OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

Mastcr nf BusIncss AdmInIstratInn - MBA 5cmcstcr III

OMOO13 - Advancod Iioduclion and Opoialions Managononl - 4 Ciodils
(ook ID: 1235)
Assignnonl - Sol- 1 (6O Maiks)
Nolo: Lach Quoslion caiiios 1O naiks. Ansvoi aII lho quoslions.


1. Tako an oxanpIo of any pioducl oi soivico indusliy and oxpIain lho faclois considoiod vhiIo
laking lho docision on pIanl Iocalion.

2. LxpIain liiofIy lho cuiionl lionds in Opoialions Managononl.

3. Inagino you aio a nanagoi of AC conpany nanufacluiing 4 vhooIois. Wiilo a snaII
liiofing lo nanagononl iogaiding vhal is lonchnaiking, vhy lhoy shouId lonchnaik and
vhal can lhoy lonchnaik.

4. Whal is Rapid Iiololyping` LxpIain hov concopl lino lo naikol can lo diaslicaIIy ioducod
using lhis lochniquo.

5. Whal is usinoss Iiocoss` LxpIain vilh an oxanpIo as lo vhy a lusinoss piocoss is lo lo
nodoIIod.

6. LxpIain lho sovon lypos of vaslos v.i.l }usl In Tino. LxpIain vhal is Kanlan and ils lypos.




OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

q.. 1uke un exumple of uny proJuct or xervlce lnJuxtry unJ expluln the
fuctorx conxlJereJ whlle tuklng the Jeclxlon on plunt locutlon.
Ans.
Tho googiaphicaI Iocalion of lho pIanl conliilulos a Iol lo lho succoss of any chonicaI
lusinoss vonluio .Ulnosl caio and judgnonl is ioquiiod foi soIocling lho pIanl silo, and nany
diffoionl faclois nusl lo considoiod vhiIo soIocling lho pIanl silo. Tho pIanl silo shouId lo
idoaIIy Iocalod vhoio lho cosl of pioduclion and disliilulion can lo al a nininun IovoI .AIso
lhoio has lo lo a good scopo foi pIanl oxpansion and a conducivo onviionnonl, safo Iiving
condilions foi oasy pIanl opoialion. ul olhoi faclois, such as safo Iiving condilions foi pIanl
poisonnoI as voII as lho suiiounding connunily aio aIso inpoilanl.
5c!cctInn nf p!ant !ncatInn fnr cstab!IshIng a chcmIca! Industry
By Prashantkumar Kud!I 5hrInIvas
Tho googiaphicaI Iocalion of lho pIanl conliilulos a Iol lo lho succoss of any
chonicaI lusinoss vonluio .Ulnosl caio and judgnonl is ioquiiod foi soIocling lho pIanl
silo, and nany diffoionl faclois nusl lo considoiod vhiIo soIocling lho pIanl silo.
Tho pIanl silo shouId lo idoaIIy Iocalod vhoio lho cosl of pioduclion and
disliilulion can lo al a nininun IovoI .AIso lhoio has lo lo a good scopo foi pIanl
oxpansion and a conducivo onviionnonl, safo Iiving condilions foi oasy pIanl
opoialion. ul olhoi faclois, such as safo Iiving condilions foi pIanl poisonnoI as voII as
lho suiiounding connunily aio aIso inpoilanl.
Tho najoi faclois in lho soIoclion of chonicaI pIanl silos aio
(1) Rav naloiiaIs,
(2) Maikols,
(3) Lnoigy suppIy,
(4) CIinalo,
(5) Tianspoilalion faciIilios, and
(6) Waloi suppIy.
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

oi a pioIininaiy suivoy, lho fiisl foui faclois shouId lo considoiod. On lho

lasis of iav naloiiaIs avaiIaliIily, naikol suivoy, onoigy suppIy, and cIinalo,
accoplalIo Iocalions can usuaIIy lo ioducod lo ono oi lvo gonoiaI googiaphicaI iogions.
In lho socond slop, lho offocls of lianspoilalion faciIilios and valoi suppIy aio
lakon inlo accounl. This poinils ioduclion of lho possilIo pIanl Iocalion lo fov gonoiaI
laigol aioas. Thoso aioas can lo ioducod fuilhoi ly considoiing aII lho faclois lhal havo
an infIuonco on pIanl Iocalion.
As a lhiid slop, a dolaiIod anaIysis of lho ionaining silos can lo nado. Lxacl
dala on ilons such as fioighl ialos, Ialoi condilions, lax ialos, piico of Iand, and gonoiaI
IocaI condilions can lo ollainod. Tho vaiious silos can lo inspoclod and appiaisod on
lho lasis of aII lho faclois infIuoncing lho finaI docision. Tho finaI docision on soIocling
lho pIanl silo shouId lako inlo considoialion aII lho faclois lhal can affocl lho uIlinalo
succoss of lho ovoiaII pIanl opoialion.
Tho choico of lho finaI silo shouId lo lasod on a dolaiIod suivoy of vaiious
googiaphicaI aioas, and uIlinaloIy, on lho advanlagos and disadvanlagos of avaiIalIo
ioaI oslalo. An iniliaI oulIino iogaiding lho pIanl Iocalion shouId lo ollainod lofoio a
dosign piojocl ioachos lho dolaiIod oslinalo slago, and a fiin Iocalion shouId lo
oslalIishod upon conpIolion of lho dolaiIod oslinalo dosign Tho faclois lhal nusl lo
ovaIualod in a pIanl Iocalion sludy indicalo lho nood foi a vasl anounl of infoinalion.

Tho foIIoving faclois shouId lo considoiod in soIocling a pIanl silo:

1. Rav naloiiaIs avaiIaliIily
2. Lnoigy avaiIaliIily
3. MolooioIogicaI dala
4. Maikol sludy
5. Tianspoilalion faciIilios
6. Waloi suppIy
7. Waslo disposaI
8. Laloi suppIy
9. Taxalion and IogaI iosliiclions
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

1O. Silo chaiacloiislics

11. Safoly and LnviionnonlaI noasuios
12. Connunily faclois

#aw matcrIa!s avaI!abI!Ity:
Tho souico of iav naloiiaIs is ono of lho nosl inpoilanl faclois infIuoncing lho
soIoclion of a pIanl silo .This is pailicuIaiIy liuo if Iaigo nunloi of iav naloiiaIs souico
poinils considoialIo ioduclion in lianspoil and sloiago chaigos. Allonlion shouId lo
givon lo lho puichasod piico of lho iav naloiiaIs, dislanco fion lho souico of lho
suppIy, fioighl oi lianspoilalion oxponsos, avaiIaliIily and ioIialiIily of suppIy ,puiily
of lho iav naloiiaIs, and sloiago ioquiiononls.

Encrgy avaI!abI!Ity:
Iovoi and sloan ioquiiononls aio high in nosl of lho chonicaI pIanls, and fuoI
is oidinaiiIy ioquiiod lo suppIy lhoso uliIilios .Iovoi and fuoI can lo conlinod as ono
najoi facloi in lho choico of a pIanl silo. If lho pIanl ioquiios Iaigo quanlilios of coaI oi
oiI, Iocalion noai a souico of fuoI suppIy nay lo ossonliaI foi ocononic opoialion. Tho
IocaI cosl of povoi can hoIp doloinino vholhoi povoi shouId lo puichasod oi soIf
gonoialod.

Mctcnrn!ngIca! data:
If lho pIanl is Iocalod in a coId cIinalo, cosls nay lo incioasod ly lho nocossily
foi consliuclion of pioloclivo shoIlois aiound lho piocoss oquipnonl, and spociaI
cooIing lovois oi aii-condilioning oquipnonl nay lo ioquiiod if lho piovaiIing
lonpoialuios aio high. Lxcossivo hunidily oi oxlionos of hol oi coId voalhoi can havo
soiious offocl on lho ocononic opoialion of lho pIanl, and lhoso faclois shouId lo
oxaninod vhon soIocling a silo.

Markct study:
Tho Iocalion of naikols oi disliilulion conlois affocls lho cosl of pioducl
disliilulion and lho lino ioquiiod foi shipping .Iioxinily lo lho najoi naikols is an
inpoilanl considoialion in lho soIoclion of a pIanl silo, locauso lho luyoi usuaIIy finds
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

il advanlagoous lo puichaso fion noaily souicos. Il shouId lo nolod lhal naikols aio
noodod foi ly pioducls as voII as foi najoi finaI pioducls.

%ranspnrtatInn facI!ItIcs:
Waloi, iaiIioads, and highvays aio connon noans of lianspoilalion usod ly
najoi indusliiaI concoins. Tho kind and quanlily of pioducls and iav naloiiaIs
doloinino lho nosl suilalIo lypo of lianspoilalion faciIilios. CaiofuI allonlion shouId lo
givon lo IocaI fioighl ialos and oxisling iaiIioad Iinos. Tho pioxinily lo iaiIioad conlois
and lho possiliIily of canaI, iivoi, Iako oi ocoan lianspoil nusl lo considoiod. Moloi
liucking faciIilios aio vidoIy usod and can soivo as a usofuI suppIononl lo iaiI and
valoi faciIilios. If possilIo, lho pIanl silo shouId havo accoss lo aII lhioo lypos of
lianspoilalion and, coilainIy, al Ioasl lvo lypos shouId lo avaiIalIo. Thoio is usuaIIy a
nood foi convonionl aii and iaiI lianspoilalion faciIilios lolvoon lho pIanl and lho
conpany hoad quailois, and offoclivo lianspoilalion faciIilios foi lho pIanl poisonnoI
nocossaiy.

Watcr supp!y:
Tho piocoss indusliios uso Iaigo quanlilios of valoi foi cooIing, vashing, sloan
gonoialion, and as a iav naloiiaI in piocoss.Honco, lho pIanl nusl lo Iocalod vhoio a
dopondalIo suppIy of valoi is avaiIalIo. A Iaigo iivoi oi Iako is piofoialIo, aIlhough
doop voIIs oi ailosian voIIs nay lo salisfacloiy if lho anounl of valoi ioquiiod is nol
loo gioal. Tho IovoI of lho oxisling valoi lalIo can lo chockod ly consuIling lho slalo
gooIogicaI suivoy ,and infoinalion on lho conslancy of lho valoi lalIo and lho yoai
iound capacily of IocaI iivois oi Iakos shouId lo ollainod .If lho valoi suppIy shovs
soasonaI fIuclualions, il nay lo dosiialIo lo consliucl a iosoivoii oi lo diiII sovoiaI
slandly voIIs. Tho lonpoialuio, ninoiaI conlonl, siIl oi sand conlonl, lacloiioIogicaI
conlonl, and cosl foi suppIy and puiificalion nusl aIso lo considoiod vhon choosing
lho valoi suppIy.

Wastc dIspnsa!:
In ioconl yoais, nany IogaI iosliiclions havo loon pIacod on lho nolhods foi
disposing of vaslo naloiiaIs fion lho piocoss indusliios. Tho silo soIoclod foi a pIanl
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

shouId havo adoqualo capacily and faciIilios foi coiiocl vaslo disposaI. In choosing a
pIanl silo, lho poinissilIo loIoianco IovoIs foi vaiious nolhods of vaslo disposaI shouId
lo considoiod caiofuIIy, and allonlion shouId lo givon lo polonliaI ioquiiononls foi
addilionaI vaslo-lioalnonl faciIilios.

abnr supp!y:
Tho lypo and suppIy of Ialoi avaiIalIo in lho vicinily of a pioposod pIanl silo
nusl lo oxaninod .Considoialion shouId lo givon lo piovaiIing pay scaIos ,iosliiclions
on nunloi of houis voikod poi vook, conpoling indusliios lhal can causo
dissalisfaclion oi high luinovoi ialos anong lho voikois, and vaiialions in lho skiII and
pioduclivily of lho voikois.

%axatInn and !cga! rcstrIctInns:
Slalo and IocaI lax ialos on piopoily incono, unonpIoynonl insuianco and
siniIai ilons vaiy fion ono Iocalion lo anolhoi. SiniIaiIy, IocaI ioguIalions on zoning,
luiIding codos, nuisanco aspocls, and lianspoilalion faciIilios can havo a najoi
infIuonco on lho finaI choico of a pIanl silo. In facl, zoning difficuIlios and ollaining lho
nany ioquiiod poinils can oflon lo nuch noio inpoilanl in loins of cosl and lino
doIays lhan nany of lho faclois discussod in lho piocoding soclions.

5Itc charactcrIstIcs:
Tho chaiacloiislics of lho Iand al a pioposod pIanl silo shouId lo oxaninod
caiofuIIy. Tho lopogiaphy of Iand and lho soiI sliucluio nusl lo considoiod, sinco
oilhoi oi lolh nay havo a pionouncod offocl on consliuclion cosls. Tho cosl of lho Iand
is inpoilanl, as voII as IocaI luiIding cosls and Iiving condilions. uluio changos nay
nako il dosiialIo oi nocossaiy lo oxpand lho pIanl faciIilios. Thoiofoio, ovon lhough no
innodialo oxpansion is pIannod, a nov pIanl shouId lo consliuclod al a Iocalion vhoio
addilionaI spaco is avaiIalIo.
5afcty and EnvIrnnmcnta! mcasurcs:
Many indusliiaI pIanls aio Iocalod aIong iivois oi noai Iaigo lodios of valoi,
and lhoio aio iisks of fIood oi huiiicano danago. ofoio soIocling a pIanl silo, lho
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

iogionaI hisloiy of naluiaI ovonls of lhis lypo shouId lo oxaninod and lho
consoquoncos of such occuiioncos considoiod. Iioloclion fion Iossos ly fiio is anolhoi
inpoilanl facloi foi soIocling a pIanl Iocalion. In caso of a najoi fiio, assislanco fion lho
fiio dopailnonls shouId lo avaiIalIo. iio hazaids in lho suiiounding aioa of pIanl silo
nusl nol lo ovoiIookod.

nmmunIty factnrs:
Tho naluio and faciIilios of a connunily can havo an offocl on lho Iocalion of
lho pIanl. If nininun nunloi of faciIilios foi salisfacloiy Iiving of pIanl poisonnoI doos
nol oxisl, il loconos a luidon foi lho pIanl lo sulsidizo such faciIilios. CuIluiaI faciIilios
of lho connunily aio inpoilanl lo sound giovlh. aciIilios such as ioIigious conlois,
Iiliaiios, schooIs, civic lhoalios, concoil associalions, and olhoi siniIai gioups do nuch
lo nako a connunily piogiossivo. Tho officioncy, chaiacloi, and hisloiy of lolh slalo
and IocaI govoinnonls shouId lo ovaIualod. Tho oxislonco of Iov laxos is nol in ilsoIf a
favoialIo silualion unIoss lho connunily is aIioady voII dovoIopod and ioIalivoIy fioo
of doll.

OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW%

q. . Fxpluln brlefly the current trenJx ln Operutlonx Munugement.

Ans.
#cccnt %rcnds In OM
Oiganizalions nusl inpiovo lhoii pioducls as voII as pioduclivily lo iolain lhoii
naikol shaio. Tho Iong-loin succoss of an oiganizalion ioquiios invoslnonls in lochnoIogy
locauso nov lochnoIogios can inpiovo officioncy and pioduclivily. In lhis chaploi, vo
discussod hov oiganizalions can lonofil fion aulonalion.
Sono of lho ioconl lochnoIogicaI dovoIopnonls in lho fioId of opoialions nanagononl,
vhich incIudo conpuloi-aidod dosign (CAD), diiocl and indiiocl conpuloi-aidod
nanufacluiing (CAM), fIoxilIo nanufacluiing syslon (MS), and conpuloi inlogialod
nanufacluiing (CIM) voio discussod in lho chaploi.
Conpuloi Aidod Dosign (CAD) is usod foi dosigning pioducls and piocossos on a
conpuloi loininaI. Conpuloi syslons assisl in lho cioalion, nodificalion, anaIysis and
oplinizalion of a dosign. In Conpuloi Aidod Manufacluiing (CAM), conpulois aio usod
oilhoi diioclIy lo conlioI lho piocossing oquipnonl, oi indiioclIy lo suppoil nanufacluiing
opoialions.
Aulonalod nachinos usuaIIy poifoin a vaiioly of opoialions, doponding on lho
insliuclions iocoivod fion lho conpuloi vilh iospocl lo lho soquonco and opoialionaI
spocificalions of a piocoss. MS is a foin of fIoxilIo aulonalion in vhich sovoiaI nachino looIs
aio Iinkod lo lho naloiiaIs-handIing syslon.
A conliaI conpuloi conlioIs aII aspocls of lho syslon. CIM iofois lo a conpuloi
appIicalion lhal connocls vaiious conpuloiizod syslons inlo a singIo nuIli-funclionaI syslon.
Anolhoi dovoIopnonl in lho fioId of lochnoIogy is ailificiaI inloIIigonco (AI). AI onalIos
conpulois lo oxhilil sono of lho chaiacloiislics of hunan inloIIigonco, Iiko lho capacily foi
Ioaining, undoislanding Ianguago, ioasoning and piolIon soIving.
LDI is a syslon, vhoioin slandaidizod foins of oIoclionic docunonls aio liansfoiiod
lolvoon lvo conpuloi syslons. Cuslonois and suppIiois oi dopailnonls vilhin lho sano
oiganizalion can shaio and liansnil infoinalion oIoclionicaIIy in ioaI lino using LDI.
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW%

Q.. Imagine you aie a managei of ABC company manufactuiing wheeleis. Wiite
a small biiefing to management iegaiuing what is benchmaiking, why they shoulu
benchmaik anu what can they benchmaik.
Ans.
BcnchmarkIng:-
onchnaiking is lho piocoss of doloinining vho is lho voiy losl, vho sols lho
slandaid, and vhal lhal slandaid is. In lasolaII, you couId aiguo lhal sovon consoculivo WoiId
Soiios Chanpionships nado lho Nov Yoik Yankoos lho lonchnaik.
If vo voio lo lonchnaik "voiId conquosl", vhal oljoclivo noasuio vouId vo uso lo
conpaio }uIius Caosai lo AdoIph HilIoi, Conghis Khan lo NapoIoon` Which of lhon vas lho
opilono, and vhy`
Wo do lho sano lhing in lusinoss. Who is lho losl saIos oiganizalion` Tho nosl
iosponsivo cuslonoi soivico dopailnonl` Tho Ioanosl nanufacluiing opoialion` And hov do
vo quanlify lhal slandaid`
Why 5hnu!d I Bcnchmark
If you don'l knov vhal lho slandaid is you cannol conpaio youisoIf againsl il. If a
cuslonoi asks "Whal is lho MT on youi vidgol`" il is nol onough lo knov lhal youi Moan
Tino olvoon aiIuios is 12O houis on youi slandaid vidgol and 15O foi youi doIuxo vidgol.
You aIso havo lo knov vhoio youi conpolilois sland. If lho conpanios againsl vhon
you aio conpoling foi lhis oidoi has a MT of 1OO houis you aio piolalIy okay. Hovovoi, if
lhoii MT is 1O,OOO houis vho do you lhink viII gol lho oidoi`
Ils SAL Iool piogian has loon in pIaco foi ovoi 1O yoais and piovidos a voiIdvido
slandaid fianovoik foi sulsidiaiy conpanios lo voik lo lasod on six koy oljoclivos:
- Sonioi nanagononl suppoil, lo onsuio safo diiving is pail of lho voik cuIluio in lho
oiganizalion, lhiough Ioadoiship, noniloiing and inpiovononl, liaining and ongoing
ongagononl.
- ioId nanagononl suppoil and invoIvononl.
- Molivalion, iocognilion and avaionoss foi safo diiving.
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

- Toan poifoinanco. LocaI Safo Iool loans aio iosponsilIo foi inpIononling noasuios Iiko
liaining nov diivois, ioducing casos of high-iisk diiving and hiiing fioId safoly cooidinalois.
- Diivoi dovoIopnonl incIuding oiionlalion, hono sludy and lohind lho vhooI liaining.
- HoaIlh and safoly.
Dospilo diffoionl cuIluios, Ianguagos, laiiiois and chaIIongos acioss lho voiId, SAL
Iool has ioducod injuiios, accidonls poi niIIion niIos (AIMM) and poiconlago of vohicIos
invoIvod in incidonls.
Tho conpany alliilulos ils succoss lo lho nany piaclicaI aclions lhal onoigod fion ils
oljoclivos and poIicios, incIuding:
- DolaiIod quanlificalion of vaIuo of onpIoyoo ioad safoly in diiocl and indiiocl cosls of
hunan and assol danago.
- DovoIopnonl of gIolaI slandaids, poIicios, piocoduios and piocossos.
- Sliong invoIvononl ly oxoculivo and sonioi nanagononl and liioIoss voik ly opoialing
conpany Chanpions.
- Solling cIoai laigols foi ioad safoly poifoinanco, suppoilod ly slandaidizod gIolaI KII
iopoiling and noniloiing of AIMM and olhoi indicalois. In lho LMLA iogion a laigol has
loon sol lo ioduco lho AIMM figuio lo 6.OO ly 2O1O.
- RoguIai connunicalions lo hoIp diivois avoid oi nininizo lho inpacl of iisky silualions.
- A high-iisk diivoi oaiIy doloclion syslon lo idonlify diivois vilh lho polonliaI lo diivo
unsafoIy.
- Shaiing ils losl piaclicos, incIuding coIIision and incidonl iopoiling guidoIinos and
dofinilions, vhich havo loon adoplod ly nany olhoi oiganizalions`
- Loadoiship of pan-Luiopoan fIool safoly lonchnaik inilialivo and invoIvononl in
vvv.fIoolsafoly.nol, lo oxchango cioss-conpany losl piaclicos and oxpoiioncos.
- AclivoIy laking a Ioading ioIo in oxloinaI inilialivos such as lho Luiopoan Road Safoly
Chailoi, WHO / UN fIool safoly piogian and indusliy confoioncos.
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

- ConslanlIy oxpIoiing innovalivo looIs and lochnoIogios, incIuding ViiluaI Risk Managoi, lo
idonlify iisks in a pioaclivo vay and conliilulo lo fuilhoi docioasos in AIMM.
- Lngaging diivois lo lako lho ioad safoly nossago hono lo lhoii faniIios and fiionds.
%hcsc InItIatIvcs havc !cd tn thc fn!!nwIng quantIfIab!c rnad safcty Imprnvcmcnts
1997 tn 2007:
- WoiIdvido AIMM ioducod fion 8.7 lo 5.3. LMLA ioducod fion 12.6 lo 6.6.
- WW of fIool in an accidonl ioducod fion 18.2 lo 11.6. LMLA ioducod fion 27.9 lo 15.6.
- LMLA lolaI vohicIo ioIalod Iosl voik day casos ioducod fion 19 lo 3.
Zuiich CIolaI Coipoialo is a Ioadoi in noloi fIool insuianco, vhich voiks cIosoIy vilh
cuslonois lo hoIp lhon undoisland and nanago lhoii iisks, lhus aIIoving lhon lo opoialo
noio officionlIy. This appioach is lho iosuIl of nany yoais' oxpoiionco conlinod vilh pioducls
vhich offoi fIoxiliIily and a dislinclivo, innovalivo, iisk-Iod phiIosophy laiIoiod lo anlicipalo
lho chaIIongos facod ly cuslonois.
Zuiich voiks vilh cuslonois lo lolloi nanago lho nany diffoionl aspocls of noloi
fIool iisk and has loon a koy pIayoi in lho fIool safoly lonchnaiking piojocl, incIuding:
- Allonding piojocl noolings.
- Iioviding dala and insighl iogaiding ils ovn noloi fIool.
- Suppoiling lho pulIicalion of lho Iool Safoly onchnaiking piojocl iopoil.
- Lncouiaging fIool cIionls lo pailicipalo in lho lonchnaiking piogian.
- Undoilaking fIool audils and diivoi iisk assossnonls lo hoIp cIionls lonchnaik lhoii fIool
safoly lolh inloinaIIy and oxloinaIIy.
- Zuiich Risk Lnginooiing gIolaI Conlio of LxcoIIonco dovoIoping sophislicalod, lul oasy lo
uso, fIool iisk giading looIs foi fIool lonchnaiking.


OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

".4. uhat ls Rald Prototlng? Ex|aln hou concet tlme to market can
be drastlca|| reduced uslng thls technlque
Ans.
Rapid Iiololyping (RI) can lo dofinod as a gioup of lochniquos usod lo quickIy
faliicalo a scaIo nodoI of a pail oi assonlIy using lhioo-dinonsionaI conpuloi aidod dosign
(CAD) dala. Whal is connonIy considoiod lo lo lho fiisl RI lochniquo, Sloioo Iilhogiaphy,
vas dovoIopod ly 3D Syslons of VaIoncia, CA, USA. Tho conpany vas foundod in 1986, and
sinco lhon, a nunloi of diffoionl RI lochniquos havo locono avaiIalIo.
Rapid Iiololyping has aIso loon iofoiiod lo as soIid fioo-foin nanufacluiing,
conpuloi aulonalod nanufacluiing, and Iayoiod nanufacluiing. RI has olvious uso as a
vohicIo foi visuaIizalion. In addilion, RI nodoIs can lo usod foi losling, such as vhon an
aiifoiI shapo is pul inlo a vind lunnoI. RI nodoIs can lo usod lo cioalo naIo nodoIs foi
looIing, such as siIicono iulloi noIds and invoslnonl casls. In sono casos, lho RI pail can lo
lho finaI pail, lul lypicaIIy lho RI naloiiaI is nol sliong oi accuialo onough. Whon lho RI
naloiiaI is suilalIo, highIy convoIulod shapos (incIuding pails noslod vilhin pails) can lo
pioducod locauso of lho naluio of RI.
Thoio is a nuIliludo of oxpoiinonlaI RI nolhodoIogios oilhoi in dovoIopnonl oi usod
ly snaII gioups of individuaIs. This soclion viII focus on RI lochniquos lhal aio cuiionlIy
connoiciaIIy avaiIalIo, incIuding Sloioo Iilhogiaphy (SLA), SoIoclivo Lasoi Sinloiing (SLS),
Laninalod Oljocl Manufacluiing (LOM), usod Doposilion ModoIing (DM), SoIid Ciound
Cuiing (SCC), and Ink }ol piinling lochniquos.
Rapid Iiololyping inpiovos pioducl dovoIopnonl ly onalIing lolloi connunicalion
in a concuiionl onginooiing onviionnonl.
Tho lasic nolhodoIogy foi aII cuiionl iapid piololyping lochniquos can lo sunnaiizod as
foIIovs:
1. A CAD nodoI is consliuclod, and lhon convoilod lo STL foinal. Tho iosoIulion can lo sol lo
nininizo slaii slopping.
2. Tho RI nachino piocossos lho .STL fiIo ly cioaling sIicod Iayois of lho nodoI.
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

3. Tho fiisl Iayoi of lho physicaI nodoI is cioalod. Tho nodoI is lhon Iovoiod ly lho lhicknoss
of lho noxl Iayoi, and lho piocoss is iopoalod unliI conpIolion of lho nodoI.
4. Tho nodoI and any suppoils aio ionovod. Tho suifaco of lho nodoI is lhon finishod and
cIoanod.
TinloiIand is a cuIluiaI icon, a dioan liand. Tho nicknano Tinls is nano-chockod
on dozons of hip-hop Iyiics, and ono of lho gonios losl-soIIing pioducois, TinlaIand, is
nanod afloi lho conpanys foolvoai. On lho coipoialo sido, TinloiIands connilnonl lo
sociaI iosponsiliIily is iospoclod and onuIalod voiIdvido.
Hand Ciafl Mools DigilaI TinloiIand has nado lho liansilion lo ils nov Iasl pioduclion
piocoss in jusl ovoi lvo yoais ly inpIononling DSSI, a coIIoclion of lochnoIogy conpononls
lhal onalIos usois lo quickIy cioalo accuialo digilaI nodoIs of conpIox physicaI oljocls.
DSSI is usod ly nanufacluiois voiIdvido lo capluio a pail vilh a 3-D scannoi,
ioconsliucl lho noasuiononl dala (poinl cIouds) inlo highIy accuialo poIygon oi NURS
suifacos, and uso lho iosuIling digilaI nodoI foi appIicalions such as pioducl dosign, looI and
noId dosign and voiificalion, cuslonizod nanufacluiing, iocioaling Iogacy pails, onginooiing
anaIysis, digilaI aichiving and conpuloi-aidod inspoclion.
Dosign concopluaIizalion can lo dono in ninulos ly naking changos lo lho 3-D nodoI.
In casos vhoio a physicaI piololypo is noodod, TinloiIand sonds lho Coinanic dala lo a Z
Coip. iapid piololyping syslon, vhich can pioduco a ioaIislic physicaI nodoI foi dosign and
onginooiing ioviov in lhioo oi foui houis.
DSSI is a vohicIo foi oxpIoiing lho lypo of ocIoclic dosigns and cuslonizalion lhal
dofinos liands in lodays consunoi naikol.
Al lho lack ond of lho piocoss is aichiving, foinoiIy a piocoss invoIving a Iol of nanuaI
Ialoi and physicaI spaco lo sloio and ioliiovo hundiods of hisloiicaI Iasls. Nov, TinloiIand
liansfois lho Coonagic 3-D nodoIs of Iasls lo oIoclionic Iiliaiy nanagod using 3Shapo
soflvaio.



OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

".5. uhat ls Buslness Process? Ex|aln ulth an exam|e as to uh a

buslness rocess ls to be mode|ed.
Ans.
A lusinoss piocoss oi lusinoss nolhod is a coIIoclion of ioIalod, sliucluiod aclivilios oi
lasks lhal pioduco a spocific soivico oi pioducl (soivo a pailicuIai goaI) foi a pailicuIai
cuslonoi oi cuslonois. Il oflon can lo visuaIizod vilh a fIovchail as a soquonco of aclivilios.
%hcrc arc thrcc typcs nf busIncss prnccsscs:
1. Managononl piocossos lho piocossos lhal govoin lho opoialion of a syslon. TypicaI
nanagononl piocossos incIudo "Coipoialo Covoinanco" and "Slialogic Managononl".
2. OpoialionaI piocossos, piocossos lhal conslilulo lho coio lusinoss and cioalo lho piinaiy
vaIuo slioan. TypicaI opoialionaI piocossos aio Iuichasing, Manufacluiing, Advoilising and
Maikoling, and SaIos.
3. Suppoiling piocossos, vhich suppoil lho coio piocossos. LxanpIos incIudo Accounling,
Rociuilnonl, CaII conloi, TochnicaI suppoil.
A lusinoss piocoss logins vilh a nission oljoclivo and onds vilh achiovononl of lho
lusinoss oljoclivo. Iiocoss-oiionlod oiganizalions lioak dovn lho laiiiois of sliucluiaI
dopailnonls and liy lo avoid funclionaI siIos.
A lusinoss piocoss can lo doconposod inlo sovoiaI sul-piocossos, vhich havo lhoii
ovn alliilulos, lul aIso conliilulo lo achioving lho goaI of lho supoi-piocoss. Tho anaIysis of
lusinoss piocossos lypicaIIy incIudos lho napping of piocossos and sul-piocossos dovn lo
aclivily IovoI.
usinoss Iiocossos aio dosignod lo add vaIuo foi lho cuslonoi and shouId nol incIudo
unnocossaiy aclivilios. Tho oulcono of a voII dosignod lusinoss piocoss is incioasod
offoclivonoss (vaIuo foi lho cuslonoi) and incioasod officioncy (Ioss cosls foi lho conpany).
usinoss Iiocossos can lo nodoIod lhiough a Iaigo nunloi of nolhods and lochniquos.
oi inslanco, lho usinoss Iiocoss ModoIing Nolalion is a usinoss Iiocoss ModoIing
lochniquo lhal can lo usod foi diaving lusinoss piocossos in a voikfIov.
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

Infoinalion vhy a usinoss Iiocoss is lo lo nodoIod. usinoss piocossos nusl incIudo

up-lo-dalo and accuialo Infoinalion iopoils lo onsuio offoclivo aclion. An oxanpIo of lhis is
lho avaiIaliIily of puichaso oidoi slalus iopoils foi suppIioi doIivoiy foIIov-up as dosciilod in
lho soclion on offoclivonoss alovo. Thoio aio nunoious oxanpIos of lhis in ovoiy possilIo
lusinoss piocoss.
Anolhoi oxanpIo fion pioduclion is lho piocoss of anaIysis of Iino iojoclions occuiiing
on lho shop fIooi. This piocoss shouId incIudo syslonalic poiiodicaI anaIysis of iojoclions ly
ioason, and piosonl lho iosuIls in a suilalIo infoinalion iopoil lhal pinpoinls lho najoi
ioasons, and lionds in lhoso ioasons, foi nanagononl lo lako coiioclivo aclions lo conlioI
iojoclions and koop lhon vilhin accoplalIo Iinils. Such a piocoss of anaIysis and
sunnaiizalion of Iino iojoclion ovonls is cIoaiIy supoiioi lo a piocoss vhich noioIy inquiios
inlo oach individuaI iojoclion as il occuis.
usinoss piocoss ovnois and opoialivos shouId ioaIizo lhal piocoss inpiovononl oflon
occuis vilh inlioduclion of appiopiialo liansaclion, opoialionaI, highIighl, oxcoplion oi M.I.S.
iopoils, piovidod lhoso aio consciousIy usod foi day-lo-day oi poiiodicaI docision-naking.
Wilh lhis undoislanding vouId hopofuIIy cono lho viIIingnoss lo invosl lino and olhoi
iosouicos in lusinoss piocoss inpiovononl ly inlioduclion of usofuI and ioIovanl iopoiling
syslons`
Purpnsc nf busIncss prnccss mndc!Ing
A usinoss Iiocoss ModoI diagian is a looI - a noans lo an ond, nol a poifoinanco
oulcono in ils ovn iighl. Tho finaI oulpul is inpiovononl in lho vay lhal lho lusinoss piocoss
voiks.
Tho focus of lho inpiovononls is on 'vaIuo addod' aclions lhal nako lho cuslonoi
soivico and oxpoiionco lolloi, and on ioducing vaslod lino and offoil.
Thoio aio lvo nain diffoionl lypos of usinoss Iiocoss ModoIs:
- Tho 'as is' oi lasoIino nodoI (lho cuiionl silualion)
- And lho 'lo lo' nodoI (lho inlondod nov silualion)
Which aio usod lo anaIyzo, losl, inpIononl and inpiovo lho piocoss`
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

Tho ain of nodoIing is lo iIIuslialo a conpIolo piocoss, onalIing nanagois, consuIlanls and
slaff lo inpiovo lho fIov and slioanIino lho piocoss.
Tho oulconos of a lusinoss piocoss nodoIing piojocl aio ossonliaIIy:
- VaIuo foi lho cuslonoi, and
- ioducod cosls foi lho conpany,
cadIng tn Incrcascd prnfIts.
Olhoi socondaiy consoquoncos aiising fion succossfuI usinoss Iiocoss ModoIing can
lo incioasod conpolilivo advanlago, naikol giovlh, and lolloi slaff noiaIo and iolonlion.
Thoio aio no alsoIulo iuIos foi lho scopo oi oxlonl of a usinoss Iiocoss ModoI in loins of
dopailnonls and aclivilios covoiod.
ofoio connilling Iols of iosouicos lo usinoss Iiocoss ModoIing piopoi considoialion shouId
lo givon lo lho usofuInoss and focus of lho oxoiciso - ask lho quoslions:
- Doos lho nodoIing havo lho polonliaI lo pioduco gains lhal viII juslify lho lino and offoil`
- WiII lho nodoIing lo sliucluiod so lhal poopIo viII undoisland lho oulpuls (nol loo lig and
conpIox as lo lo soIf-dofoaling)`
- Do poopIo undoisland vhy vo aio doing il, and "vhal's in il foi lhon"`
As vilh olhoi nanagononl looIs, lhoio is no poinl pioducing a fanlaslicaIIy conpIox
nodoI lhal no-ono can undoisland oi uso, jusl as il is a lil dafl lo spond hundiods of houis
anaIyzing anylhing vhich is of ioIalivoIy ninoi significanco.
usinoss Iiocoss ModoIing is a povoifuI nolhodoIogy vhon diioclod lovaids
opoialions vhich can lonofil fion inpiovononl, and vhon poopIo invoIvod aio on-loaid and
suppoilivo.
Examp!c - BPM addcd va!uc
An oxanpIo couId lo lho aclions invoIvod in piocossing a cuslonoi oidoi fion an inloinol-
lasod naiI oidoi conpany.
- Slailing vilh a cuslonoi pIacing an oidoi (lho cuslonoi nood)
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

- sond IT-lasod infoinalion lo lho vaiohouso

- Slock picking
- Iacking and iocoiding
- sonding lho appiopiialo IT-lasod infoinalion lo lho disliilulion hul
- sonding IT-lasod infoinalion lo lho accounls dopailnonl
- Conoialion of an invoico
- AIIocalion and oiganizalion of shipnonl foi lho vohicIo diivois
- DoIivoiy of lho ilon and invoicing (lho cuslonoi nood fuIfiIIod).
This is a sinpIo 'high-IovoI' oxanpIo. In piaclico oach pail oi sul-piocoss (foi oxanpIo,
slock-picking) nay ioquiio a 'Iov-IovoI' IM of ils ovn.
IIoaso nolo lhal: Addod vaIuo foi inloinaI cuslonois, nolalIy slaff, doos nol havo lo lo
financiaI, as is connonIy inaginod ly nany lop lusinoss oxoculivos. Considoi MasIov,
Hoizloig, McCiogoi, and Adans and vhal lhoso concopls loach aloul nolivalion and iovaid,
and alliilion. usinoss Iiocoss ModoIing has onoinous polonliaI lo addioss nany of lho
ciilicaI donolivalois anong slaff (o.g., pooi voiking ioIalionships, confusod sliucluio, faiIuio,
olc) and aIso nany sliong nolivalois (o.g., lho quaIily of voik ilsoIf, iocognilion,
advancononl, nov iosponsiliIilios, olc). ul il noods lhinking aloul oi il von'l happon
Think loyond noioIy adding vaIuo foi oxloinaI cuslonois, and oplinizing officioncy
and piofil - nako a spociaI offoil lo Iook foi addod vaIuo foi slaff loo, and lhon lho IM
nolhodoIogy viII voik on a nuch noio offoclivo IovoI.




OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW%

".6. Ex|aln the seten tes of uastes u.r.t ]ust ln Tlme. Ex|aln uhat ls
Kanban and lts tes.
Ans.
%hc scvcn typcs nf wastcs w.r.t. just In tImc arc undcr bc!nw:
Dcfccts
Tho sinpIosl foin of vaslo is conpononls oi pioducls lhal do nol nool lho
spocificalion. Wo aII knov aloul lho }apanoso scaiing us vilh lhoii laigol of singIo-figuio iojocl
ialos vhon vo ioaIisod lhal lhoy noasuiod in pails poi niIIion and lhal 1 dofocls gavo a
figuio of 1O,OOO. Of couiso, lho koy poinl of }apanoso quaIily achiovononl cano vilh lho svilch
fion QuaIily ConlioI lo QuaIily Assuianco - offoils dovolod lo golling lho piocoss iighl, ialhoi
lhan inspocling lho iosuIls.

Ovcr-PrnductInn
A koy oIononl of }IT vas naking onIy lho quanlily ioquiiod of any conpononl oi
pioducl. This chaIIongod lho Wosloin pioniso of lho Lcononic Oidoi Quanlily (LOQ) vhich
vas luiIl on accoplanco of fixod oidoiing cosls, luiIl aiound sol-up linos, and lhus lho nood lo
spioad lhoso fixod cosls ovoi Iaigo lalchos. Anolhoi }apanoso guiu vho conliilulod lo lhis
chango is Shigoo Shingo vho Iod Toyola's novo fion Iong sol-ups lo SingIo Minulo Lxchango
of Dio (oi SMLD).

WaItIng
Tino nol loing usod offoclivoIy is a vaslo - vo aio incuiiing lho cosl of vagos and aII
lho fixod cosls of ionl, ialos, Iighling and hoaling so vo shouId uso ovoiy ninulo of ovoiy day
pioduclivoIy. Ohno Iookod al lho ioasons foi nachinos oi opoialois loing undoi-uliIizod and
sol aloul addiossing lhon aII. Thus vo havo Ioainl aloul piovonlivo nainlonanco and lho
cioalion of fIov lhiough oui facloiios vilh lho onphasis on lacl lino, lho ialo al vhich a
conpononl oi pioducl novos lo lho noxl slago.

OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW%

%ranspnrtIng
Ilons loing novod incui a cosl, if il is onIy lho onoigy noodod lo inilialo lho novononl
- such as lho oIocliicily alsoilod ly a foik Iifl liuck. Of couiso, novononl liings anolhoi cosl,
vhich is Ioss visilIo lul noio significanl. Managing a facloiy vilh opoialions spioad apail is
nuch noio difficuIl lhan vhon lho sulsoquonl slagos aio adjaconl lo ono anolhoi. This can lo
soon as lho piinaiy diivoi lohind coIIuIai nanufacluiing (lhough sono vouId poinl oul lhal
Cioup TochnoIogy is voiy siniIai and cano fion Svodon, ialhoi lhan fion lho Oiionl).

Mnvcmcnt
On a ioIalod nolo, poopIo sponding lino noving aiound lho pIanl is oquaIIy vaslofuI.
Tho lino a nachino opoialoi oi filloi vaslos vaIking lo lho looI ioon oi lho sloios foi a fixluio
oi a conpononl couId lo fai lolloi uliIizod if oui pIanl Iayoul and housokooping voio goaiod
aiound having ovoiylhing lhal is ioquiiod cIoso lo hand.

InapprnprIatc PrnccssIng
Tho nosl olvious oxanpIo of inappiopiialo piocossing fion ny ovn oxpoiionco ioIalos
lo suifaco finishos lhal ioquiiod conpononls lo lo novod lo giindois foi conpIolion, vhon in
facl such finishos soivod no puiposo. A lasic piincipIo of lho TIS is doing onIy vhal is
appiopiialo.

Invcntnry
Tho oIononl lhal Wosloin indusliy innodialoIy focusod upon vhon confionlod vilh
}IT vas lho cosl ioduclion avaiIalIo fion hoIding Ioss invonloiy. Tho facl lhal lho iniliaI facl-
finding liips lo }apan look pIaco vhon inloiosl ialos voio al lioalhlakingIy high IovoIs (ny
ovn noilgago vas al 15) poihaps conliilulod lo oui faiIing lo soo lho olhoi cosls lhal Ohno
had considoiod in his ovn inloipiolalion. Wo nov knov lhal slock hidos piolIons and lhoso
piolIons aio poaiIs in lhal finding a piolIon is a good lhing - nov vo can soIvo il, vhich vo
couIdn'l unliI il cano lo Iighl! Kanlan Syslons
This ailicIo dosciilos lho 8 lypos of Kanlan syslon avaiIalIo and vhal you nood lo do
lo chooso, dosign, inpIononl, and opoialo Kanlan syslons, sizo luffoi slocks (lho nunloi of
Kanlans), chooso conlainois and signaIIing nochanisns. Il shovs lho nood lo inlogialo lho
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

syslon vilh youi pIanning syslons. Il incIudos lho inpacl on poopIo, accounling, naloiiaIs
handIing syslons and sono inpoilanl do's and don'ls. This lypo of syslon loIongs lo a
calogoiy of naloiiaIs nanagononl syslons caIIod "puII" syslons. (Soo MaloiiaIs Managononl
& Slock ConlioI.)

%ypcs nf Kanban 5ystcms
You nay pioviousIy havo lhoughl lhal lhoio voio onIy ono oi naylo lvo lypos of
Kanlan syslon! In facl lhoio aio 6 nain lypos, (pIus lvo significanl vaiianls), (oxcIuding 2 lin
& 3 lin syslons) and hoio lhoy aio:
Onc card systcms

In lho alovo diagian:
A signaI is sonl lack fion lho consuning piocoss lo suppIying piocoss (oi suppIioi).
This is a signaI:
O To sond sono noio (a liansfoi lalch), via a luffoi slock.
O To pioduco sono noio (a piocoss lalch), al lho suppIying voik conlio.
N. Lnply conlainois acling as a signaI aio a polonliaI hazaid as any onply conlainoi
is a signaI lo fiII il. AIso occasionaIIy conlainois havo loon knovn lo go nissing! UsuaIIy, foi
lhoso ioasons, lho signaI is sopaialod fion lho conlainoi.


OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

Input / Output nntrn! Kanban (%wn varIants)

Sonolinos caIIod lho ConWip (conslanl voik in piocoss) syslon, lhis lypo inposos
inpul / oulpul conlioI, vhoio lho signaI liavoIs diioclIy fion lho ond of a Iino oi soclion lo lho
piocoding soclion oi iav naloiiaI sloios. In lhis caso lho suppIy chain is lioalod as ono unil
ialhoi lhan a soiios of Iinkod opoialions. So, as ono liansfoi lalch is conpIolod (oulpul)
anolhoi is Iaunchod on lho fiisl opoialion (inpul), lhus onsuiing lhal voik in piocoss cannol
luiId up. Hovovoi lhoio aio sono spociaI considoialions ioquiiod in lho opoialion of lho
syslon, lo avoid hiddon capacily piolIons, vhich aio nol so cIoaiIy visilIo vhon lhis nolhod
is usod.
Wo havo usod adaplalions of lhis syslon lo nanago voikfIov and capacily ialhoi lhan
naloiiaIs in a nunloi of onviionnonls incIuding jol shop & cIoiicaI / lochnicaI piocoss
onviionnonls.

Kanban Accumu!atnr
In lhis nolhod Kanlan signaIs aio aIIovod lo accunuIalo al lho suppIying voik conlio
unliI lho pioduclion lalch sizo is ioachod.
In lhis caso luffois can lo dopIolod oi oxhauslod doponding on lho accunuIalion iuIos.
AIso locauso luffois can lo oxhauslod, sIighlIy highoi nixos can lo acconnodalod.

Dua! ard 5ystcm (2 ard 5ystcm) (%wn varIants)
iisl usod ly Toyola, lhoio aio in facl nov lvo lypos of lvo caid syslon. Tho fiisl
nolhod sopaialos lho iopIonishnonl (sond sono) signaI, vhich is pioducod fion lho Kanlan
syslon, fion lho "pioduco" signaI, vhich is pioducod ly a schoduIing syslon such as MRI.
Tho puiposo of oach of lho caids is as foIIovs:
O Tho schoduIing syslon says vhich jol is noxl.
O Tho Kanlan says nako il nov. (I nood sono.)

Tho socond vaiianl of lhis nolhod gonoialos lho socond caid (afloi aulhoiisalion) as a
iosuIl of ono oi noio iopIonishnonl ioquosls in a siniIai vay lo Kanlan accunuIalois alovo.
Thoso nolhods can doaI vilh highoi nixos. Thoy can aIso doaI vilh Iaigoi lalch sizos,
causod ly Iong changoovois, vhoio schoduIing is nocossaiy, aIlhough you shouId lo liying lo
OM0013 - Advanccd PrnductInn and OpcratInns Managcmcnt SYW

ioduco lalch sizos (Soo Iiovious Tochniquo: TO19 Avoiding sol ups and Roducing Changoovoi
Tinos). In lhis caso lho luffoi is dopIolod, and can lo oxhauslod. In addilion a Iongoi pIanning
syslon such as MRI1 (Soo "LovoIs of IIanning & ConlioI") is aIso nocossaiy lo lhal lho syslon
is duialIo. Kanlan syslons opoialo al IovoI 3 in lhis nodoI.
'arIab!c QuantIty (fIxcd frcqucncy) 5ystcm
In sono silualions il is noio convonionl lo iopIonish ilons usod, ly fixod fioquoncy
doIivoiios (oi coIIoclions), ialhoi lhan iospond lo fixod quanlily iopIonishnonl ioquosls. This
nolhod foins lho lasis of suppIioi "lop up al poinl of uso" syslons, vhoio a suppIioi visiling
youi poinl of uso viII lop up slocks lo a piodofinod naxinun IovoI. Wo havo aIso usod lhis
nolhod as lho nochanisn lo diivo "iopIacononl syslons" foi nainlaining slocks of ciilicaI
spaios ilons oi nainlaining "van slock" foi on-lho-ioad soivico onginoois.