MODULE 1: PHILOSOPHY: DOING PHILOSOPHY MODULE 1.1 HAVING PHILOSOPHIES PHILOSOPHY - comes from the Greek roots philo- meaning "love" and -sophos, or "wisdom.”." which therefore translates to ‘love of wisdom’. it is defined by some as the study of ideas about knowledge, truth, the nature and ‘meaning of life, or a way of thinking about certain subjects such as ethics, thought, existence, time, meaning, and value. Philosophy is more like a conversation among different views rather than a body of knowledge that contain ‘one step-by-step process to follow. PHILOSOPHER - relate it to people who have philosophies PILOSOPO - -referring to someone who may be a smart aleck especially in answering questions, often gives usa feeling that he or she is trying to be clever MODULE 1.2 BEING PHILOSOPHICAL ‘being philosophical means being able to think carefully, in a manner that suggests a deliberate examination not only of what we think, but why we think about a certain thing in a particular way SOCRATES (470-399 B.C.E,) -is considered one of the handful of philosophers who forever changed how philosophy itself was to be conceived. He is deemed wise not because he knows a lot of things. He stated that “he knows that he does not know”. ‘+ bea “Lover of Wisdom” wisdom (heard) knowledge (applied) THALES OF MILETUS (C. 620 B.C. ~ C. 546 B.C. E.) - known as the first recorded philosopher, thought that the basic ‘stuff’ of the universe is water because water is the most apparent thing that still can be termed ‘water’ in all its variable forms MODULE 1.3 THE ACTIVITY OF PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHICAL - are relating to the study of basic ideas about knowledge, right and wrong, reasoning, and the value of things. This means that you, youreself have to be involved and do your own effort on answering questions or at least try to do your own questions, we can also define philosophy not only asa body of knowledge, but an activity. REQUIRED SKILL FOR BEING PHILOSOPHER - When you study philosophy, you develop skills in verbal and written communication, problem solving, clear and disciplined thinking and analysis, along with persuasive argumentation © Gitical © Logical ‘© Analythical Thinking © Observation ‘+ Communication Skills MODULE Doing Philosophy: Holistic Perspective and Partial View Partial Point of View ‘© Looks at only limited number of aspects of the given problem or situation. ‘* Conclusions are made based on considering some, but not all, sides of the problem or situation Holistic Point of View ‘© Looks at all aspects of the given problem or situation. ‘+ Allaspects are tied in together to form a general overview of the problem or situation ‘© Allaspects are given importance whne making conclusions MODULE 2: METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING‘Traditional Branches of Philosophy Branch of Philosophy 11. Ethics - also called moral philosophy, is the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong. 2. Methaphysics - Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of existence, being, ‘and the world 3. Epistemology - Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge 4. Aesthetic - Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty, and good taste. 5. Logic - Philosophical Logic, the study , from a philosophical perspective, of the nature and types of logic, including problems in the fiend and the relation of logic to mathematics and other disciplines 6. Political - Political Philosophy is the branch of philosophy that is concerned, at the most abstract level, with the concepts and arguments involved in political opinion. ‘What Is The Philosophical Method? - Brown (2008) stated on his article The Philosophical Method that a ‘g00d case can be made that philosophical method involves a commitment to reason and argument as @ source of knowledge. PARMENIDES (515-445 B.C.E.) -argued that though reality appeared as a plurality that was in constant change (since generations and generations develop different points of view), in actuality was a static unity that never changed. The reason that we are supposed to adopt this radical position is that positing the reality of many changing objects leads to a contradiction (that of something coming from nothing or opposites existing in the same place at the same time). SCIENTIFIC METHOD - presupposes the philosophical method with the restriction that good arguments come from empirical testing of theory Dogmatism (1595-1605) - Asserting or insisting upon ideas or principles, especially when unproven or unexamined, in an imperious or arrogant manner. Empiricism - This concept originated in observation and experiment which is used in natural sciences. It is the fundamental requirement of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observation of the natural world. ‘Skepticism - The original Greek meaning ‘skeptikos' was an ‘inquirer’, someone who was unsatisfied and still looking for truth. Attitude of doubting knowledge claims set forth in various areas. Grticism - The critical philosophy movement, attributed to Immanuel Kant, sees the primary task of philosophy as criticism rather than justification of knowledge. Rationalism - The view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge. Dialectic Method -‘Dialectics’ is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides. Truth- The ability to make an informed judgment as to what the facts are in a certain situation is a function of experience, training and so forth. ‘Opinions- a belief which has not been sufficiently well-supported or substantiated to count as a considered judgment CONSIDERED JUDGMENTS - beliefs which do enjoy sufficient support or justification MODULE 3: THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRITMODULE 3.1; OUR BODIES We function in accordance with natural laws -The bodies that we have, in the context of being a species which are also creatures of time and space, are physically conditioned by and subject to natural laws, simple because our bodies and its atom and cells are physical thing, ‘THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM The mind-body problem is concemed with the relation of the physical and the mental. It asks the questions, ‘are you a body?, ‘are you something which is not simply in your body?” or ‘are you something else in addition to your body?” + Dualism - defined as the doctrine that there are in the world two kinds of substances, matter and mind, which are different in kind and should be distinct, + Monism - agree in maintaining that universe does not contain two kind it things fundamentally different. Out of the duality of things as it seemsto be revealed to the plain man they try to make some kind of unity. FORMS OF MONISM 1. Materialism =a doctrine to which the first impulse of the plain man leads him at the present time. = a doctrine to which believes that there is no existence which we may not properly call mind or spirit, MODULE 3,2; HAVING BODIES Rene Descartes (1596-1650) - "I think, therefore | am." French philosopher and mathematician who is Usually credited as the thinker who systematically articulated the modern dualism between the mind and the body, student of Socrates, his belief somewhat coincides that of Descartes. Plato's concern were with a systematic investigation of metaphysics, politics, ethics, and epistemology. Plato (428ti427+348ti347 B.C.E) -'The Soul is in the body" An ancient Greek philosopher and a Lf ‘THE SOUL HAS THREE PART = Appetitive Part: responsible for our base, physical needs = Spirited Part: responsible with our spiritedness: enthusiasm an vigor for honor like honor and victory + Rational Part: responsible for truth and wisdom. Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973) - “I am my body". A French philosopher, Marcel's illustration of being and having is one that actually straddles the distinction between them: "my body". My body, Insofar as itis my body, is both something that | have and something that | am, and cannot be adequately accounted for using either of these descriptions alone, 1 Aristotle (384 B.C.E-322 B.C.E.) - The Body is in the Soul a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. He Is the student of Plato.MODULE 3.3: HAVING BDOIES ‘Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908- 1961) - "I have a body and | am my body” He emphasized the radical nature of the experienced body. For him, what shows up for us in experience is fundamentally constituted y our bodies. Marcel and Merleau-Ponty argue that the body is. neither an object that can be known from the outside an investigating subject nor a completely subjective thing with no relation whatsoever to the world.MODULE 4: The Human Person in their Environment, MODULE 4.1; Our Ordinary Understanding of our Relationship with Nature What is Nature? + Its. part of the world that is untouched by human presence, = Nature [s therefore seen as a chaotic, yet peaceful world. » Because there is also “war” in nature, in which itis the survival of species; even though species sometimes coexist peacefully in this world Our Relationship with Nature: Separation and Alienation Separation & Alienation - The estrangement of human beings from some essential aspect of their nature or from society. Nature, in this regard, becomes antithetical to the artificial world of human civilization, which Is a world of cultural and technological artifacts. We are not part of nature, We have our own world- the world of skyscrapers, cars, concrete roads and computers This sense of alienation Is the primary reason why we have lost our place in nature. Instead of treating it as our home, we approach it as an object to behold, possess, dominate, control and exploit. Our Relationship with Nature: The ‘Human-Centered’ View of Nature Anthropocentric- “human centered” view of nature; Is the perspective that interprets man as the source and measure of value for nature. MODULE 4, Dwellers within Nature: Beyond Utility, Towards Responsibility What does it mean to be a dweller? -To dwell implies that we treat the earth as our home, To dwell in nature begins with the acceptance of the fact that the earth is our home, Erazim Kohak- stated, we have become marauders on the face of the earth rather than dwellers therein “In the process, we have become less human, less cultured, more ‘bestia!’ in the commonsense acceptation of that term, “-Erazim Kohak Greta Thunberg - “We are content with short-term solutions to perennial environmental problems because we are too lazy to change and too fixed on our irresponsibly consumptive lifestyle.” MODULE 4,3: Toward a Shift in Thinking: Calculative vs. Meditative Thinking Martin Heidegger - the spirit of the age of modern technology transforms nature into a gigantic gasoline station to the eyes of the industry, Calculative Thinking Meditative Thinking «is the mark of all thinking that plans and investigs means to notice, to observe, to ponder, to awaken an awareness of what is actually taking place around us = is away of thinking that is motivated by the | and in us. desire for dominion. It essentially transforms - _ is an attempt to contemplate the mystery the world of nature into a warehouse of behind the powerful momentum of the age of resources that continually needs to be modern technology in order to understand catalogued, refined, and appropriated to why we live the way we do now. supply humanity's ever-growing demand for convenience and control,