Z ∞

Circuit Analysis Cheat Sheet Special functions f (t)δ ′ (t − τ ) = −f ′ (τ )

−∞
1 (
t<0 0 Z ∞
ε(t) = u(t) =
t≥0 1 f (t) = f (τ )δ ′ (t − τ )dτ
Signals (
−∞

Energy of signal x(t) Power of signal x(t) 0 (t − τ ) < 0

R∞ R T /2 ε(t − τ ) = u(t − τ ) =
E = −∞ |x(t)|2 dt P = limT →∞ T1 −T /2 |x(t)|2 dt 1 (t − τ ) ≥ 0
LTI Systems ( Partial integration
0 |t/a| > 1/2
Linearity of System T: rect(t/a) = ε(t + a/2) − ε(t − a/2) =
1 |t/a| ≤ 1/2 Z b Z b
x1 (t), x2 (t), x(t) = k1 x1 (t)k2 x2 (t) ( f ′ (x) · g(x)dx = [f (x) · g(x)]ba − f (x) · g ′ (x)dx
0 |t| > 1 a a
y1 (t) = T {x1 (t)} , y2 (t) = T {x2 (t)} tri(t) = λ(t) = rect ∗ rect(t) =
The system T is linear if y(t) = T {x(t)} = k1 y1 (t) + k2 y2 (t) 1 − |t| |t| ≤ 1
Substitution
Time invariance of System T: y(t − τ ) = T {x(t − τ )} 
0
 t<0
b φ(b)
Some trigonometric relations
Z Z
rb (t) = t/b 0≤t≤1 f (φ(x)) · φ′ (x)dx = f (x)dx

1 t>b≤1 a φ(a)
sin(ωt) = −sin(−ωt)


cos(ωt) = cos(−ωt) Some integrals

sin(2ωt) = 2sin(ωt)cos(ωt) Periodic special functions Z
( cos(x)dx = sin(x)
cos(2ωt) = cos2 (ωt) − sin2 (ωt) t 0≤t<1
Sa(t) =
1 (t + 1) −1 ≤ t < 0 Z
sin2 (ωt) = (1 − cos(2ωt)) sin(x)dx = −cos(x)
2 (
(1 − t) 0≤t<1
2 1 λW (t) =
cos (ωt) = (1 + cos(2ωt)) (t + 1) −1 ≤ t < 0 Z
2 xcos(x)dx = cos(x) + xsin(x)
sin(ω1 t + ω2 t) = sin(ω1 t)cos(ω2 t) + cos(ω1 t)sin(ω2 t)
Z
sin(ω1 t − ω2 t) = sin(ω1 t)cos(ω2 t) − cos(ω1 t)sin(ω2 t) Dirac Delta function xsin(x)dx = sin(x) − xcos(x)
1
cos(ω1 t + ω2 t) = cos(ω1 t)cos(ω2 t) − sin(ω1 t)sin(ω2 t) δ(x) = lim rect(t/a)
a→∞ a
Z
cos(ω1 t − ω2 t) = cos(ω1 t)cos(ω2 t) + sin(ω1 t)sin(ω2 t) Properties: x2 cos(x)dx = 2xcos(x) + (x2 − 2)sin(x)
Z ∞
sin(ωt) = cos(π/2 − ωt) δ(t)dt = 1
Z
−∞ x2 sin(x)dx = 2xsin(x) − (x2 − 2)cos(x)
cos(ωt) = sin(π/2 − ωt) Z ∞
1 δ(t + a)dt = 1 Z
1 αx
sin(ω1 t)sin(ω2 t) = [cos ((ω1 − ω2 )t) − cos ((ω1 + ω2 )t)] −∞ eαx dx = e
2 α
Z ∞
1 f (t)δ(t)dt = f (0)  
x 1
Z
cos(ω1 t)cos(ω2 t) = [cos ((ω1 + ω2 )t) + cos ((ω1 − ω2 )t)]
2 −∞ xeαx dx = − 2 eαx
Z ∞ α α
1 f (t)δ(t − τ )dt = f (τ )
sin(ω1 t)cos(ω2 t) = [sin ((ω1 + ω2 )t) + sin ((ω1 − ω2 )t)]
x2
 
2x 2
Z
2 −∞
x2 eαx dx = − 2 − 3 eαx
1 1 α α α
cos(ω1 t)sin(ω2 t) = [sin ((ω1 + ω2 )t) − sin ((ω1 − ω2 )t)] δ(at) = δ(t)
2 a
1 1
Z
1 ! jωt δ(−t) = δ(t) dx = ln |α + βx|
− e−jωt α + βx β


sin(ωt) = e
2j
f (t)δ(t) = f (0)δ(t)  
1 1 βx
Z
1 ! jωt dx = arctan
+ e−jωt


cos(ωt) = e f (t)δ(t − τ ) = f (τ )δ(t − τ ) α 2 + β 2 x2 αβ α
2

1 This material for the lecture Circuit Analysis serves exclusively for teaching at the RWU. The author does not take any responsibility for typos or other errors in the sheet. Any kind of publication and

reproduction requires the written permission of the author.

Convolution Parseval Theorem Inverse Laplace transforms

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Table of inverse Laplace transforms
(f ∗ g)(t) = f (τ )g(t − τ )dτ
−∞ |x(t)|2 dt = |X(ω)|2 dω X(s) = L{x(t)} x(t)
−∞ −∞
(f ∗ g)(t) = (g ∗ f )(t) 1/s 1
Laplace transforms
((f ∗ g) ∗ h)(t) = (f ∗ (g ∗ h))(t) 1/s2 t
s = σ + jω
(f ∗ (g + h))(t) = (f ∗ g)(t) + (f ∗ h)(t) 1/sn t( n − 1)/(n − 1)!
δ(ω − ω0 ) ∗ g(ω) = g(ω − ω0 ) ∞ √
1/s1/2
Z
−st 1/ πt
X(s) = L{x(t)} = x(t)e dt
−∞ 1
s−a
eat
Fourier transforms 1
Z c+j∞ 1
Z ∞ x(t) = L−1 {X(s)} = X(s)est dt s(1+as)
1 − e−t/a
F (ω) = F {f (t)} = f (t)e−jωt dt 2πj c−j∞ 1
−∞ (s−a)2
teat
Linearity: X1 (s) = L{x1 (t)}, X2 (s) = L{x2 (t)} 1 1
1
Z ∞
(s−a)n (n−1)!
tn−1 eat
f (t) = F −1 {F (ω)} = F (ω)ejωt dω L{k1 x1 (t) + k2 x2 (t)} = k1 X1 (s) + k2 X2 (s) 1 1
2π −∞
(s−a)(s−b) a−b
(eat − ebt )
Convolution: X1 (s) = L{x1 (t)}, X2 (s) = L{x2 (t)} s 1
(s−a)(s−b) a−b
(aeat − bebt )
Table of fourier transforms L{x1 ∗ x2 (t)} = X1 (s) · X2 (s) 1 1
s2 +ω 2 ω
sin(ωt)
f (t) F (ω) = F {f (t)} Table of Laplace transforms s
s2 +ω 2
cos(ωt)
f (t − t0 ) F (ω)e−jωt0 x(t) X(s) = L{x(t)} ROC
1 1
s2 −a2 a
sinh(at)
f (t)ejω0 t F (ω − ω0 ) δ(t) 1 all s
s
s2 −a2
cosh(at)
1 1
F ω
!

f (αt) |α| α
x(at) |a|
X(s/a)
1 1 at
(s−a)2 +ω 2 ω
e sinh(ωt)
F (t) 2π f (−ω) x(t − t0 ) e−st0 X(s)
s−a
(s−a)2 +ω 2
eat cos(ωt)
dn d
dtn
f (t) (jω)n F (ω) dt
x(t) −x(0) + sX(s) ω
(s−a)2 +ω 2
eat sin(ωt)
dn d2 d
(−jt)n f (t) dω n
F (ω) dt2
x(t) −s · x(0) − dt
x(0) + s2 X(s) 1 1
s(s2 +ω 2 ) ω2
(1 − cos(ωt))
Rt F (ω)
Rt 1
0 f (τ )dτ jω
+ πF (0)δ(ω) 0 x(τ )dτ s
X(s) 1 1
(ωt − sin(ωt))
s2 (s2 +ω 2 ) ω3
d
δ(t) 1 tx(t) − ds X(s) 1 1
(s2 +ω 2 )2 2ω 3
(sin(ωt) − ωtcos(ωt))
ejω0 t 2πδ(ω − ω0 ) tn n!
− sn+1 s t
(s2 +ω 2 )2 2ω
sin(ωt)
2 d n
sgn(t) jω tn x(t) (−1)n ds n X(s) s2 t
(s2 +ω 2 )2 2ω
(sin(ωt) + ωtcos(ωt))
(f ∗ g)(t) F (ω)G(ω) u(t) 1
σ>0
s
u(t) 1
+ πδ(ω) 1
Circuits
jω tu(t) s2
σ>0
Resistors: uR = iR · R
π
sin(ω0 t) j
(δ(ω − ω0 ) − δ(ω + ω0 )) e−at u(t) 1
σ > −a d
s+a Capacitors: iC = C dt uc
cos(ω0 t) π (δ(ω − ω0 ) + δ(ω + ω0 )) te−at u(t) 1
σ > −a
(s+a)2 d
2
Inductors: uL = L dt iL
π ω n!
u(t)sin(ω0 t) 2j
(δ(ω − ω0 ) − δ(ω + ω0 )) + 2 −ω 2
ω0 tn eat u(t) (s−a)n+1
π jω 2 u(t)sin(at) a
σ>0
u(t)cos(ω0 t) 2
(δ(ω − ω0 ) + δ(ω + ω0 )) + 2 −ω 2
ω0 s2 +a2
s
u(t)e−αt 1 u(t)cos(at) s2 +a2
σ>0
α+jω
2sa
u(t)te−αt 1 u(t)tsin(at) (s2 +a2 )2
σ>0
(α+jω)2
rect(t) sinc(ω/2) s2 −a2
u(t)tcos(at) (s2 +a2 )2
σ>0 Prof. André Kaufmann, RWU, May 2024