0 mm for
ASM. The sliding material shall be restrained by recessing it into a metal backing
plate to a depth of at least half the sliding material thickness.
(c) For permanent bearings, the sliding material shall not be vulcanized to elastomeric
bearings.
(d) The maximum compressive stress at ULS on the effective contact area of the pure
PTFE sliding surface shall not exceed 60 MPa.

(e) The maximum compressive stress at the ULS on the effective contact area of the
ASM sliding surfaces shall not be greater than the values demonstrated by suitable
testing, accounting for the effects of temperature. The ultimate compressive stress
shall not exceed 120 MPa without the approval of the relevant authority. Where the
temperature of the bearing will exceed 35°C, the stress limit shall be reduced by 10%
per 5°C increase in temperature.
Wherever possible, sliding bearings shall have the larger of the sliding surfaces
positioned above the smaller, so that the sliding surfaces are kept clean.
NOTE: The effective contact area is the reduced area of the sliding surface whose centroid
coincides with the point through which the axial force acts with an eccentricity that accounts
for both mechanical and geometrical effects and assuming a uniform stress block.
16 MECHANICAL BEARINGS
16.1 General
The assessment and design of mechanical bearings shall be carried out in accordance with
this Clause (16) and the provisions outlined in this Standard.
16.2 Loads and load effects
Mechanical bearings shall be designed to resist the loads and load effects outlined in this
Standard.
NOTE: The design bearing loads referred to in this Clause (16) are for SLS.
16.3 Steel and cast iron roller and rocker bearings
16.3.1 General
Contact surfaces of roller and rocker bearings shall be designed to meet the provisions of
Clauses 16.3.2 to 16.3.6 at SLS only.
16.3.2 Cylinder on a curved surface
The design bearing load (N) of a cylinder in a concave seating shall satisfy the following:
 18 f u2   r1r 
N    L . . . 16.3.2
 Es   r1  r 
  

33 AS 5100.4:2017
where
 = capacity reduction factor
= 1.0
fu = tensile strength used in design (lesser of the cylinder or seating strength)
Es = Young’s modulus of elasticity
r1 = radius of the concave seating
r = radius of the cylindrical roller or rocker
L = length of the cylinder
16.3.3 Cylinder on flat surface
The design bearing load (N) of a cylinder in contact with a flat surface shall satisfy the
following:
  18rf u2 
N  L . . . 16.3.3
 Es 
 
where
= 1.0
16.3.4 Sphere in spherical seating
The design bearing load (N) of a sphere in spherical seating shall satisfy the following:
N   170 f u3 / Es2   r1r /  r1  r  

2
. . . 16.3.4
where
= 1.0
r1 = radius of the concave seating
r = radius of the spherical rocker
16.3.5 Sphere on a flat surface
The design bearing load (N) of a sphere in a flat surface shall satisfy the following:
 170r 2 f u3 
N    . . . 16.3.5
 E2 
 s 
where
= 1.0
r = radius of the spherical rocker
16.3.6 Multiple rollers
For bearings having more than two rollers, the limiting values of design load effect shall be
taken as two-thirds of the value specified in Clause 16.3.3.

AS 5100.4:2017 34
16.4 Knuckle and leaf bearings

16.4.1 General
Contact surfaces of steel knuckle and leaf bearings shall be designed to meet the provisions
of Clause 16.4.2 at SLS only.
16.4.2 Bearing capacity
The compressive load on the bearing (N) shall not exceed the lesser of—
(a)  
N   f y / 2 Ap ; and . . . 16.4.2(1)
(b) N   120Ap . . . 16.4.2(2)

where
= 1.0
Ap = projected contact area (length of the seating times the diameter of the pin)
17 LOAD DISTRIBUTION FROM BEARINGS TO CONCRETE ELEMENTS

For pot, spherical and mechanical bearings the following requirements shall apply:
(a) Attachment plates shall be provided between the bearing and the adjacent mortar pad
or concrete substrate as appropriate. Unless concrete is cast directly against the
attachment plate, a mortar pad shall be provided between the attachment plate and
adjacent concrete substrate.
(b) The thickness of an unreinforced mortar pad between the bearing attachment plate
and the adjacent concrete substrate shall be the lesser of 50 mm, or
surface of the contact area
0.1   15 mm
perimeter of the contact area
(c) The dispersion angle from the smallest loaded interface through the bearing
components and the attachment plates shall be taken as 45° unless a greater angle is
justified by a detailed structural analysis that takes into account the characteristics of
the bearing components, attachment plates, mortar pad and substrate. In no case shall
the dispersion angle exceed 60°.
(d) The design ultimate bearing strength of mortar pad and reinforced concrete substrate
subject to a uniform stress shall be taken as ϕV mp where
V mp = A1  f c  A2 A1  3.0  f c  A1
where
ϕ = capacity reduction factor
= 0.65 for reinforced concrete substrate, and
= 0.60 for unreinforced mortar pad
f c = lesser of the 28 day compressive cylinder strength of the mortar or
concrete substrate, in megapascals
A1 = effective loaded area at the interface of the attachment plate and the
mortar pad or concrete substrate calculated using the dispersion angle
prescribed in Item (c), in millimetres square

35 AS 5100.4:2017
A2 = maximum distribution area based on a dispersion angle from the

effective loaded area through the mortar pad and concrete at a slope of
2 vertical to 1 horizontal to a depth where the truncated distribution
pyramid or cone first intersects a side of the concrete substrate, in
millimetres square
The maximum distribution area shall be geometrically similar to and
concentric with A1 and the dimensions of the base of the truncated
pyramid or cone shall be limited to a maximum of 3 times the dimension
of the effective load area in the same direction, as shown in Figure 17.
Where the compressive stress on the effective loaded area (A1) is not uniform, the
dimensions of A1 shall be reduced such that the centroid of the axial force of an
equivalent uniform stress block coincides with the centroid of the non-uniform stress
block.
The reinforcement in the concrete substrate shall be designed in accordance with
AS 5100.5 using either the strut and tie method or the provisions for prestressing
anchorage zones.
A1 b1
d1
A l i n e of ac t i o n
h d2 ≤ 3 d1
h ≥ (b 2 - b 1) an d
≥ (d 2 - d 1)
b2 ≤ 3b1
A2
FIGURE 17 DESIGN DISTRIBUTION FOR PARTIALLY LOADED AREAS
18 BEARINGS SUBJECT TO UPLIFT

Wherever practicable, the form, articulation and span lengths of a bridge structure shall be
selected to ensure that bearings are subject to a compressive force under all loading
conditions.
NOTE: Where uplift occurs at bearings, separate hold-down devices, rather than bearings to resist
uplift forces, should be provided.
Where bearings are required to resist uplift forces, they shall be designed in accordance
with the principles of this Standard, including consideration of the consequences of failure,
and be subject to appropriate testing to confirm the adequacy of the design. The bearings
shall also be designed for replaceability, including the provision of alternative temporary
means of resisting the uplift force as necessary.
Elastomeric bearings shall not be subject to uplift at either the SLS or ULS.
Pot and spherical bearings shall not be subject to uplift at the SLS.

AS 5100.4:2017 36
Mechanical bearings may be designed to resist uplift, provided the loads, movements and
rotations at both SLS and ULS and the fatigue loading requirements are determined. All
critical load combinations at the various limit states, test loads and testing requirements
shall be specified in the contract documents, including a clear statement of concurrent
translational position and rotational alignment, as well as any requirement for either to
change whilst under the action of the uplift force.
Mechanical bearings subject to uplift at the SLS shall be designed to accommodate
movements and rotations, as applicable, while resisting the serviceability and ultimate
design forces.
NOTE: For bearings subject to compression under all SLS load combinations but subject to uplift
forces at the ULS, it may not be necessary to design the bearing to accommodate translation or
rotation while the uplift force occurs.
19 DECK JOINTS
19.1 General
Deck joints shall allow for loads and movements due to temperature, creep, shrinkage,
loading and other causes without inducing unacceptable stresses in the joint or other parts
of the structure.
19.2 Joint types
Joints shall be categorized as follows:
(a) Compression seals.
(b) Strip seals.
(c) Saw tooth.
(d) Finger plates.
(e) Flexible plug.
(f) Modular.
(g) Other.
The characteristics and performance history of a particular joint shall be reviewed to
determine the suitability of the joint for a specific installation.
19.3 Requirements
19.3.1 General
Joints shall not generate excessive noise or vibration under traffic. Joint components shall
be corrosion resistant and joints shall be easily accessible for the purposes of inspection,
maintenance and replacement.
On footways and shared paths, the deck joint shall be covered.
The size of deck joint gaps shall be limited to minimize the hazard for cyclists.
Metal surfaces exposed to vehicular traffic with an overall width greater than 200 mm,
measured parallel to the direction of travel when the joint is fully closed, shall be provided
with an anti-skid treatment.
Except at walkways and pedestrian bridges, metal protection armour shall be provided for
compression seal and strip seal joints.
NOTE: Sliding plate deck joints can generate excessive noise and may give problems in service,
hence their use is not recommended under vehicular traffic.

37 AS 5100.4:2017
19.3.2 Design loads for road bridges

Deck joints on road bridges shall be designed for the following concurrent traffic loads:
(a) Vertical traffic load The A160E loading as specified in Figure 19.3.2.
Bw = 500 15 0 0 Bw = 500
Lw
W = 80 kN W = 80 kN
FIGURE 19.3.2 A160E DESIGN AXLE FOR EXPANSION JOINTS

The tyre contact length (Lw) varies in accordance with the load factor and tyre
inflation pressure and is given in millimetres by:
 1   W
Lw = . . . 19.3.2
pBw
where
 = load factor
 = dynamic load allowance
W = wheel load = 80 000 N
p = tyre inflation pressure
Bw = contact width of dual truck tyres (500 mm)
The tyre inflation pressure (p) shall be 1.1 MPa for ULS, 0.8 MPa for SLS and
0.65 MPa for fatigue respectively.
(b) Longitudinal traffic load A minimum of 35% of the vertical load acting at road level
parallel to the direction of traffic.
The design loads shall be applied at any location on the deck joint to give the worst loading
case.
Except for modular deck joints, the dynamic load allowance for the design of deck joints
shall be taken as 0.6. For modular deck joints, the dynamic load allowance shall be
determined in accordance with Clause 20.
The design load plus dynamic load allowance shall be multiplied by a load factor of 1.8 for
ULS effects, 1.0 for SLS effects and 0.6 for fatigue respectively.
19.3.3 Fatigue design for road bridges
The stresses due to the fatigue design live loads specified in Clause 19.3.2 shall be limited
such that each joint component is able to sustain an infinite number of live load cycles,
unless a detailed investigation is undertaken.

AS 5100.4:2017 38
19.3.4 Movements
Deck joints shall be designed to accommodate limit state movements, as required for other
Parts of the AS(AS/NZS) 5100 series. For strip seal joints, the movements due to braking
may be ignored. For determining the required movement range of other types of deck joints,
the SLS movement due to braking load shall be considered.
In addition to longitudinal movements, consideration shall be taken of vertical movements,
deck rotation and lateral movements. The movement of the substructure shall be considered,
including abutment movements in response to earthworks construction and time-dependent
effects in the earthworks. In curved and skew bridges, allowances shall be made for the
transverse movement of the deck relative to the abutment or adjoining deck sections caused
by deck movement.
Movements shall be calculated as the algebraic sum of the worst combination of
movements, based on installation conditions and allowing for all irreversible movements,
erection sequences and ambient conditions.
The deck joint movement requirements, installation gap width and assumed installation
temperature shall be nominated in the drawings. The adjustment of the gap width at
temperatures other than the nominated temperature shall also be specified.
The specified joint movement range shall include an allowance for inaccuracies inherent in
determining the temperature of the structure at installation.
19.3.5 Gap width for road bridges
Unless the gap is sealed or covered to within 10 mm of the road surface and the seal or
cover material is capable of sustaining the wheel load, the gap shall be considered to be an
open gap.
The maximum roadway surface gap of a parallel-sided deck joint, at the ultimate movement
limit, measured perpendicular to the joint, shall be 85 mm.
For fingerplate joints, the maximum opening between adjacent fingers on the same side of
the joint shall be 60 mm and the minimum overlap of the fingers on the opposite side of the
joint shall be 15 mm.
The selection of saw tooth joints on a skew shall consider the required movement ranges,
the line of movement of the structure and physical geometry of the proprietary joint type
such that teeth do not clash within the design movement range.
19.4 Anchorage of deck joints for road bridges
Each side of the deck joint or its metal protection armour shall be attached to the deck or
abutment by anchoring the joint so as to transfer all static and dynamic loads from the joint
to the structure.
Where fully tensioned high tensile bolts screwed into anchor ferrules and with a debonded
shank are used to attach metal protection armour for compression or strip seal joints, the
spacing of the bolts shall be not greater than 300 mm, and the design axial capacity of the
bolts at ULS shall be not less than 500 kN/m on each side of the joint.
Where the metal protection armour of compression or strip seal joints of the deck joint is
attached by bars or studs cast into concrete, the total cross-sectional area of the steel
anchors on each side of the joint shall be not less than 1600 mm2/m and their spacing shall
be not greater than 250 mm.
Anchors shall be of sufficient length to effectively engage the reinforced concrete substrate.
19.5 Drainage for road bridges
Joints shall be sealed to exclude grit and dirt or a drainage system shall be provided to cater
for any percolation of water that may occur.

39 AS 5100.4:2017
Where a joint is not sealed, the gap shall be wider at the bottom than at the top, to prevent
stones and debris from lodging in the joint, and a drainage system with access for cleaning
shall be provided.
NOTE: Deck joints are rarely completely watertight.
19.6 Installation
Deck joints shall be set in position to suit deck grade and crossfall, and with an appropriate
gap adjusted to conform to the actual mean structure temperature at the time of installation.
In the absence of more accurate procedures, the installation temperature may be taken as the
mean shade temperature at the underside of the deck or inside the cells of box girder
bridges for the two consecutive days prior to joint installation in concrete structures and one
day period to the installation for steel and steel composite structures.
NOTE: Manufacturers of large movement range joints should be responsible for both supply and
installation of these joints, and should provide a guarantee or warranty on the serviceability of
their joints for a minimum period of five years after installation.
19.7 Joint sealants

19.7.1 General
The selection of sealing materials shall consider their resistance to water, oil, salt, stone
penetration, abrasion, diesel and environmental effects. Because sealing materials are not
capable of achieving the design life of the bridge, provision shall be made for their
replacement.
19.7.2 Sealants and joint fillers
Sealants shall be applied in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications and the
elastic properties, including recovery, shall be checked by testing. The strain in the sealants
in compression or tension shall be not more than 50% of the nominal movement capability
demonstrated by testing to ASTM C719 with an upper limit of 50% strain. Care shall be
taken to prevent cohesive failure of the adjoining substrate due to high tensile force from
the sealant. The joint shall be sealed at or as near as practicable to the mean of its range of
movement. Base support for joint sealants shall be provided by durable compressible joint
fillers with adequate recovery and without excessive compressive stiffness.
The joint sealant shall be set 5 to 10 mm lower than the deck surface of road bridges, to
limit damage by traffic.
20 MODULAR BRIDGE EXPANSION JOINTS (MBEJ)

20.1 Scope
This Clause (20) sets out requirements for the design, fabrication, testing, supply and
installation of modular bridge expansion joints (MBEJs) covering both single and multiple
support bar MBEJ systems
20.2 Definitions
For the purpose of this Clause, the definitions below apply.
20.2.1 Multiple support bar MBEJ system
An expansion joint with transverse centre beams that are connected to longitudinal support
bars, each supporting only one centre beam, and spanning across the joint opening and
sliding between elastomeric springs and bearings in support boxes that are cast into the
concrete on both sides of the joint.
NOTE: An example of a multiple support bar MEBJ system is shown in Figure 20.2.1.

AS 5100.4:2017 40
20.2.2 Single support bar MBEJ system

An expansion joint with transverse centre beams that are attached to support bars using
steel yokes and elastomeric springs and bearings, each supporting a number of centre
beams, and spanning across the joint opening and sliding between elastomeric springs and
bearings in support boxes that are cast into the concrete on both sides of the joint to
accommodate the required number of support bars.
NOTES:
1 An example of single support bar MBEJ system is shown in Figure 20.2.2.
2 The swivel joist system is a variant of this design.
20.2.3 Swivel joist system
A special type of single support bar MBEJ system with swivelling single support bars.
20.2.4 Dynamic amplification factor (DAF)
The factor ( χ) by which the static force or stress has to be multiplied to give the total
dynamic force or stress.

NOTE: χ = 1 + 
where  is the dynamic load allowance defined in AS 5100.2.
FIGURE 20.2.1 EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLE SUPPORT BAR MBEJ SYSTEM

41 AS 5100.4:2017
FIGURE 20.2.2 EXAMPLE OF SINGLE SUPPORT BAR MBEJ SYSTEM

(SHOWN INVERTED)
20.3 Design
20.3.1 General arrangement
The centre beams shall be continuous over the full width of the carriageway. The maximum
clear gap between the tops of the centre beams shall be 85 mm at the joint opening
corresponding to the ULS.
The spacing between centre-lines of the support bars shall not exceed 1500 mm.
Modular bridge joint systems may utilize either positive mechanical control
(e.g. pantographs, etc.) or elastomeric springs to provide equidistant centre beam spacing.
20.3.2 Design service life
The following requirements shall apply to the design of joint components:
(a) A minimum 15 years service life and to be replaceable without traffic closures for—
(i) compression and control springs; and
(ii) support bearings.
(b) A minimum 20 years service life and to be replaceable with either a total road closure
not exceeding 2 hours or not more than half the number of lanes of the bridge at a
time closed to traffic—for joint seals.
(c) A minimum 100 years service life for—
(i) centre beams, including welded attachments;
(ii) support bars, including welded attachments; and
(iii) support boxes and attachments.

AS 5100.4:2017 42
20.3.3 Limit states

The limit states of fatigue, strength and serviceability shall be checked.
20.3.4 Material properties and design methodology
The centre beams, edge beams and support bars shall be fabricated from structural steel
with a nominal yield strength (fy) in the range of 250–350 MPa.
The design loads, factors to be applied to the loads, the procedures to be followed to satisfy
the three limit states of fatigue, strength and serviceability and the requirements of these
limit states for component and members of the joint shall comply with the following:
(a) For the fatigue limit state, S* denotes the stress range and R* denotes the fatigue
resistance for the appropriate detail category, for infinite cycles of stress (the cut-off
limit stress range).
(b) For the ULS, S* denotes the bending moments, shear and axial forces and Rlim denotes
the ultimate section capacity or member capacity
(c) At SLS, the modular bridge expansion joints shall satisfy the noise requirements of
Clause 20.9.1 and the joint shall exhibit damping of at least 5% of critical damping,
when tested in accordance to Appendix F.
20.3.5 Joint opening
The expansion joint openings for design for the limit states of fatigue, ultimate and
serviceability shall be as defined in Appendix E.
20.3.6 Axle load
The static axle load shall be A160E design axle load as specified in Clause 19.3.2.
The axle shall be placed anywhere along the centre beam for maximum effect; however, the
centre of the wheel need not be closer than 600 mm from the face of the kerb for the fatigue
limit state and SLS, and 300 mm for the strength limit states. Only one axle shall be
considered in the design of the joint.
20.3.7 Distribution factor
The maximum wheel load carried by one centre beam is W where the distribution factor
() shall be calculated using the following equation:
Bc  g c
 0.4    1.0 . . . 20.3.7
Lw
where
Lw = tyre contact length in direction parallel to traffic, as given by
Equation 19.3.2 for the respective limit states
Bc = width of the centre beam at top
NOTE: The distribution factor is the fraction of wheel load carried by one centre beam.
The gap between centre beams (gc) shall be calculated for the appropriate joint opening Jf,
Ju or Jc (see Appendix E) depending on the limit state under consideration.
The remaining wheel load shall be divided equally between the two adjacent centre beams
or between a centre beam and edge beam, depending on the position of the wheel.
20.3.8 Horizontal force factors
Horizontal forces shall be applied at each wheel to the top of the centre beams to account
for forces due to traction, braking or acceleration, centrifugal force, or similar forces.
The longitudinal force in the direction of traffic ( H*) = W. The factor () shall be obtained
from Appendix E.

43 AS 5100.4:2017
If the joint is located on a curve or significant crossfall, transverse forces shall be applied at
the top of the centre beams. The transverse design force (T*) =  W. The factor ( ) shall be
obtained from Appendix E.
If the joint is skewed to the direction of traffic, the forces  W and  W shall be resolved in
directions normal and axial to the centre beams, for design of the members.
20.3.9 Dynamic amplification factor (DAF)
The static axle load shall be multiplied by a factor (χ) to account for dynamic effects.
The dynamic amplification factor (χ) shall be evaluated by one of the following four
methods:
(a) Method 1 Design shall be based on the simple static method using the following
factors:
χ = 2.0 for multiple support bar systems . . . 20.3.9(1)
χ = 2.5 for single support bar systems . . . 20.3.9(2)

(b) Method 2 An experimental modal analysis study shall be conducted in accordance
with Appendix F, and the maximum overall dynamic amplification factor (χmod) shall
be obtained. The factors to be used for design shall be the following:
χ = 0.67χmod for multiple support bar systems . . . 20.3.9(3)
χ = 0.50χmod for single support bar systems . . . 20.3.9(4)
(c) Method 3 A dynamic finite element analysis (FEA) shall be carried out, provided the
FEA has been calibrated using experimental modal analysis and strain gauge data as
set out in Appendix F. The FEA shall incorporate multiple axle loading of multiple
centre beams. The axle shall be stepped over the joint at velocities ranging from
90 km/h to 110 km/h in 5 km/h intervals, unless otherwise specified by the relevant
authority.
(d) Method 4 Drive-over tests of the same joint, installed in a similar manner on an
existing bridge, shall be carried out.
20.3.10 Application of the DAF
The DAF for components not subject to vibrations, such as support boxes and edge beams,
shall be—
χo = 1.6 . . . 20.3.10(1)
For centre beams, support bars and associated components, the DAF shall be derived by one
of the four methods outlined in Clause 20.3.9. The DAF shall comprise an upward
component (χup) and a downward component (χdn), which shall be determined by drive-over
tests of a similar joint. Where test results are not available, the following values shall be
adopted:
χup = 0.33χ . . . 20.3.10(2)
χdn = 0.67χ . . . 20.3.10(3)
For computing the stress range for the fatigue limit state, the DAF shall be calculated from
the following equation:
χf = χup + χdn . . . 20.3.10(4)
For ULS, the following shall be satisfied:
χu = χdn . . . 20.3.10(5)
For SLS, the following shall be satisfied:
χs = χdn . . . 20.3.10(6)

AS 5100.4:2017 44
20.3.11 Design loads

The design forces due to each wheel, applied to the top of the critical centre beam, for each
limit state, shall be as follows:
(a) The vertical design force (Q*) shall satisfy the following:
Q* =  χW . . . 20.3.11(1)
(b) The longitudinal design force (H*), in the direction of traffic, shall satisfy the
following:
H* =  W . . . 20.3.11(2)
*
(c) The transverse design force (T ), if applicable, shall satisfy the following:
T* =  W . . . 20.3.11(3)
The appropriate values of the factors  and χ shall be used for the limit state under
consideration.
The centre beam shall be analysed as—

(i) continuous beam on rigid supports; or
(ii) continuous beam on elastic supports, the vertical stiffness of which are computed
from the proportion of the support bar bearings.
The centre beam shall be designed for the envelope of results calculated using method (i)
and method (ii) with the axle load in the most critical positions.
20.4 Fatigue limit state
20.4.1 General
The design action effect shall be the maximum resultant stress range due to the effects of
Q*f, H*f and T*f.
The stress ranges causing fatigue shall be calculated by applying the following forces to the
MBEJ model:
Q*f = f f χf W . . . 20.4.1(1)
H*f = f f  W . . . 20.4.1(2)
T*f = f f  W if applicable . . . 20.4.1(3)
If normal stresses (f1 and f2) act in two orthogonal directions, the resultant stress (fr) shall be
calculated from the following equation:
fr  f12  f 22 . . . 20.4.1(4)
If a normal stress (f) is to be combined with a shear stress (s), the principal stress (fp) shall
be calculated from the following equation:
f  f  2 
fp      s 2  . . . 20.4.1(5)
2  2  
NOTE: The fatigue stresses at joints and connections can often be critical.
The capacity factor for fatigue (ϕf) may be taken as 1.0.
The resistance shall be the cut-off limit stress (f5) defined in AS/NZS 5100.6, which is the
resistance for 108 cycles (effectively infinite number of stress cycles).
For certain standard details and connections employed for modular joints, the fatigue detail
categories shall be as classified in accordance with AS/NZS 5100.6 and corresponding
values of f5 extracted from AS/NZS 5100.6 and they shall be as given in Table 20.4.1.

45 AS 5100.4:2017
For details that cannot be classified in accordance with Table 20.4.1, an appropriate ‘detail
category’ shall be selected from AS/NZS 5100.6 and if no category is deemed applicable,
the value of f5 shall be adopted from an authoritative reference.
The members and components of the modular joint shall be checked for fatigue as specified
in Clauses 20.4.2 to 20.4.10.
TABLE 20.4.1
DETAIL CLASSIFICATIONS FOR FATIGUE
Cut-off
limit
Member or Category
Item Detail category Illustration stress
connection f rn
(f 5 )
MPa
Centre beam,
1 Polished steel bar 180 73
support bar
2 Flats for yokes Rolled products 160 65
(1)
Centre beam at Bolted

3 140 57
bolt hole connection
(5)
Sliding plate Cover plate

4 welded to support welded full 125 51
bar length, both sides
(9)
45  tf
Centre beam Butt weld, 100%
5 112 (see
splice NDT
Note)
(16)
Centre beam to Butt weld with

6 90 36
support bar extra fillets
Yoke to centre Transverse butt
7 90 36
beam weld
(continued)

AS 5100.4:2017 46
TABLE 20.4.1 (continued)
Cut-off
limit
Member or Category
Item Detail category Illustration stress
connection f rn
(f 5 )
MPa
Connections of Shear stress in

8 80 32
yoke members fillet weld
(3 9)
Sliding joint Longitudinal

between centre weld for sliding

9 80 32
beam and support device, if local or
bar intermittent
(14)
Cleat t
attachments:
t < 12 mm 80 32
> 10 m m
t > 12 mm 71 29
(t = thickness
of cleat) (3 5)
Attachment for
10 equidistancing
buffer
> 10 m m
(3 6)
LEGEND:
f rn = fatigue detail category defined in AS/NZS 5100.6, which is the corrected fatigue strength (in MPa) at
2  10 6 cycles
NOTE:  tf is a ‘thickness correction factor’ given by the following equation:
0.25
 25 
 tf   
 tp 
 
where t p is the thickness of the plate, i.e. width of centre beam, in millimetres.
20.4.2 Centre beams

The longitudinal bending stress due to Q*f and H*f plus the axial stress due to T*f, if any,
shall comply with Item 1 of Table 20.4.1.
If centre beams are spliced, the fatigue stress in the butt weld shall be as per Item 5 of
Table 20.4.1.
If yokes are connected by bolts to the centre beams, the stresses in the centre beams shall be
based on the net section at the bolt holes. The stress range in the centre beam at the bolt
hole shall be limited as per Item 3 of Table 20.4.1.

47 AS 5100.4:2017
20.4.3 Support bars

Where support bars are part of a multiple support bar system, they shall be designed to
support the maximum loads transmitted by their individual centre beams. Where support
bars are in a single support bar system, they shall be designed to accommodate the total
wheel load transmitted through all loaded centre beams. Any forces that may arise from
deformation of the elastomers or frictional resistance shall be considered both individually
and in combination.
The stress range in the base metal of the support bar shall comply with Item 1 of
Table 20.4.1.
To enable the support bar to slide smoothly between its support bearings, the support bar
may have stainless steel sliding plates welded to its top and bottom surfaces. If the welds
are for the full length of the support bar, the maximum stress range shall comply with
Item 4 of Table 20.4.1. If the welding is near the supports only, it shall comply with Item 9
of Table 20.4.1.
20.4.4 Welded connection between support bar and centre beam

The resultant of the vertical and horizontal stresses in the weld, due to the design load, for
the three effects, A, B and C, listed below shall be calculated. The A160E axle shall be
positioned on the centre beam for the maximum effect in each of the three cases.
A Resultant stress at the interface of the weld and soffit of the centre beam.
B Resultant stress at the interface of the weld and the top of the support bar.
C Resultant stress at the throat of the weld between the centre beam and the support bar.
NOTE: The above stresses are designated as stresses due to Type A, Type B and Type C cracking,
respectively, in the NCHRP Report No. 402 and the method given in this reference may be
followed for design. The welded connection is classified as AASHTO Category C, which is
approximately equivalent to Item 6 of Table 20.4.1.
20.4.5 Yoke and its connections
In single support bar modular joint (SSBJ) systems, the connection between the centre beam
and support bar is through a yoke, which enables a sliding joint. All components of the
yoke system shall be designed to resist the fatigue stress cycles generated in the system by
application of the forces Q* f, H*f and T* f in Equations 20.4.1(1) to 20.4.1(5). If any pre-
compression is applied to the yoke bearings, it shall be ensured that the pre-compression is
not lost due to stress cycles caused by the above loads.
The yoke system shall resist the horizontal forces together with overturning moments due to
application of the above loads, without causing instability or fatigue failure of any
component or connection.
NOTE: Advantage may be taken of the dynamic characteristics of the system, by employing
Method 3 of Clause 20.3.9, to account for the reduction in longitudinal force experienced by the
system due to the short duration of the applied load.
Alternatively, the adequacy of the yoke system shall be demonstrated by performance
testing.
20.4.6 Bolted yoke connection
Where the yoke is connected to the centre beam by bolts, a tensile force (Q* up ) shall be
applied to the bolts as follows:
Q* up = ffχupR . . . 20.4.6
where R is the maximum support reaction due to the static A160E axle loads.
The stress range in the bolt due to the force Q* up shall not exceed 0.3 times the pre-tension
in the bolt.
All bolts shall be 8.8/TF bolting category of AS/NZS 5100.6.

AS 5100.4:2017 48
20.4.7 Welded yoke connection

Where the yoke members are connected to the centre beam by welding, complete
penetration butt welds shall be used. The nominal stress range at the weld shall be the sum
of the longitudinal stress ranges resulting from horizontal and vertical bending of the centre
beam. The effects of forces in the yoke need not be added. The stress range at the weld shall
comply with Item 7 of Table 20.4.1.
20.4.8 Welded plates for sliding surfaces
The contact surfaces between the support bar and centre beam may require a special sliding
arrangement. If the sliding device is welded to the edges of the centre beam by short lengths
of longitudinal fillet welds, the flexural stress range in the centre beam at the weld location
shall comply with Item 9 of Table 20.4.1. For continuous welds, the flexural range shall
comply with Item 4 of Table 20.4.1.
20.4.9 Spring buffer attachments
Where equidistancing spring buffers are attached to the centre beam by welded cleats, the
nominal stress range at the welded connection shall be the sum of the longitudinal stress
ranges resulting from horizontal and vertical bending of the centre beam. The effects of
forces in the equidistancing buffers due to thermal movements need not be added. The
stress range at the weld shall comply with Item 10 of Table 20.4.1.
20.4.10 Replaceable items
Replaceable items shall be designed for fatigue as follows:
(a) Where a joint of similar type with the same replaceable components (materials,
manufacture, design) has sustained 70 hours under the test regime described in
NCHRP Report 467, no further design is required.
(b) For all other cases, the component shall be designed to resist the design number of
stress cycles, calculated as follows:
n sc = 500 000(Nc + n e)DL . . . 20.4.10
where
n sc = design number of stress cycles caused by the design load
Nc = number of centre beams supported on a support bar
ne = number of effective cycles of vibration following excitation
DL = design life of the component, in years
NOTE: n e may be derived using the method given in Appendix F.
20.5 Ultimate limit state (ULS)
20.5.1 General
The strength shall be based on the nominal yield stress (f y) and tensile strength (fu ). For
materials supplied to Australian Standards, the values in AS/NZS 5100.6 shall be adopted.
Where materials are supplied to other Standards (e.g. ASTM), the values of these Standards
shall be adopted. The nominal values of fy specified in Clause 20.3.4 shall be complied
with.
For the member capacity of centre beams and support bars, the effective lengths of the
members shall be as follows:
(a) For support bars, the length between centres of bearings at joint opening Ju .
(b) For overhanging portions of centre beams, twice the length of the cantilever.
(c) For internal spans of centre beams, 0.7 times the span for centre beams welded to
support bars and 1.2 times the span for centre beams connected to support bars by
yokes.

49 AS 5100.4:2017
For shear and bending capacity, the requirements of AS/NZS 5100.6 shall apply.
For bolted, pin and welded connections, the requirements of AS/NZS 5100.6 shall apply.
The members and components of the modular joints shall be checked for ultimate strength
as specified in Clauses 20.5.2 to 20.5.5.
20.5.2 Centre beams
If centre beams are subjected to significant axial force, which may arise if the joint is
skewed or the transverse force is significant, their capacity for axial load with biaxial
bending shall be checked in accordance with AS/NZS 5100.6.
20.5.3 Edge beams
Edge beams shall be adequately anchored into the concrete and the anchors shall be capable
of resisting an ultimate horizontal force of 60 kN per metre length of the edge beam.
The section of the edge beam that spans across the openings of the support boxes shall be in
accordance with Clause 20.5.5.

20.5.4 Support boxes
The top plate of each support box shall be designed to carry an ultimate load to satisfy the
following:
P* = u χo W = 230 kN . . . 20.5.4
This load may be distributed over an area of (Lw + t)  (Bw + t), where t is the thickness of
the overlying concrete and permanent surfacing layer. Composite action with the overlying
structural concrete and the edge beam may be taken into consideration, provided all
connections and shear studs are adequately designed for this.
On the three sides of each support box, adequate shear studs shall be provided to transfer
the vertical load (P* ) and its horizontal components (P* and  P* ) into the surrounding
concrete, without assuming any support at the base of the box.
The bottom plate of the support box shall be designed to carry one-third of the maximum
ultimate bearing reaction of the support bar, treated as a uniformly distributed load, by
spanning between the three sides of the support box without any support from the
underlying concrete.
20.5.5 Connections
All connections, whether by bolts, screws, pins or welds, shall be checked for the strength
limit state in accordance with AS/NZS 5100.6.
For ULS, the forces Q* u , H* u and T* u shall be assumed to act concurrently. The stresses due
to vertical and horizontal bending of the centre beam or support bar and the stresses at
connections, such as welds of yokes or equidistancing buffer cleats, shall be calculated. The
resultant stress calculated in accordance with Equations 20.4.1(4) and 20.4(5) shall be less
than the design strength of the weld or parent material, whichever is lower.
20.6 Serviceability limit state (SLS)
20.6.1 General
The members and components of a MBEJ shall be checked at the SLS as follows:
(a) Friction grip bolts and screws in accordance with AS/NZS 5100.6.
(b) Vibration damping requirements in accordance with Clause 20.3.4.
(c) Noise in accordance with Clause 20.9.1.
(d) Elastomeric bearings in accordance with Clause 20.6.2.
(e) Other components normally designed on a SLS basis.

AS 5100.4:2017 50
20.6.2 Elastomeric bearings

Elastomeric bearings shall be designed to resist serviceability loads and movements, in
accordance with Section 12 of this Standard.
The stiffness of the bearings shall be either—
(a) derived by calculation in accordance with Method 1 of Clause 20.3.9 in analysis, or
(b) obtained by testing in accordance with Paragraph F2 of Appendix F when adopting
Method 2 or Method 3 of Clause 20.3.9 in analysis.
20.7 Design features and fabrication details
20.7.1 Anchorage of edge beams
The anchorage of edge beams shall be designed in accordance with Clause 19.4.
20.7.2 Weld detailing
All welds in centre beams and support bars shall be full penetration butt welds,
Category FP. All welds attaching anything to centre beams or support bars, within 10 mm
of the top or bottom surface, shall be full penetration butt welds, Category FP.
NOTE: This requirement does not apply to the welding of stainless steel sliding surfaces.
All other welds, except stud welds, shall be Category SP.
20.7.3 Corrosion protection
Steel components other than stainless steel shall be coated on all surfaces with a coating
system EHB6 [inorganic zinc primer/micaceous iron oxide (MIO) epoxy], or an alternative
corrosion protection system with a durability of more than 25 years in a C3 corrosivity
category.
Stainless steel shall comply with the material properties specified in
ASTM A 240/A 240M Type 316L and the stainless steel sheet shall have 2B-mill surface
finish.
NOTE: For guidance on steel coatings, refer to AS/NZS 2312.1.
20.7.4 Seals
Preformed elastomeric joint seals shall comply with the requirements of ASTM 5973.
Preformed elastomeric joint seals including those deemed to comply shall be tested in
accordance with the seal push-out (SPO) test procedure of NCHRP Report 467, and shall
successfully pass testing without failure.
The seals shall possess the necessary compression, extension and deformation properties to
give the required range of movements specified by the bridge designer, whilst remaining
watertight.
The preformed elastomeric joint seals shall resist penetration by material such as aggregate
under traffic loading.
20.7.5 Springs
Elastomeric components used above and below support bars and between centre beams and
support bars in the MBEJ shall be tested in accordance with the opening movement and
vibration (OMV) procedure specified in NCHRP Report 467, and shall successfully pass
70 hours of continuous testing without failure.

51 AS 5100.4:2017
20.8 Installation of MBEJ

20.8.1 General
A maintenance manual shall be available for the MBEJ.
After installation of the completed joint, the MBEJ shall be tested for watertightness.
20.8.2 Maintenance manual and certification of the MBEJ
The maintenance manual for the MBEJ shall include the following information:
(a) Certification and results from testing of fabricated components that the materials
proposed for use in the MBEJ including steel, stainless steel, joint seals, PTFE and
elastomeric springs meet the requirements of this Standard. The certification shall be
by a laboratory accredited by signatories to the International Laboratory
Accreditation Corporation (ILAC) through their Mutual Recognition Agreement
(MRA).
NOTE: In Australia, an ILAC MRA signatory is the National Association of Testing
Authorities (NATA).
(b) Documentary evidence of inspection and non-destructive examination (NDE) of every
weld has been performed. As a minimum, the welding procedure documents shall
comply with AS/NZS 1554.5.
(c) Details of the protective coating system.
(d) Recommended schedules of inspection and servicing of the MBEJ including detailed
instructions for the repair or replacement of parts of the joint with a design life of less
than 100 years.
20.9 Additional requirements
20.9.1 Noise under traffic
The MBEJ shall not generate excessive noise or vibration under traffic.
The MBEJ shall be accompanied with noise test data reports indicating its performance
under traffic, including relevant site-specific information.
20.9.2 Provisions for handling and erection
The MBEJ shall include suitable handling attachments or lifting points, to assist in the
handling and location of the joint.
20.9.3 Provisions for maintenance
The design of modular bridge expansion joints shall ensure that all performance criteria for
the joint are met with minimum maintenance for the design life of the joint.
The design of the adjacent bridge elements shall allow for the ready access to the joints and
shall provide sufficient space for inspection, maintenance and replacement of joint
components.
MBEJs with 3 or less seals shall be detailed with support boxes with removable tops.
Design shall allow for ready access to the joints and provide sufficient space for inspection,
maintenance and replacement of joint components as required.

AS 5100.4:2017
 Standards Australia
52
(Informative)
APPENDIX A
elastomeric bearings of IRHD 50 rubber, as specified in Clause 12.

TABLES OF STANDARD ELASTOMERIC BEARING PROPERTIES
Tables A1 to A20 provide performance data for laminated rectangular and circular
www.standards.org.au
TABLE A1
LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC BEARING—PLAN SIZE 230 mm  150 mm
Steel plate thickness = 5 mm Side cover thickness = 6 mm Top and bottom cover thickness = 4 mm
Number Rated load at zero shear Rated load at max. shear Min. load
Compressive Shear
of Overall Mean shear Rotational AS 5100.4
stiffness at deflection Rotation Rotation Rotation Rotation Rotation
internal height stiffness stiffness Part
zero shear capacity
rubber 0.000 rads 0.010 rads 0.010 rads 0.015 rads 0.005 rads number
layers mm kN/mm kN/mm kNm/rad mm kN kN kN kN kN
Internal rubber layer thickness—6 mm
2 35 307 1.19 147 10.0 451 345 252 — 71 AS [50] 010602R
3 46 234 0.92 112 13.0 451 372 270 229 54 AS [50] 010603R
4 57 189 0.74 90 16.0 420 389 279 246 43 AS [50] 010604R
5 68 158 0.63 76 19.0 354 354 282 255 36 AS [50] 010605R
6 79 136 0.54 65 22.0 306 306 257 257 31 AS [50] 010606R
7 90 120 0.48 57 25.0 269 269 220 220 28 AS [50] 010607R
8 101 107 0.43 51 27.6 240 240 192 192 25 AS [50] 010608R
53
1 27 229 1.40 108 8.5 312 250 188 159 53 AS [50] 010901R
2 41 133 0.92 62 13.0 312 271 201 182 31 AS [50] 010902R
3 55 93 0.68 44 17.5 256 256 203 189 22 AS [50] 010903R
4 69 72 0.54 34 22.0 204 204 171 171 17 AS [50] 010904R
5 83 59 0.45 27 26.5 169 169 137 137 14 AS [50] 010905R
6 97 50 0.38 23 27.6 145 145 116 116 11 AS [50] 010906R
NOTE: Highlighted rated load values indicate capacity is limited by stability.
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
TABLE A2
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
2 35 580 1.59 605 10.0 615 397 — — 182 AS [50] 020602R
3 46 442 1.22 460 13.0 615 478 334 — 138 AS [50] 020603R
4 57 357 0.99 371 16.0 615 529 375 — 112 AS [50] 020604R
5 68 299 0.84 311 19.0 615 564 399 316 94 AS [50] 020605R
6 79 258 0.72 268 22.0 615 589 415 344 81 AS [50] 020606R
7 90 226 0.63 235 25.0 596 596 424 363 71 AS [50] 020607R
8 101 202 0.57 209 28.0 532 532 429 375 63 AS [50] 020608R
54
9 112 182 0.51 189 31.0 481 481 402 384 57 AS [50] 020609R
1 27 440 1.87 441 8.5 504 318 — — 138 AS [50] 020901R
2 41 257 1.22 255 13.0 504 383 281 — 80 AS [50] 020902R
3 55 181 0.91 179 17.5 504 414 302 261 57 AS [50] 020903R
4 69 140 0.72 138 22.0 452 432 311 279 44 AS [50] 020904R
5 83 114 0.60 113 26.5 375 375 313 287 36 AS [50] 020905R
6 97 96 0.51 95 31.0 321 321 268 268 30 AS [50] 020906R
7 111 83 0.45 82 35.5 280 280 227 227 26 AS [50] 020907R
NOTES:
1 Bearings shown in bold have limited rotation capacity and should be used with caution.
2 Highlighted rated load values indicate capacity is limited by stability.
TABLE A3
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
2 35 775 2.05 464 10.0 801 695 495 — 204 AS [50] 030602R
3 46 590 1.58 353 13.0 801 775 559 — 155 AS [50] 030603R
4 57 477 1.28 285 16.0 801 801 592 495 126 AS [50] 030604R
5 68 400 1.08 239 19.0 801 801 610 529 105 AS [50] 030605R
6 79 344 0.93 205 22.0 791 791 618 550 91 AS [50] 030606R
7 90 302 0.82 180 25.0 697 697 586 562 80 AS [50] 030607R
8 101 269 0.73 161 28.0 622 622 512 512 71 AS [50] 030608R
55
2 41 344 1.58 196 13.0 700 580 430 375 91 AS [50] 030902R
3 55 243 1.17 138 17.5 663 611 444 405 64 AS [50] 030903R
4 69 187 0.93 106 22.0 528 528 445 415 49 AS [50] 030904R
5 83 153 0.77 87 26.5 438 438 365 365 40 AS [50] 030905R
6 97 129 0.66 73 31.0 374 374 301 301 34 AS [50] 030906R
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
TABLE A4
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
2 45 755 2.25 1430 15.0 1287 905 — — 327 AS [50] 040902R
3 59 575 1.73 1087 19.5 1287 1044 743 — 249 AS [50] 040903R
4 73 464 1.41 877 24.0 1287 1131 808 637 201 AS [50] 040904R
5 87 389 1.19 735 28.5 1287 1191 846 705 169 AS [50] 040905R
6 101 335 1.02 633 33.0 1256 1234 867 748 145 AS [50] 040906R
7 115 294 0.90 555 37.5 1105 1105 878 775 127 AS [50] 040907R
8 129 262 0.81 495 42.0 987 987 828 792 114 AS [50] 040908R
56
9 143 236 0.73 446 46.5 891 891 732 732 102 AS [50] 040909R
10 157 215 0.66 406 51.0 813 813 653 653 93 AS [50] 040910R
2 51 433 1.88 794 18.0 1138 854 625 — 188 AS [50] 041202R
3 68 311 1.41 568 24.0 1138 925 674 578 135 AS [50] 041203R
4 85 243 1.13 442 30.0 1036 967 695 619 105 AS [50] 041204R
5 102 199 0.94 362 36.0 864 864 701 640 86 AS [50] 041205R
6 119 168 0.81 307 42.0 740 740 621 621 73 AS [50] 041206R
7 136 146 0.70 266 48.0 648 648 528 528 63 AS [50] 041207R
8 153 129 0.63 235 52.0 576 576 461 461 56 AS [50] 041208R
(continued)
TABLE A4 (continued)
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
2 57 257 1.61 466 21.0 917 760 564 492 112 AS [50] 041502R
3 77 179 1.19 323 28.5 873 802 583 532 78 AS [50] 041503R
4 97 137 0.94 248 36.0 691 691 585 546 60 AS [50] 041504R
5 117 111 0.78 201 43.5 572 572 476 476 48 AS [50] 041505R
6 137 94 0.66 169 51.0 488 488 392 392 41 AS [50] 041506R
NOTES:
57
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
TABLE A5
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
2 45 953 2.76 1216 15.0 1587 1346 966 — 365 AS [50] 050902R
3 59 725 2.12 925 19.5 1587 1488 1075 859 278 AS [50] 050903R
4 73 586 1.73 746 24.0 1587 1577 1132 960 225 AS [50] 050904R
5 87 491 1.45 625 28.5 1587 1587 1160 1018 188 AS [50] 050905R
6 101 423 1.25 538 33.0 1445 1445 1172 1052 162 AS [50] 050906R
7 115 371 1.10 472 37.5 1271 1271 1064 1064 142 AS [50] 050907R
8 129 331 0.99 421 42.0 1135 1135 928 928 127 AS [50] 050908R
58
2 51 548 2.30 676 18.0 1478 1189 878 745 210 AS [50] 051202R
3 68 393 1.73 484 24.0 1478 1261 918 821 151 AS [50] 051203R
4 85 307 1.38 377 30.0 1192 1192 929 853 118 AS [50] 051204R
5 102 251 1.15 308 36.0 993 993 838 838 96 AS [50] 051205R
6 119 213 0.99 261 42.0 851 851 696 696 82 AS [50] 051206R
2 57 326 1.97 398 21.0 1190 1031 764 691 125 AS [50] 051502R
3 77 227 1.45 277 28.5 1004 1004 773 722 87 AS [50] 051503R
4 97 174 1.15 212 36.0 795 795 670 670 67 AS [50] 051504R
5 117 141 0.95 172 43.5 658 658 533 533 54 AS [50] 051505R
TABLE A6
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
3 59 1115 2.55 2308 19.5 1932 1739 1216 — 520 AS [50] 060903R
4 73 900 2.07 1862 24.0 1932 1920 1361 — 420 AS [50] 060904R
5 87 755 1.74 1561 28.5 1932 1932 1448 1151 352 AS [50] 060905R
6 101 650 1.51 1343 33.0 1932 1932 1501 1250 303 AS [50] 060906R
7 115 571 1.32 1179 37.5 1932 1932 1533 1316 266 AS [50] 060907R
8 129 509 1.18 1051 42.0 1910 1910 1551 1360 238 AS [50] 060908R
9 143 459 1.07 947 46.5 1725 1725 1438 1389 214 AS [50] 060909R
59
2 51 855 2.76 1689 18.0 1932 1446 1049 — 399 AS [50] 061202R
3 68 615 2.07 1209 24.0 1932 1594 1160 957 287 AS [50] 061203R
4 85 480 1.66 942 30.0 1932 1682 1212 1053 224 AS [50] 061204R
5 102 394 1.38 771 36.0 1671 1671 1234 1105 184 AS [50] 061205R
6 119 334 1.18 653 42.0 1432 1432 1217 1132 156 AS [50] 061206R
7 136 290 1.04 566 48.0 1253 1253 1038 1038 135 AS [50] 061207R
8 153 256 0.92 500 54.0 1114 1114 899 899 119 AS [50] 061208R
2 57 514 2.37 991 21.0 1638 1312 972 821 240 AS [50] 061502R
3 77 359 1.74 688 28.5 1638 1398 1021 913 167 AS [50] 061503R
4 97 275 1.38 527 36.0 1337 1337 1034 951 129 AS [50] 061504R
5 117 223 1.14 427 43.5 1106 1106 934 934 104 AS [50] 061505R
6 137 188 0.97 359 51.0 944 944 772 772 88 AS [50] 061506R
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
TABLE A7
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
4 73 1484 2.62 5860 24.0 2484 2098 — — 890 AS [50] 070904R
5 87 1245 2.21 4912 28.5 2484 2403 1620 — 747 AS [50] 070905R
6 101 1072 1.91 4228 33.0 2484 2484 1799 — 643 AS [50] 070906R
7 115 942 1.68 3711 37.5 2484 2484 1926 — 565 AS [50] 070907R
8 129 840 1.50 3307 42.0 2484 2484 2016 1528 504 AS [50] 070908R
9 143 757 1.35 2982 46.5 2484 2484 2080 1646 454 AS [50] 070909R
10 157 690 1.23 2715 51.0 2484 2484 2126 1736 414 AS [50] 070910R
60
11 171 633 1.13 2493 55.5 2484 2484 2157 1804 380 AS [50] 070911R
12 185 585 1.05 2403 60.0 2484 2484 2137 1856 351 AS [50] 070912R
3 68 1040 2.62 3836 24.0 2484 1941 1360 — 624 AS [50] 071203R
4 85 813 2.10 2989 30.0 2484 2159 1536 — 488 AS [50] 071204R
5 102 667 1.75 2448 36.0 2484 2305 1638 1312 400 AS [50] 071205R
6 119 566 1.50 2073 42.0 2484 2408 1700 1425 340 AS [50] 071206R
7 136 491 1.31 1797 48.0 2404 2404 1735 1499 295 AS [50] 071207R
8 153 434 1.17 1586 54.0 2137 2137 1753 1547 260 AS [50] 071208R
9 170 389 1.05 1420 60.0 1923 1923 1602 1578 233 AS [50] 071209R
10 187 352 0.95 1285 66.0 1748 1748 1428 1428 211 AS [50] 071210R
(continued)
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
3 77 616 2.21 2185 28.5 2434 1845 1341 — 370 AS [50] 071503R
4 97 474 1.75 1674 36.0 2434 1968 1421 1211 284 AS [50] 071504R
5 117 385 1.45 1357 43.5 2122 2048 1459 1289 231 AS [50] 071505R
6 137 324 1.23 1141 51.0 1810 1810 1473 1332 194 AS [50] 071506R
7 157 279 1.08 984 58.5 1578 1578 1321 1321 168 AS [50] 071507R
8 177 246 0.95 865 66.0 1399 1399 1142 1142 148 AS [50] 071508R
9 197 220 0.86 772 72.0 1256 1256 1005 1005 132 AS [50] 071509R
NOTES:
61
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
TABLE A8
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
5 87 1293 2.40 3291 28.5 2697 2697 2150 — 668 AS [50] 080905R
6 101 1114 2.07 2832 33.0 2697 2697 2275 1770 575 AS [50] 080906R
7 115 978 1.82 2486 37.5 2697 2697 2357 1920 505 AS [50] 080907R
8 129 872 1.63 2215 42.0 2697 2697 2410 2026 450 AS [50] 080908R
9 143 786 1.47 1998 46.5 2697 2697 2443 2102 406 AS [50] 080909R
10 157 716 1.34 1819 51.0 2697 2697 2357 2155 370 AS [50] 080910R
11 171 657 1.23 1669 55.5 2592 2592 2128 2128 340 AS [50] 080911R
62
3 68 1074 2.85 2559 24.0 2697 2414 1742 — 555 AS [50] 081203R
4 85 840 2.28 1993 30.0 2697 2590 1864 1547 434 AS [50] 081204R
5 102 689 1.90 1632 36.0 2697 2697 1928 1669 356 AS [50] 081205R
6 119 584 1.63 1382 42.0 2569 2569 1958 1741 302 AS [50] 081206R
7 136 507 1.42 1198 48.0 2248 2248 1900 1782 262 AS [50] 081207R
8 153 448 1.27 1058 54.0 1998 1998 1650 1650 232 AS [50] 081208R
9 170 401 1.14 947 60.0 1799 1799 1450 1450 207 AS [50] 081209R
2 57 909 3.25 2097 21.0 2644 2000 1470 — 469 AS [50] 081502R
3 77 635 2.40 1457 28.5 2644 2169 1586 1371 328 AS [50] 081503R
4 97 488 1.90 1116 36.0 2398 2268 1631 1465 252 AS [50] 081504R
5 117 396 1.57 905 43.5 1985 1985 1642 1509 205 AS [50] 081505R
6 137 333 1.34 761 51.0 1693 1693 1414 1414 172 AS [50] 081506R
7 157 288 1.17 656 58.5 1476 1476 1197 1197 149 AS [50] 081507R
TABLE A9
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
layers mm kN/mm kN/mm kNm/rad Mm kN kN kN kN kN
4 85 1659 3.11 8986 30.0 3741 3284 — — 1189 AS [50] 091204R
5 102 1363 2.59 7363 36.0 3741 3665 2543 — 977 AS [50] 091205R
6 119 1157 2.22 6237 42.0 3741 3741 2749 — 829 AS [50] 091206R
7 136 1005 1.94 5409 48.0 3741 3741 2888 2254 720 AS [50] 091207R
8 153 889 1.73 4776 54.0 3741 3741 2981 2427 637 AS [50] 091208R
9 170 796 1.55 4275 60.0 3741 3741 3043 2552 571 AS [50] 091209R
10 187 721 1.41 3869 66.0 3741 3741 3082 2642 517 AS [50] 091210R
11 204 659 1.29 3534 72.0 3525 3525 2935 2707 472 AS [50] 091211R
63
12 221 607 1.19 3252 78.0 3254 3254 2663 2663 435 AS [50] 091212R
3 77 1287 3.27 6606 28.5 3741 2923 2063 — 923 AS [50] 091503R
4 97 991 2.59 5064 36.0 3741 3245 2319 — 710 AS [50] 091504R
5 117 806 2.14 4106 43.5 3741 3455 2465 2010 578 AS [50] 091505R
6 137 679 1.83 3453 51.0 3741 3604 2548 2168 487 AS [50] 091506R
7 157 586 1.59 2979 58.5 3470 3470 2593 2268 420 AS [50] 091507R
8 177 516 1.41 2620 66.0 3076 3076 2604 2331 370 AS [50] 091508R
9 197 461 1.27 2337 73.5 2762 2762 2290 2290 330 AS [50] 091509R
10 217 416 1.15 2110 81.0 2506 2506 2034 2034 298 AS [50] 091510R
11 237 380 1.05 1923 86.0 2294 2294 1835 1835 272 AS [50] 091511R
(continued)
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
3 86 822 2.82 4072 33.0 3734 2806 2040 — 589 AS [50] 091803R
4 109 626 2.22 3096 42.0 3734 3004 2173 1844 449 AS [50] 091804R
5 132 506 1.83 2497 51.0 3317 3133 2236 1971 363 AS [50] 091805R
6 155 425 1.55 2092 60.0 2820 2820 2260 2041 304 AS [50] 091806R
7 178 366 1.35 1800 69.0 2452 2452 2059 2059 262 AS [50] 091807R
8 201 321 1.19 1580 78.0 2169 2169 1776 1776 230 AS [50] 091808R
9 224 286 1.07 1408 86.0 1945 1945 1556 1556 205 AS [50] 091809R
NOTES:
64
TABLE A10
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
4 97 1730 3.45 19417 36.0 5046 3548 — — 1672 AS [50] 101504R
5 117 1408 2.86 15755 43.5 5046 4153 2798 — 1361 AS [50] 101505R
6 137 1187 2.44 13255 51.0 5046 4581 3149 — 1148 AS [50] 101506R
7 157 1026 2.12 11439 58.5 5046 4899 3391 — 992 AS [50] 101507R
8 177 904 1.88 10061 66.0 5046 5046 3559 2710 874 AS [50] 101508R
9 197 807 1.69 8980 73.5 5046 5046 3678 2927 780 AS [50] 101509R
10 217 729 1.53 8108 81.0 5046 5046 3761 3089 705 AS [50] 101510R
11 237 665 1.40 7391 88.5 4902 4902 3817 3211 643 AS [50] 101511R
65
12 257 612 1.29 6790 96.0 4519 4519 3771 3302 591 AS [50] 101512R
13 277 566 1.20 6279 103.5 4191 4191 3443 3368 547 AS [50] 101513R
4 109 1113 2.96 11953 42.0 5046 3802 2652 — 1076 AS [50] 101804R
5 132 900 2.44 9646 51.0 5046 4172 2945 — 870 AS [50] 101805R
6 155 756 2.07 8085 60.0 5046 4430 3127 2470 731 AS [50] 101806R
7 178 651 1.80 6959 69.0 5046 4622 3242 2680 630 AS [50] 101807R
8 201 572 1.59 6109 78.0 4635 4635 3312 2824 553 AS [50] 101808R
9 224 510 1.43 5443 87.0 4155 4155 3352 2922 493 AS [50] 101809R
10 247 460 1.29 4909 96.0 3766 3766 3142 2987 445 AS [50] 101810R
11 270 419 1.18 4470 105.0 3443 3443 2820 2820 405 AS [50] 101811R
12 293 385 1.09 4103 114.0 3171 3171 2548 2548 372 AS [50] 101812R
NOTES:
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
TABLE A11
LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC BEARING—DIAMETER 240 mm
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
2 35 641 1.56 815 10.0 612 — — — 244 AS [50] 110602C
3 46 488 1.20 620 13.0 612 394 — — 186 AS [50] 110603C
4 57 394 0.98 500 16.0 612 478 313 — 150 AS [50] 110604C
5 68 331 0.82 419 19.0 612 536 358 — 126 AS [50] 110605C
6 79 285 0.71 361 22.0 612 577 388 — 108 AS [50] 110606C
7 90 250 0.62 317 25.0 612 609 408 308 95 AS [50] 110607C
66
8 101 223 0.56 282 28.0 612 612 421 334 85 AS [50] 110608C
9 112 201 0.50 254 31.0 612 612 430 352 76 AS [50] 110609C
10 123 183 0.46 232 34.0 598 598 434 365 70 AS [50] 110610C
2 41 286 1.20 345 13.0 565 365 255 — 109 AS [50] 110902C
3 55 202 0.89 242 17.5 565 416 294 — 77 AS [50] 110903C
4 69 156 0.71 187 22.0 565 447 313 261 59 AS [50] 110904C
5 83 127 0.59 152 26.5 512 467 321 279 48 AS [50] 110905C
6 97 107 0.50 128 31.0 437 437 323 288 41 AS [50] 110906C
7 111 93 0.44 111 35.5 382 382 306 293 35 AS [50] 110907C
8 125 82 0.39 98 35.8 339 339 271 271 31 AS [50] 110908C
9 139 73 0.35 87 35.8 305 305 244 244 28 AS [50] 110909C
(continued)
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
2 47 141 0.98 166 16.0 428 336 243 201 53 AS [50] 111202C
3 64 96 0.71 114 22.0 428 361 256 227 37 AS [50] 111203C
4 81 73 0.56 86 28.0 363 363 259 237 28 AS [50] 111204C
5 98 59 0.46 70 34.0 299 299 242 238 22 AS [50] 111205C
6 115 50 0.39 58 35.8 254 254 203 203 19 AS [50] 111206C
7 132 43 0.34 50 35.8 221 221 177 177 16 AS [50] 111207C
8 149 37 0.30 44 35.8 196 196 156 156 14 AS [50] 111208C
NOTES:
67
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
TABLE A12
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
3 59 564 1.51 1370 19.5 1191 823 — — 299 AS [50] 120903C
4 73 455 1.23 1105 24.0 1191 955 643 — 241 AS [50] 120904C
5 87 382 1.04 926 28.5 1191 1045 710 — 202 AS [50] 120905C
6 101 329 0.89 797 33.0 1191 1110 752 572 174 AS [50] 120906C
7 115 289 0.79 699 37.5 1191 1160 779 624 153 AS [50] 120907C
8 129 257 0.70 623 42.0 1191 1191 795 659 136 AS [50] 120908C
9 143 232 0.63 562 46.5 1103 1103 803 683 123 AS [50] 120909C
68
2 51 426 1.64 1001 18.0 1149 720 497 — 226 AS [50] 121202C
3 68 306 1.23 717 24.0 1149 827 582 — 162 AS [50] 121203C
4 85 239 0.98 558 30.0 1149 891 623 509 127 AS [50] 121204C
5 102 196 0.82 457 36.0 1069 934 643 551 104 AS [50] 121205C
6 119 166 0.70 387 42.0 916 916 650 574 88 AS [50] 121206C
7 136 144 0.61 335 48.0 802 802 648 585 76 AS [50] 121207C
8 153 127 0.55 296 50.0 713 713 570 570 67 AS [50] 121208C
2 57 254 1.41 586 21.0 925 688 495 — 135 AS [50] 121502C
3 77 177 1.04 407 28.5 925 750 534 456 94 AS [50] 121503C
4 97 136 0.82 312 36.0 855 787 547 488 72 AS [50] 121504C
5 117 110 0.68 253 43.5 708 708 547 500 58 AS [50] 121505C
6 137 93 0.58 213 50.0 604 604 483 483 49 AS [50] 121506C
NOTES:
TABLE A13
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
4 73 860 1.81 3108 24.0 1701 1210 — — 544 AS [50] 130904C
5 87 721 1.52 2605 28.5 1701 1429 918 — 457 AS [50] 130905C
6 101 621 1.31 2242 33.0 1701 1589 1044 — 393 AS [50] 130906C
7 115 545 1.16 1968 37.5 1701 1701 1132 — 345 AS [50] 130907C
8 129 486 1.03 1753 42.0 1701 1701 1194 — 308 AS [50] 130908C
9 143 438 0.93 1581 46.5 1701 1701 1238 936 278 AS [50] 130909C
10 157 399 0.85 1440 51.0 1701 1701 1268 998 253 AS [50] 130910C
69
2 51 822 2.41 2833 18.0 1701 — — — 521 AS [50] 131202C
3 68 591 1.81 2029 24.0 1701 1172 790 — 375 AS [50] 131203C
4 85 462 1.45 1581 30.0 1701 1328 914 — 293 AS [50] 131204C
5 102 379 1.20 1295 36.0 1701 1433 985 756 240 AS [50] 131205C
6 119 321 1.03 1096 42.0 1701 1507 1027 835 203 AS [50] 131206C
7 136 279 0.90 950 48.0 1635 1563 1050 886 177 AS [50] 131207C
8 153 246 0.80 839 54.0 1453 1453 1060 918 156 AS [50] 131208C
9 170 221 0.72 751 59.7 1308 1308 1046 939 140 AS [50] 131209C
(continued)
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
2 57 497 2.06 1662 21.0 1571 996 692 — 314 AS [50] 131502C
3 77 346 1.52 1155 28.5 1571 1147 810 — 219 AS [50] 131503C
4 97 266 1.20 885 36.0 1571 1235 866 718 168 AS [50] 131504C
5 117 216 1.00 717 43.5 1443 1293 890 772 137 AS [50] 131505C
6 137 182 0.85 603 51.0 1231 1231 898 800 115 AS [50] 131506C
7 157 157 0.74 520 58.5 1073 1073 863 812 99 AS [50] 131507C
2 63 315 1.81 1039 24.0 1316 965 694 — 199 AS [50] 131802C
70
3 86 216 1.31 711 33.0 1316 1060 756 643 137 AS [50] 131803C
4 109 164 1.03 540 42.0 1246 1115 778 691 104 AS [50] 131804C
5 132 133 0.85 435 51.0 1026 1026 780 711 84 AS [50] 131805C
6 155 111 0.72 365 59.7 872 872 698 698 70 AS [50] 131806C
NOTES:
TABLE A14
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
4 85 921 2.08 4804 30.0 2493 1835 — — 706 AS [50] 141204C
5 102 756 1.73 3936 36.0 2493 2105 1398 — 580 AS [50] 141205C
6 119 641 1.49 3334 42.0 2493 2299 1543 — 492 AS [50] 141206C
7 136 557 1.30 2891 48.0 2493 2444 1640 — 427 AS [50] 141207C
8 153 492 1.16 2553 54.0 2493 2493 1704 1321 377 AS [50] 141208C
9 170 441 1.04 2285 60.0 2493 2493 1746 1408 338 AS [50] 141209C
10 187 399 0.95 2068 66.0 2493 2493 1772 1470 306 AS [50] 141210C
71
3 77 704 2.19 3526 28.5 2493 1678 1137 — 539 AS [50] 141503C
4 97 541 1.73 2703 36.0 2493 1907 1317 — 415 AS [50] 141504C
5 117 440 1.44 2191 43.5 2493 2056 1419 1103 337 AS [50] 141505C
6 137 370 1.22 1843 51.0 2493 2162 1476 1213 284 AS [50] 141506C
7 157 320 1.07 1590 58.5 2304 2241 1506 1282 245 AS [50] 141507C
8 177 281 0.95 1398 66.0 2042 2042 1519 1325 216 AS [50] 141508C
9 197 251 0.85 1247 72.3 1834 1834 1467 1361 193 AS [50] 141509C
(continued)
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
2 63 646 2.60 3173 24.0 2321 1413 — — 495 AS [50] 141802C
3 86 444 1.89 2172 33.0 2321 1661 1172 — 341 AS [50] 141803C
4 109 338 1.49 1651 42.0 2321 1802 1265 1036 259 AS [50] 141804C
5 132 273 1.22 1331 51.0 2203 1894 1308 1125 210 AS [50] 141805C
6 155 229 1.04 1116 60.0 1872 1872 1324 1172 176 AS [50] 141806C
7 178 197 0.90 960 69.0 1628 1628 1317 1195 151 AS [50] 141807C
8 201 173 0.80 842 72.3 1440 1440 1152 1152 133 AS [50] 141808C
NOTES:
72
TABLE A15
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
3 68 1689 3.17 11190 24.0 3064 — — — 1436 AS [50] 151203C
4 85 1323 2.54 8726 30.0 3064 — — — 1124 AS [50] 151204C
5 102 1087 2.11 7151 36.0 3064 2444 — — 924 AS [50] 151205C
6 119 923 1.81 6058 42.0 3064 2768 1804 — 784 AS [50] 151206C
7 136 801 1.59 5255 48.0 3064 3010 1988 — 681 AS [50] 151207C
8 153 708 1.41 4640 54.0 3064 3064 2117 — 602 AS [50] 151208C
9 170 635 1.27 4153 60.0 3064 3064 2209 1631 540 AS [50] 151209C
10 187 575 1.15 3759 66.0 3064 3064 2273 1757 489 AS [50] 151210C
73
11 204 525 1.06 3434 72.0 3064 3064 2317 1852 447 AS [50] 151211C
12 221 484 0.98 3160 78.0 3064 3064 2344 1924 411 AS [50] 151212C
3 77 1024 2.67 6432 28.5 3064 1941 — — 871 AS [50] 151503C
4 97 788 2.11 4933 36.0 3064 2323 1566 — 670 AS [50] 151504C
5 117 641 1.75 4000 43.5 3064 2574 1757 — 545 AS [50] 151505C
6 137 540 1.49 3364 51.0 3064 2751 1874 1427 459 AS [50] 151506C
7 157 466 1.30 2902 58.5 3064 2882 1946 1564 396 AS [50] 151507C
8 177 410 1.15 2552 66.0 3064 2984 1988 1657 349 AS [50] 151508C
9 197 367 1.04 2278 73.5 2771 2771 2010 1719 312 AS [50] 151509C
10 217 331 0.94 2056 80.1 2515 2515 2012 1769 281 AS [50] 151510C
11 237 302 0.86 1874 80.1 2301 2301 1841 1841 257 AS [50] 151511C
(continued)
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
2 63 947 3.17 5797 24.0 3064 1638 — — 805 AS [50] 151802C
3 86 652 2.31 3970 33.0 3064 2052 1421 — 554 AS [50] 151803C
4 109 497 1.81 3018 42.0 3064 2289 1598 — 423 AS [50] 151804C
5 132 402 1.49 2435 51.0 3064 2442 1691 1379 342 AS [50] 151805C
6 155 337 1.27 2040 60.0 2829 2549 1739 1481 287 AS [50] 151806C
7 178 290 1.10 1756 69.0 2460 2460 1758 1540 247 AS [50] 151807C
8 201 255 0.98 1541 78.0 2176 2176 1752 1572 217 AS [50] 151808C
NOTES:
74
TABLE A16
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
4 85 1938 3.14 16538 30.0 3828 — — — 1841 AS [50] 161204C
5 102 1594 2.62 13559 36.0 3828 — — — 1514 AS [50] 161205C
6 119 1354 2.25 11490 42.0 3828 3186 — — 1286 AS [50] 161206C
7 136 1176 1.97 9968 48.0 3828 3609 2285 — 1118 AS [50] 161207C
8 153 1040 1.75 8802 54.0 3828 3828 2540 — 988 AS [50] 161208C
9 170 932 1.57 7881 60.0 3828 3828 2729 — 886 AS [50] 161209C
10 187 844 1.43 7134 66.0 3828 3828 2870 — 802 AS [50] 161210C
11 204 772 1.31 6516 72.0 3828 3828 2976 — 733 AS [50] 161211C
75
12 221 711 1.21 5997 78.0 3828 3828 3053 2302 675 AS [50] 161212C
3 77 1524 3.31 12268 28.5 3828 — — — 1448 AS [50] 161503C
4 97 1175 2.62 9413 36.0 3828 2735 — — 1116 AS [50] 161504C
5 117 956 2.17 7636 43.5 3828 3171 2103 — 908 AS [50] 161505C
6 137 805 1.85 6423 51.0 3828 3479 2337 — 765 AS [50] 161506C
7 157 696 1.61 5543 58.5 3828 3708 2492 — 661 AS [50] 161507C
8 177 613 1.43 4874 66.0 3828 3828 2595 2007 582 AS [50] 161508C
9 197 547 1.28 4350 73.5 3828 3828 2662 2144 520 AS [50] 161509C
(continued)
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
2 63 1424 3.93 11088 24.0 3828 — — — 1352 AS [50] 161802C
3 86 982 2.86 7598 33.0 3828 2476 — — 933 AS [50] 161803C
4 109 749 2.25 5779 42.0 3828 2888 1981 — 712 AS [50] 161804C
5 132 606 1.85 4662 51.0 3828 3155 2173 — 576 AS [50] 161805C
6 155 509 1.57 3908 60.0 3828 3341 2285 1828 483 AS [50] 161806C
7 178 438 1.37 3363 69.0 3828 3479 2348 1960 416 AS [50] 161807C
8 201 385 1.21 2952 78.0 3395 3395 2380 2045 366 AS [50] 161808C
9 224 343 1.08 2630 87.0 3044 3044 2390 2096 326 AS [50] 161809C
76
10 247 310 0.98 2372 89.5 2759 2759 2207 2202 294 AS [50] 161810C
NOTES:
TABLE A17
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
3 77 2164 4.02 21874 28.5 4676 — — — 2272 AS [50] 171503C
4 97 1670 3.18 16792 36.0 4676 — — — 1754 AS [50] 171504C
5 117 1360 2.63 13626 43.5 4676 3651 — — 1428 AS [50] 171505C
6 137 1147 2.24 11465 51.0 4676 4158 2713 — 1204 AS [50] 171506C
7 157 991 1.96 9895 58.5 4676 4536 3000 — 1041 AS [50] 171507C
8 177 873 1.73 8704 66.0 4676 4676 3201 — 917 AS [50] 171508C
9 197 780 1.56 7768 73.5 4676 4676 3343 2474 819 AS [50] 171509C
10 217 705 1.41 7014 81.0 4676 4676 3442 2667 740 AS [50] 171510C
77
11 237 643 1.29 6394 88.5 4676 4676 3510 2813 675 AS [50] 171511C
3 86 1411 3.47 13604 33.0 4676 — — — 1481 AS [50] 171803C
4 109 1078 2.73 10351 42.0 4676 3443 2284 — 1132 AS [50] 171804C
5 132 872 2.24 8354 51.0 4676 3882 2632 — 916 AS [50] 171805C
6 155 732 1.91 7003 60.0 4676 4189 2849 — 769 AS [50] 171806C
7 178 631 1.66 6028 69.0 4676 4416 2985 2334 663 AS [50] 171807C
8 201 554 1.47 5291 78.0 4676 4591 3069 2505 582 AS [50] 171808C
9 224 494 1.32 4715 87.0 4543 4543 3117 2622 519 AS [50] 171809C
10 247 446 1.19 4252 96.0 4117 4117 3139 2700 468 AS [50] 171810C
(continued)
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
3 95 958 3.05 8962 37.5 4676 3044 2061 — 1005 AS [50] 172103C
4 121 727 2.39 6785 48.0 4676 3492 2419 — 764 AS [50] 172104C
5 147 586 1.96 5459 58.5 4676 3780 2615 2036 615 AS [50] 172105C
6 173 491 1.66 4567 69.0 4676 3980 2724 2246 516 AS [50] 172106C
7 199 422 1.44 3925 79.5 4261 4127 2781 2375 443 AS [50] 172107C
8 225 371 1.27 3442 90.0 3764 3764 2803 2453 389 AS [50] 172108C
NOTES:
78
TABLE A18
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
3 92 2152 4.23 28822 36.0 6278 — — — 2618 AS [50] 181803C
4 115 1685 3.39 22471 45.0 6278 4370 — — 2050 AS [50] 181804C
5 138 1384 2.82 18413 54.0 6278 5177 — — 1684 AS [50] 181805C
6 161 1175 2.42 15597 63.0 6278 5753 3811 — 1429 AS [50] 181806C
7 184 1020 2.12 13528 72.0 6278 6185 4122 — 1241 AS [50] 181807C
8 207 902 1.88 11943 81.0 6278 6278 4336 — 1097 AS [50] 181808C
9 230 808 1.69 10691 90.0 6278 6278 4484 3464 983 AS [50] 181809C
10 253 731 1.54 9677 99.0 6278 6278 4582 3672 890 AS [50] 181810C
79
11 276 668 1.41 8838 108.0 6278 6278 4644 3826 813 AS [50] 181811C
3 101 1527 3.76 19729 40.5 6278 3950 — — 1857 AS [50] 182103C
4 127 1180 2.99 15192 51.0 6278 4765 3190 — 1436 AS [50] 182104C
5 153 962 2.48 12352 61.5 6278 5301 3605 — 1170 AS [50] 182105C
6 179 812 2.12 10406 72.0 6278 5682 3864 — 987 AS [50] 182106C
7 205 702 1.85 8990 82.5 6278 5965 4025 3194 854 AS [50] 182107C
8 231 618 1.64 7913 93.0 6278 6184 4122 3401 752 AS [50] 182108C
9 257 553 1.47 7067 103.5 5901 5901 4176 3541 672 AS [50] 182109C
10 283 500 1.34 6384 114.0 5357 5357 4197 3634 608 AS [50] 182110C
NOTES:
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017
TABLE A19
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
4 115 2218 3.95 35445 45.0 7353 — — — 2920 AS [50] 191804C
5 138 1823 3.29 29052 54.0 7353 5682 — — 2401 AS [50] 191805C
6 161 1548 2.82 24613 63.0 7353 6537 4199 — 2038 AS [50] 191806C
7 184 1345 2.47 21350 72.0 7353 7178 4698 — 1770 AS [50] 191807C
8 207 1189 2.19 18852 81.0 7353 7353 5054 — 1565 AS [50] 191808C
9 230 1065 1.98 16876 90.0 7353 7353 5311 — 1402 AS [50] 191809C
10 253 965 1.80 15276 99.0 7353 7353 5495 4124 1270 AS [50] 191810C
80
11 276 882 1.65 13953 108.0 7353 7353 5624 4389 1161 AS [50] 191811C
3 101 2024 4.39 31206 40.5 7353 — — — 2665 AS [50] 192103C
4 127 1566 3.49 24038 51.0 7353 5352 — — 2062 AS [50] 192104C
5 153 1277 2.89 19548 61.5 7353 6148 4098 — 1681 AS [50] 192105C
6 179 1078 2.47 16471 72.0 7353 6711 4519 — 1419 AS [50] 192106C
7 205 933 2.15 14231 82.5 7353 7132 4797 — 1228 AS [50] 192107C
8 231 822 1.91 12528 93.0 7353 7353 4979 3893 1082 AS [50] 192108C
9 257 735 1.72 11188 103.5 7353 7353 5096 4140 967 AS [50] 192109C
10 283 664 1.56 10108 114.0 7348 7348 5166 4315 874 AS [50] 192110C
NOTES:

TABLE A20
Compressive Shear
zero shear capacity
4 115 2965 4.66 57712 45.0 8713 — — — 4250 AS [50] 201804C
5 138 2439 3.89 47317 54.0 8713 — — — 3495 AS [50] 201805C
6 161 2071 3.33 40096 63.0 8713 7204 — — 2969 AS [50] 201806C
7 184 1800 2.91 34786 72.0 8713 8183 5166 — 2580 AS [50] 201807C
8 207 1591 2.59 30719 81.0 8713 8713 5758 — 2281 AS [50] 201808C
9 230 1426 2.33 27503 90.0 8713 8713 6199 — 2044 AS [50] 201809C
10 253 1292 2.12 24896 99.0 8713 8713 6529 — 1852 AS [50] 201810C
11 276 1181 1.94 22741 108.0 8713 8713 6776 — 1693 AS [50] 201811C
81
12 299 1088 1.79 20930 117.0 8713 8713 6959 5216 1559 AS [50] 201812C
3 101 2729 5.18 50991 40.5 8713 — — — 3911 AS [50] 202103C
4 127 2113 4.11 39296 51.0 8713 — — — 3029 AS [50] 202104C
5 153 1724 3.41 31965 61.5 8713 7002 — — 2471 AS [50] 202105C
6 179 1456 2.91 26939 72.0 8713 7863 5183 — 2087 AS [50] 202106C
7 205 1260 2.54 23279 82.5 8713 8505 5656 — 1806 AS [50] 202107C
8 231 1111 2.26 20494 93.0 8713 8713 5985 — 1592 AS [50] 202108C
9 257 993 2.03 18305 103.5 8713 8713 6212 4727 1423 AS [50] 202109C
10 283 898 1.84 16538 114.0 8713 8713 6367 5043 1287 AS [50] 202110C
11 309 819 1.69 15082 124.5 8713 8713 6467 5277 1174 AS [50] 202111C
NOTE: Bearings shown in bold have limited rotation capacity and should be used with caution.
AS 5100.4:2017
AS 5100.4:2017 82
APPENDIX B
TESTING OF ELASTOMER—CATEGORY 1 TESTS
(Normative)
B1 SCOPE
This Appendix sets out methods for testing elastomer for laminated elastomeric, plain and
pot bearings.
B2 MATERIAL
The elastomer used shall be based on natural rubber as the raw polymer, and shall comply
with one of the nominal hardness ranges and corresponding sets of properties given in
Table B1. In addition, the elastomer shall comply with the following:
(a) The elastomer shall have adequate weathering resistance, and shall be suitable for use
up to six weeks at sub-zero temperatures with occasional periods of up to 3 days at
10°C, all as assessed by the tests set out in Paragraph B3. If lower temperatures are
required, these shall be specified together with amendments to these bearing tests.
(b) The shear modulus of the elastomer, measured by the method set out in
Paragraph B4.10, shall not vary by more than the tolerance given in Table B1.
No reclaimed or ground vulcanized rubber shall be used.
B3 ELASTOMER PROPERTIES
The physical properties of the elastomer shall comply with the relevant requirements given
in Table B1, using moulded test pieces in accordance with Paragraph B4.

83 AS 5100.4:2017
TABLE B1
ELASTOMER PROPERTIES—PRE-MOULDED TEST PIECES
Property Type 50H Type 60H Test frequency
Nominal hardness
50 IRHD 60 IRHD All batches
(see Paragraph B4.1)
Tolerance on hardness (see Note 1) (see Note 1)
Curemeter vulcanization characteristics
All batches
Tensile strength, minimum
17 MPa 17 MPa Half yearly
Elongation at break, minimum
450% 450% Half yearly
Ageing resistance (see Paragraph B4.4)
Maximum change from initial values:

(a) Hardness 4 IRHD 4 IRHD Half yearly
(b) Tensile strength 10% 10% Half yearly
(c) Elongation at break 15% 15% Half yearly
Compression set, maximum Half yearly
25% 30%
Bond strength (see Paragraph B4.6) 7 kN/m 7 kN/m Half yearly
Tear strength (see Paragraph B4.7) 40 kN/m 40 kN/m Half yearly
Ozone resistance
No cracks No cracks Yearly
Low temperature stiffening
Maximum change in hardness +5 IRHD +5 IRHD Yearly
Shear modulus(quad shear)
0.69 MPa 0.90 MPa Yearly
Tolerance on shear modulus
10% 10% (see Note 2)
NOTES:
1 The tolerance on the hardness shall be the lesser of the values proven in ongoing product
development (see Paragraph B5.1) or 5 IRHD.
2 The tolerance on the value of shear modulus given in this Table applies only to yearly shear
tests on a pair of laminated elastomeric bearings according to the procedure in Paragraph D4 of
Appendix D.
3 Nominal hardness and curemeter vulcanization characteristics are quality records that are
retained by the manufacturer and made available for inspection if so required.
B4 METHODS OF PHYSICAL PROPERTY TEST

B4.1 Hardness
The IRHD hardness of samples shall be determined in accordance with method N of
AS 1683.15.1.
IRHD hardness shall be measured in accordance with AS 1683.15.2, provided regular
calibration and adjustment for temperatures outside the range 23 2°C are made.
NOTE: A consistent pause of 3 seconds is recommended for hardness tests.
B4.2 Curemeter vulcanization characteristics
Vulcanization characteristics shall be measured in accordance with AS 1683.22.

AS 5100.4:2017 84
B4.3 Tensile strength and elongation at break

Tensile strength and elongation at break shall be determined in accordance with AS 1683.11
using type 1 dumbbell test pieces.
B4.4 Ageing
Accelerated ageing in air shall be conducted in accordance with method A of AS 1683.26,
using samples aged for 7 days at 70 1°C.
B4.5 Compression set
Compression set shall be determined in accordance with method A of ISO 815-1, using
type A test pieces. The temperature during the compression period shall be 70 1°C and
duration shall be 22 hours.
B4.6 Elastomer-to-reinforcement bond
Elastomer-to-reinforcement bond shall be measured on pre-moulded samples in accordance
with the 90° peel method of AS 1683.14.1.

B4.7 Tear strength
The tear strength shall be measured on pre-moulded samples in accordance with
AS 1683.12 using method C.
B4.8 Ozone resistance
Ozone resistance shall be determined in accordance with AS 1683.24, using an ozone
concentration of 100 parts per hundred million by volume (pphm) unless otherwise
specified, a temperature of 40 1°C, a duration of 96 hours, with the test piece at an
elongation of 20%. At the end of the test, there shall be no visible cracks.
B4.9 Low temperature stiffening
Low temperature stiffening shall be assessed by measuring increases in hardness. Three test
pieces shall be initially conditioned for 3 hours at 23 2°C and their hardness measured.
These test pieces shall then be conditioned for minimum 24 hours at 10 2°C and their
hardness shall be remeasured. For any of the test pieces, the difference between the two
measurements shall be not greater than 5 IRHD.
B4.10 Shear modulus
The shear modulus shall be determined on completed bearings in accordance with
Paragraph D4, Appendix D.
B5 FREQUENCY OF TESTS
B5.1 Ongoing development of a compound
An extensive set of tests shall be carried out at time of development of a compound, and
maintained and updated as test data is collected during ongoing development on that
compound.
The results of these tests shall be kept on file and made available on request, together with
the proven hardness range claimed for that compound.
For the purposes of this Paragraph, any change in the formulation of a compound shall be
interpreted as a new compound, which shall only be used with evidence of development
testing, and a proven range of hardnesses based on a sensitivity analysis.

85 AS 5100.4:2017
B5.2 Subsequent batches

Hardness tests (see Paragraph B4.1) and curemeter tests (see Paragraph B4.2) shall be
conducted on every independently blended batch of elastomer, however small that batch
may be, and the results shall be recorded and made available on request. Batches with
hardnesses that fall outside the previously proven range for that compound shall be rejected
or subjected to retest as specified in Paragraphs B3 and B4, with the exception of ozone
resistance and low temperature stiffening (see Paragraphs B4.8 and B4.9).
Cure characteristics from curemeter tests shall satisfy control points and limits as
established by the manufacturer’s quality control procedures.
Where indicated in Table B3, periodic (half yearly) tests shall also be made on random
batches no more than six months prior to the manufacture of any bearings, unless more
frequent testing is specifically requested.
Tests for ozone resistance and for low temperature stiffening (see Paragraphs B4.8
and B4.9) need only be made yearly, unless specifically requested.

AS 5100.4:2017 86
APPENDIX C
MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES FOR LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC
BEARINGS
(Normative)
C1 SCOPE
This Appendix specifies the tolerances for the manufacture of laminated elastomeric
bearings.
C2 TOLERANCES
C2.1 Plan size
The tolerances on plan dimensions shall be +4 mm, 2 mm.

C2.2 Thickness of elastomer layers
C2.2.1 General
The mean thickness is the average of the thickness at the four corners of a rectangular
bearing and the corners of an inscribed square on a circular bearing.
C2.2.2 Inner layer
The tolerance on the mean thickness of elastomeric layers shall be (0.2 mm plus 10% of
the design thickness).
C2.2.3 Top and bottom cover layers
The tolerance of cover layers shall comply with Paragraph C2.2.2, except that the minimum
actual layer thickness shall be not less than 2.5 mm.
C2.2.4 Overall thickness
The mean total thickness, measured at each corner and the centre, shall be as given in
Table C1.
TABLE C1
OVERALL THICKNESS
Nominated bearing height Tolerance on mean total thickness
mm mm
100 2
100 and 150 3
150 4
C2.2.5 Parallelism of top and bottom surfaces

The tolerance on parallelism of the top surface with respect to the bottom surface of a
circular bearing, measured between two diametrically opposite points, shall be 0.3% of the
diameter.
The tolerance on parallelism of the top surface with respect to the bottom surface of a
rectangular bearing shall satisfy the following:
(a) Measured between any two adjacent corners, the tolerance shall be 0.3% of the
distance between those points.

87 AS 5100.4:2017
(b) Measured across either diagonal, it shall be 0.3% of the diagonal distance.
C2.2.6 Flatness of top and bottom surfaces
The flatness of a bearing shall be assessed by placing a straightedge along a diagonal (or
diameter) of the loadbearing surface of the bearing. The gap between the straightedge and
the surface of the bearing shall not exceed 0.3% of the diagonal (or diameter) or 1.5 mm,
whichever is the greater. In the case of convex surfaces, the point of contact of the
straightedge may be adjusted if necessary to ensure the gaps at each end are equal.
C2.2.7 Side cover thickness
The tolerance on the side cover shall be 4 mm about the design value, but in no case shall
the actual distance between a steel-reinforcing plate and the side be less than 4 mm.
C3 STEEL PLATE TOLERANCES

The tolerances on the design values of length, width and diameter of steel plates shall be
+2 mm and 1 mm respectively.
The out-of-flatness of steel plates shall not exceed the lesser of 1% of the diagonal (or
diameter) or 1.5 mm.

AS 5100.4:2017 88
APPENDIX D
TESTING OF LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS
(Normative)
D1 SCOPE
This Appendix sets out methods for testing finished assemblies of laminated elastomeric
bearings and plain pads.
D2 COMPRESSION QUALITY ASSURANCE TEST

A compression test load equal to 1.5 times the rated serviceability load, at zero shear and
rotation, shall be applied to each bearing and held constant while a visual examination for
misplaced steel plates, bond failure and surface defects is made.

The test summary sheet shall show that each bearing has been inspected and shows no signs
of misplaced steel plates, bond failure or surface defects such as tears or splits. Inspection
shall be carried out by a person suitably experienced in visual examination of elastomeric
bearings.
When surface defects have been repaired using appropriate methods, the test certificate
shall be noted accordingly and the repaired bearing shall be retested.
NOTE: This test should be carried out on all completed bearings to check for misplaced steel
plates, bond failure and surface defects.
D3 COMPRESSION STIFFNESS TEST

The procedure to measure the compression stiffness shall be as follows:
(a) Load each bearing to 1.5 times its rated serviceability load at zero shear and rotation.
(b) Reduce the applied load to 0.1 times the rated serviceability load.
(c) Repeat Steps (a) and (b), and maintain the load at 0.1 times the rated serviceability
load for 1 min.
(d) Set the deflection gauges to zero.
(e) Load the bearings at a uniform rate over a minimum period of 1 min to 1.1 times the
rated serviceability load, and maintain this load for 1 min.
(f) Take gauge readings and record.
(g) Calculate the compressive stiffness.
D4 SHEAR STIFFNESS TEST

D4.1 General
This Paragraph sets out the method for determining the shear stiffness of a completed
bearing from which the chord shear modulus (G) can be inferred. All rubber formulations
shall annually achieve test results to this tighter tolerance on the value of G of 10%, which
is half the tolerance permitted for production bearings in general.
D4.2 Method
The procedure to measure shear stiffness and determine the shear modulus (G) shall be as
follows:
(a) Select pairs of bearings with similar compressive stiffness.

89 AS 5100.4:2017
(b) Centre a shear plate between the two bearings that are placed accurately in the centre
of the testing machine platens with the smaller dimension of rectangular bearings in
the direction of shear.
(c) Load the bearings in compression to 0.4 times the rated load at zero shear deflection
capacity and zero rotation.
(d) While maintaining the compressive load, apply shear loads to the plate in a direction
parallel to the short dimension of the bearings. Increase the shear load until the
bearings are displaced to their shear deflection capacity, and maintain this shear load
for 1 min.
(e) Remove both shear and compressive loads and disconnect the shear load ram.
(f) Apply a compressive load to give a mean compressive stress of 2 MPa.
(g) Set the shear deflection gauges to zero and reconnect the shear load ram to the shear
plate.
(h) While maintaining the compressive load, re-apply the shear load, taking load and
deflection readings at shear strains of 5%, 15% and 25%. Measurements shall be
taken 30 s after the application of each shear load.
(i) From the recordings, calculate the mean shear stiffness and hence the shear modulus
(G) between 5% and 25% strain for one bearing. G shall be calculated in accordance
with Clause 12.7.2.
The shear stiffness and shear modulus (G) shall be recorded on the test summary sheet.
D5 TOLERANCE ON SHEAR STIFFNESS

The tolerance on shear stiffness of completed laminated elastomeric bearings shall be 20%
of the design value.

AS 5100.4:2017 90
APPENDIX E
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MODULAR DECK JOINTS
(Normative)
E1 EXPANSION JOINT OPENINGS

The following information is required:
(a) Maximum average bridge temperature (see AS 5100.2), given as Tmax, in degrees
Celsius.
(b) Minimum average bridge temperature, given as Tmin, in degrees Celsius.
(c) Expected temperature at initial condition, given as Ti, in degrees Celsius.
(d) Gap at initial condition, given as Ji, in millimetres (see Notes 1 and 2).
(e) Change in width of gap for 1°C change in average bridge temperature, given as es, in
millimetres per degrees Celsius (mm/°C).
(f) Total creep and shrinkage movement until the end of the design life, given as cs, in
millimetres.
Compute the following joint openings (see Figure E1):
(i) The minimum joint opening at serviceability:
Js,min = Ji  es(Tmax  Ti), in millimetres.
(ii) The maximum joint opening at serviceability:
Js,max = Ji + cs + es(Ti  T min), in millimetres.
(iii) The joint opening for ULS:
Ju = Ji + 1.2cs + 1.25es(Ti  Tmin), in millimetres.
(iv) Joint opening for fatigue limit state (see Note 3), given as Jf, in millimetres.
NOTES:
1 For a new bridge Ji is the gap specified on the drawing for the assumed temperature T i.
2 For replacing a joint on an existing bridge, Ji and T i shall be measured at site.
3 The joint opening for fatigue design recommended by NCHRP Report No. 402 is the mean
value:
Jf = (Js,min + Js,max)/2
A slightly more conservative value is the ‘root mean cube’, based on the fact that fatigue
damage varies as the 3rd power of the stress and stress due to a concentrated load varies
linearly as the span:
1
 J s,3 min  J s,3 max  3
Jf   
 2 
If detailed temperature records are available, a logical choice is to assess the mean daily
temperature experienced by the bridge for most days of the year (T f ) and compute the joint
opening for fatigue as:
Jf = Ji + cs + es(T i  Tf )

91 AS 5100.4:2017
J1
at T1
(a) Ini ti a l g a p, m e a s u r e d (fo r ex i s ti n g) o r s p e c i f i e d (fo r n ew) j o i nt
Jmin e ( Tm a x -T1)
( b) Mi ni m u m g a p fo r d e s i g n
c e ( T1 -Tm i n )
Jmax
(c) M a x i m u m g a p fo r d e s i g n
J1 c e ( T1 -Tr )
Jr
(d ) G a p fo r fati g u e d e s i g n
NOTE: The gaps are different for serviceability, ultimate and fatigue design.
FIGURE E1 EXPANSION JOINT MOVEMENTS
E2 HORIZONTAL FORCES
The longitudinal force coefficient (see Clause 20.3.11), shall be taken as  = 0.35.
NOTE: NCHRP Report No. 402 recommends a value of 0.2 for normal conditions, which will
need to be increased to a maximum value of 0.5 for locations where there are steep gradients or
where hard braking is expected close to traffic signals.
The transverse force coefficient (see Clause 20.3.11) shall be taken as  .
E3 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SKEWED EXPANSION JOINTS

Transverse movement due to loading effect and ground movements (e.g. from mining
subsidence) and the longitudinal and transverse components on skew modular bridge
expansion joints shall also be provided if relevant.

AS 5100.4:2017 92
APPENDIX F
TEST PROCEDURE FOR EXPERIMENTAL MODAL ANALYSIS
(Normative)
F1 TEST DESCRIPTION
The measurement and definition of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure is
referred to as Modal Analysis. The general test etiquette and methodology for such analysis
is given below. The main aims of the test are to determine the mode shapes, natural
frequencies, modal damping and dynamic amplification factor (DAF) for the MBEJ system
plus the dynamic compression stiffness and damping factors of the bearings and pre-
compression springs, under a simulated load case. Where FEA is to be carried out
(Method 3) in accordance with Clause 20.3.9(c), data obtained from an experimental modal
analysis has to be used to calibrate any dynamic finite element (FE) method model
developed to assist in the fatigue design of project-specific modular joints. This is seen as
being a two-part process. Firstly, the dynamic FE model has to accurately represent the
mode shapes and modal frequencies from the experimental study and, secondly, the FE
model has to be able to duplicate measured static and dynamic strain gauge results.
Matching the dynamic strains may require some adjustment to the applied wheel load. This
‘adjustment’ is in effect an additional ‘calibration factor’.
F2 MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTIONS

F2.1 MBEJ system
Measurements of frequency response functions involve the simultaneous measurement of
input force and vibration response. In these tests, force, over the frequency range of
interest, has to be imparted to the structure using a suitable shaker or force hammer.
The procedure shall be as follows:
(a) Connect the shaker to the structure via a force transducer.
(b) Measure the vibration response at selected locations using at least one accelerometer
attached to the structure with a magnetic base or other suitable attachment method.
For in situ modal testing, measure the vibration response in the absence of traffic crossing
the expansion joint.
Where measurements are undertaken on an expansion joint at the place of manufacture,
great care has to be exercised to ensure that the boundary conditions closely match those of
an installed joint.
A ‘dynamically similar’ modular joint is one in which the design (single support bar or
multiple support bar, etc.), bearings, pre-compression springs, centering mechanism and
structural steel components are identical to the joint proposed in conformance with
Clause 20; however, the spacing of support bars and the number of centre beams is not
identical.
(i) Simultaneously measure the input force and vibration response at each location.
(ii) Store frequency response functions (FRFs) for each measurement.
NOTE: A minimum of 100 measurement locations are considered necessary to adequately
define relevant MBEJ system mode shapes.

93 AS 5100.4:2017
(iii) Include at least two bays of the expansion joint in the measurements.
NOTE: In this context, a ‘bay’ is defined as the space between two consecutive support
boxes.
(iv) Measure in three component directions (i.e. vertical, transverse and longitudinal) at
each location.
F2.2 Bearings and pre-compression springs
F2.2.1 Test procedure
(a) Support the underside of the test bearings on a rigid flat surface with a vertical
stiffness of at least 10 times that of the test bearings.
(b) Arrange the test bearings to support a test mass in a stable manner.
For a typical bridge MBEJ, the test mass shall equal a nominal 600 kg per test bearing (that
is, a 2400 kg test mass supported evenly by four test bearings would be suitable).
F2.2.2 Alternative test procedure No.1
As an alternative to the procedure in Paragraph F2.2.1, a two mass arrangement may be
used as follows:
A base mass shall be supported on soft springs upon which the primary mass shall be
mounted via test bearings.
The natural frequency of the primary suspension mode shall be less than 6 Hz.
The dynamic stiffness and damping properties shall be extracted from the second vertical
bounce mode, that is out of phase motion of the primary and base masses.
Details of the dynamic stiffness property calculations shall be fully documented in the test
report.
F2.2.3 Alternative test procedure No.2
(a) Mount a suitable rigid mass, i.e. solid steel block (nominal mass to be supported by
each bearing assembly, e.g. 100 kg) in a suitable test frame.
(b) Arrange the test frame to mount the test mass on top of the test linear bearing and
below the test top spring. A hydraulic jack or suitable calibrated preload device shall
be mounted in series.
(c) Apply the nominal design pre-load prior to dynamic testing.
(d) Carry out modal testing of test mass in sufficient detail to identify the fundamental
bounce mode of the test mass suspended between the test bearings.
(e) Extract dynamic stiffness and damping for test bearing set.
(f) Simultaneously measure the input force and vibration response at each location. FRFs
shall be stored for each measurement.
The test frame shall be a minimum 10 times stiffer than the combined stiffness of the test
bearing set, that is the test frame and preload device shall not significantly contribute to the
controlling stiffness of the target bounce mode.
To adequately define relevant mode shapes (unless otherwise justified), a minimum of four
measurements shall be taken. Measurements shall be in three component directions (i.e.
vertical, transverse and longitudinal) at each location.
NOTE: An example of a typical measurement instrumentation set-up for all dynamic tests is
shown in Figure F1.

AS 5100.4:2017 94
F3 EXTRACTION OF MODAL PARAMETERS

The extraction of model parameters shall be achieved by processing the FRF measurements
with suitable modal analysis software.
The stages in this process shall be as follows:
(a) Identify the first 5 vertical modes.
(b) Curve fit FRF measurements and produce modal parameters (frequency and damping
tables, mode shape tables).
(c) Animate and display the mode shapes.
(d) Animate and display the mode shapes again within the modal software by entering the
three dimensional coordinates of all measurement points to produce a line drawing of
the structure.
(e) Superimpose the resulting residues (from the shape tables above) on the line drawing
and animate for viewing.
F4 ANALYSIS AND REPORT

The natural mode data resulting from the process of Paragraph F3 shall be used to
determine—
(a) an understanding of the dynamic response of the structure under actual vehicle
pass-by excitation; and
(b) an understanding of the DAFs that may contribute to the structural failures (e.g. weld
cracking at centre beam to support bar connection).
In the determination of the DAF, consideration shall be given to—
(i) the mode shapes involved;
(ii) the modal damping for critical modes;
(iii) the wheel pass frequency range;
(iv) the vehicle speed and axle spacing for multi-axle vehicles;
(v) the structural continuity of the joint system;
(vi) the damped natural frequency of the fundamental bounce mode of the test mass for
the bearings and the pre-compression springs;
(vii) the damping factors associated with the bearing and pre-compression spring modes;
(viii) the dynamic compression stiffness for the bearings, and the pre-compression springs.
The test report shall detail all test procedures, conclusions and recommendations, including
detailed steps used in the determination of the modal parameters.
NOTE: In the case of in situ testing, the determination of the DAF range may be assisted by
component vibration measurements under traffic excitation, i.e. traffic response vibration tests.
Where the DAF assessment produces a probable range of values, the design DAF shall be
calculated as follows:
 mod   3 UB   LB  4 . . . F4
Where  UB and  LB are the upper and lower bound values of the DAF.
Animation and display of mode shapes shall be achieved again within the modal software
by entering the three dimensional coordinates of all measurement points to produce a line
drawing of the structure.

95 AS 5100.4:2017
The resulting residues shall then be superimposed on the line drawing and animated for
viewing.
NOTE: The main purpose of mode shape animation in these tests is to identify whole body and
flexural modes of the MBEJ system and to positively identify the fundamental bounce mode of
the bearing test mass.
Impac t te sting E xcite r te sting

A n a l ys e r
C o m p u te r
D i s p l ay
FIGURE F1 EXAMPLE OF A TYPICAL MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION SET-UP

AS 5100.4:2017
NCHRP
Report 402
96
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fatigue Design of Modular Bridge Expansion Joints
Standards Australia
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For further information visit www.standards.org.au
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LICENCE

Licensee: Peter Coughlan

Date: Friday, 31 March 2017 7:29 PM

1. Definitions and Interpretations

Licence means the right to access and use the Product.

Licensee means the purchaser and user of the Product.

3.2. The Licensee isLearn

Part 4: Bearings and deck joints

The following are represented on Committee BD-090:

 Australian Industry Group

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 5100.4:2016.

Keeping Standards up-to-date

Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to

Part 4: Bearings and deck joints

9 ALIGNMENT OF BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS .............................................. 14

Part 4: Bearings and deck joints

 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

www.standards.org.au  Standards Australia

3.10 Strip bearing

4 NOTATION AND ABBREVIATIONS

 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

dc total compressive deflection

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Kv effective compression stiffness

bearing anchorage interface concurrent with H

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t total thickness of elastomer in a laminated bearing or thickness of plain pad or

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ASM compressive stress on approved sliding material (ASM)

ASM approved sliding material

 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

5 FUNCTIONS OF BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS

6 LOADS, MOVEMENTS AND ROTATIONS

7 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

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 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au

7.5 Provision for construction tolerances

points and loads shall be shown on the drawings.

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If restraint against translation is to be provided by several bearings, consideration shall be

9 ALIGNMENT OF BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS

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10.2 Elastomeric bearings

11 LOADS RESULTING FROM RESISTANCE TO MOVEMENT

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11.3 Reaction to sliding of multiple bearings

11.4 Shear resistance of elastomeric bearings

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12.3 General requirements

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12.4 Design principles

(c) For strip bearings:

12.6 Design requirements

N = compressive load on a bearing, SLS

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a = plan dimension of the edge of the bonded surface of rectangular

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12.6.4 Rotational limitation

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12.6.6 Thickness of metal plates

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(a) For rectangular bearings:

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12.7.3 Rotational stiffness