Wireless Grids: Amin Ghadersohi

Wireless Grids
Amin Ghadersohi
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SUNY-Buffalo,
NY.
4/4/2005
Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 1

Overview
Introduction
What is the Grid?
What is Grid Computing?
Wireless Grids
Motives and Driving Forces
Infrastructure
Performance
Hybrid Grid – Project Proposal
Grid Examples

Introduction
“I think there is a world market for maybe 5

computers.” –Thomas Watson (IBM), 1943
“Computers in the future may weigh no more than
1.5 tons.” –Popular Mechanics, 1949
“Data Processing is a fad that won’t last out the
year.” –Business Book Editor Prentice Hall, 1957
“There is no reason anyone would want a computer
in their home.” –Ken Olsen (President DEC), 1977
“640K ought to be enough for anybody.” -Bill Gates,
1981

What is the Grid?
Grids have moved from the obscurely academic to

the highly popular.
Compute Grids, Data Grids, Science Grids, Access
Grids, Knowledge Grids, Bio Grids, Sensor Grids,
Cluster Grids, Campus Grids, Tera Grids, and
Commodity Grids.
So what exactly is “the Grid”?
a “funding concept”—and, as industry becomes
involved, a marketing slogan.
The word Grid is chosen by analogy with the electric
power grid.

What is the Grid?
A Three Point Grid Checklist*

1. Coordination of resources that are not subject to
centralized control;
2. Use of standard, open, general-purpose protocols
and interfaces; and
3. Delivery of nontrivial qualities of service.
The end user does not have to know or care where

the computing is performed or the data stored.
*I. Foster, “What is the Grid? A Three Point Checklist,” Argonne National Laboratory,
http://www- fp.mcs.anl.gov/~foster/Articles/WhatIsTheGrid.pdf,
Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 2002. 5
What is the Grid?
Characteristics of current Grid system

Large-scale
Heterogeneous
Dynamic resource sharing relationship
Service Oriented/Policy Driven
The essence of Grid Technology is

virtualization, the ability to abstract the
physical datacenter into a set of logical
components.
Wireless Grids
The emergence of the Wireless Grid meets

all these criteria and is fueled by
technological advances in two major areas:
Grid Computing
Wireless Technology
Pros and Cons
Pros: ubiquity, availability, productivity
Cons: constraints of wireless network
Unpredictable network quality
Lowered trust and robustness
Limited local resources and battery lifetime for mobile devices

Distributed, high performance computing and

data handling infrastructure that:
Incorporates geographically and organizationally
dispersed, heterogeneous resources (computing
systems, storage systems, instruments, and other
real-time data sources, human collaborators, and
communication systems)
Provides common interfaces for all
resources.

Grid Architecture
Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA)

Virtual Organization (VO): a set of individuals or institutions
that provide or request resources.
Service orientation: everything is service.
Service virtualization: definition separated from
implementation.
Service semantics -- the Grid Service: standard interfaces of
interoperability
Discovery: service data, service registration, service data retrieving
Dynamic service creation: service factory
Lifetime management: service destroy and termination, keep alive
Notification
Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman, Jeffrey M. Nick, Steven Tuecke, "The Physiology of the Grid: An Open
Grid Services Architecture for Distributed Systems
Wireless Integration."
Grids - Amin Open Grid Service Infrastructure
Ghadersohi 9
WG, Global Grid Forum, June 2002.
Related Technologies
Cluster computing
Primarily concerned with a collection of homogeneous computational
resources.
Physically bound.
Could be a grid node.
CORBA
CORBA was a precursor to the Web (grid) services world we live in today.
Foundation for Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI)
DCE
DCE (Distributed Computing Environment) is not so much an architecture as
it is an environment.
Facilitate distributed computing.
P2P
E.g.: KaZaA
Lacks a central point of management.
anonymity and some protection from being traced.
Scalability
More tolerant of single-point failures than grids

Utility Computing is
One of Several Commercial Driverscomputing
virtual data center utility or
GRID
value
programmable data center

switch
compute fabric storage
grid-enabled UDC
systems
Utility computing
clusters Tru64, HP-UX, On-demand
Linux
Open VMS clusters,
Service-orientation
TruCluster, MC Virtualization
ServiceGuard
today shared, traded resources
(Based on a slide from HP) Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 11
Utility Computing

Grid Computing - Next Internet
DATA ACQUISITION PROCESSING, ADVANCED
ANALYSIS VISUALIZATION
NETWORK
IMAGING COMPUTATIONAL
INSTRUMENTS RESOURCES
LARGE DATABASES
“ Grid Computing: Concepts, Applications, and Technologies” Ian Foster, May 2002
The Global Community

Wireless and Mobile Applications

So Far…
Introduction
What is the Grid?
Wireless Grids
Infrastructure
Performance
Grid Examples

Research Challenges in Mobile Grid
Environments
Small devices
Power deficiency Arriving
Limited NBW
Departing users/servers
users/servers Wire/
WLAN
Wireless Grid
Gird
Dynamic model
Dynamic
Mobility Internet
Internet
Connectivity
Nature
Stable users
Stable servers
LAN
LANGrid Intermittent
Heterogeneity Grid
Availability
Static model
Security
http://www.wirelessgrids.net
Driving forces
New User Interaction Modalities and Form

Factors
Extend UI to small screens, small keyboards, and
other I/O modalities.
Speech
Issue of mobile device connectivity
Limited Computing Resources
Mitigate the constraints imposed by limited
resources of mobile devices.

Driving Forces
Additional New Supporting Infrastructure

Elements
Address new applications that involve dynamic
and unforeseen events.
Rapid provisioning of major amounts of computational
and communications bandwidths.

A Scenario
Geographic
Wireless databases
Forest fire links
Firemen
Fire simulation
Weather forecast
Firemen
Computation center
Firemen History databases
Other scenarios: scientific application,

commercial business

Marketting the wireless grid
A self-sufficient economic model for mobile devices involved in grid computing.
T. Phan, L. Huang, C. Dulan, “Challenge: Integrating Mobile Wireless Devices Into the Computational Grid”,
Proceedings of the 8th annual international
Wirelessconference onGhadersohi
Grids - Amin Mobile computing and networking. September 2002,21
pp 271-278.
Grid Classification by Architecture
Classification by Architecture
Degree of heterogeneity of the actual devices
Level of control exercised by those who own and
administer the devices.
Local Cluster or Homogeneous Wireless
Grid
Wireless devices that share the same hardware
architecture and the same operating systems.
E.g.: Network of mobile handheld devices for
coordinating medical personnel in the hospital.
A. Agrawal, D. Norman, A. Gupta, “Wireless grids: approaches, architectures, and technical challenges”, MIT
Sloan Working Paper No. 4459-04; Eller College Working Paper No. 1016-05
Wireless Intra-Grids
Encompasses wireless devices that belong to multiple
divisions or communities within an actual organization
(AO).
Divisions may be located in different geographies.
Divisions may be governed by a separate set of policies.
But there exists a level of trust and oversight so that “ground
truth” may be known with respect to identity and
characteristics.
E.g.: wireless grid that simultaneously supports the mobile
sales force of a company and the networks of wireless
sensors used by the manufacturing division for tracking
inventory

Inter-Grid
Encompasses multiple AOs and transcends greater
amounts of geographical, organizational, and other types of
differences, such as ones related to intellectual property
rights and national laws.
Resource management and policy integration (security,
authentication and data management tasks) attain greater
complexity due to the scalability requirements.
A (potentially) universally accepted method for the
composition of declarative policies must be proposed and
accepted.
Commonly accepted semantics for the expression of policy.

A. Agrawal, D. Norman, A. Gupta, “Wireless grids: approaches, architectures, and technical challenges”, MIT
Sloan Working Paper No. 4459-04; Eller College Working Paper No. 1016-05
Grid Classification by Usage Pattern
Computational Grid
Virtual metacenter.
Large amount of computing and data resources.
Data Grid
Provide shared and secure access to distributed data.
Large scale data processing and management that require
the participation of world wide researchers.
Utility Grid
Human interface of computational Grid and Data Grid.
“Parasitic Computing,” A-L Barabasi, V. W. Freeh, H. Jeong, J. B. Brockman, Nature, Vol. 412, 30 August 2001.
Wireless Grid Contributions
Computational Grid
Ability to borrow computational resources from
others.
Power limitations of mobile devices limits their
computational capabilities.
Cooperative or parasitic*.
E.g.: Wireless sensor network used to monitor
conditions for predicting natural calamities like
earthquakes or volcanoes.
“Parasitic Computing,” A-L Barabasi, V. W. Freeh, H. Jeong, J. B. Brockman, Nature, Vol. 412, 30 August 2001.
Data Grid
Provide shared and secure access to distributed
data.
Integration and reconciliation of underlying data
semantics continues to challenge evolving technology.

Wireless Grid Contributions – Data Grid
Example Patient needs blood
Mobile ISP notifies

potential donors
Patient Gets blood
Responses processed
Hospital issues query to
and reconciled
medical history databases
through its mobile network

Utility Grid
Also referred to as Access Grid
Ubiquitous access to specialized pieces of
software and hardware
Users can request resources when needed (on-
demand)
On-demand access to all kinds of resources
Only be charged for the amount being used.
Can subsume both Computational and Data grids

Wireless Grid Contributions – Utility Grid
Example
Instantaneous
decisions and
Traffic conditions
Transactions and routing
Commercial products
and services
Sensor networks Processing power

where its needed

Wireless Grid Resources
Provide a virtual pool of computational and

communications resources.
Computing Power
Overcome limited computation power on mobile devices by
distributing task across multiple devices.
Need for appropriate collaborative processes between these
geographically distributed tasks.
Storage Capacity
No more limited storage problem.
Distribute data across multiple devices.
Avoid contention through the application of advanced
synchronization techniques.

Wireless Grid Resources
Communications Bandwidth
Remote access, and high QoS.
Multiplicity of Applications
Ubiquitous access to a wide variety of
applications.
Overcome the need to install these applications on
separate mobile devices.

Grid Topology
A number of researchers have evaluated the

topology and configuration of mobile networks1.
standalone in nature.
Commercial wireless grids need to possess some
access to the Internet and wired Grid infrastructure;
therefore it is better to follow a hybrid model by
integrating Baseline devices into current wired grids.
It will consist of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks2 (MANET) type
systems with multiple-hop paths between mobile nodes
and access points to the wired network.
1 “MANETconf: Configuration of Hosts in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network,” S. Nesargi, R. Prakash, in Proc. of INFOCOM’02, 1059-1068, 2002.
“Weak Duplicate Address Detection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” N. H. Vaidya,
MIBIHOC2002, June 2002.
“IP Address Assignment in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network,” M. Mohsin, R. Prakash, IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2002), Vol. 2, 856-861, October 2002.
2 http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html

Infrastructure
Grid systems are usually
arranged in a hierarchal
manner, with a set of
nodes designated as the
gateway.
The gateway manages
tasks such as:
Node management,
Task allocation, and
Brokering.
All nodes on the grid will

run a client application
implementing a light
weight communications
protocol for information
exchange with the grid.

Infrastructure - Brokering Service
Brokering Service The Brokering Service

facilitates all communication among the
devices participating in the grid activities1.
Two major information stores:
Active Agent Repository (AAR)
Task Allocation Table (TAT).
1 “A collaborative problem-solving framework for mobile devices”, S.

Kurkovsky, Bhagyavati, A. Ray, ACMSE '04, April 2-3, 2004.
Infrastructure - Brokering Service
AAR contains information about all computing

devices that are available to the grid
All mobile devices within a given wireless cell.
CPU rating, amount of available memory and the current level
of the battery charge.
TAT contains information describing how each
distributed task is allocated across the agents on the
grid.
Information stored in TAT evolves as the distributed task
gets closer to completion.
When agents complete their partial tasks, they return the
results back to the Brokering Service, which stores them in
TAT where they await to be requested back by the initiator
of the corresponding task.

Infrastructure - Keep-Alive Server
All communication aspects of the grid

infrastructure are handled by the Keep-Alive
Server.
sends and receives messages to and from all
computing devices available on the grid.
All devices entering the wireless cell and willing to
participate in the distributed grid tasks advertise
themselves as available to the Keep-Alive Server.

Performance Issues
Problems arise since meaning of performance is

extended
Computational performance: scheduling
Energy: power management and offloading
Unstable network: adaptation
Security
Addressing and naming
Discovery
Policies
A lot can be borrowed from other research areas, but
they should be put into a real Mobile Grid framework for
inspection.

Performance Issues
The mobility of the Baseline devices in the grid is a

critical factor affecting the performance of the entire
grid.
Directly affects the time it may take to perform a
computationally-intensive task.
Mobile devices overwhelming the underlying services such
as the Brokering service and Keep-Alive server.
Instability due to large number of mobiles leave the cell at
the same time.
Lack of sufficient resources.
Load balancing techniques to address this issue.

Performance Issues
A related issue is that of agents systems leaving the grid while
partial tasks are still in progress.
A solution is to re-allocate these partial tasks to other agents
present on the grid.
Another approach is to allow agents to carry their partial tasks
with them when they leave the grid and migrate to a new service
area.
Handoff issues become paramount.
What is to happen when the initiator of a task moves to a new area?
If the grid were to facilitate task completion even when the initiator
has migrated to a different area, handoff issues once again become a
significantly complicating factor.
Soft handoff has to be ensured for the agent migration so that the user is
unaware of the underlying issues involved with migration.
Handoff issues need to be addressed by architecture.
Frequent disconnections lead to poor QoS.

Performance Issues: Application Level
Scheduling
Goal of scheduling: maximize application performance.
Application Level Scheduling (AppLeS)
An application-specific approach to build scheduler for parallel applications
on heterogeneous systems.
Comprehensive system and application information
Static information
User-specified application parameters
Application performance model
Dynamic information: Network Weather Service
Performance prediction: Network Weather Service
Experience the system from the point view of application
Run-time scheduling: Information is applied to application model to estimate
application performance and choose an optimal resource allocation from a
set of viable configurations.
F. Berman, R. Wolski, S. Figueira, J. Schopf, and G. Shao, "Application-Level Scheduling on

Distributed Heterogeneous Networks." In Proceedings
Wireless Grids - AminofGhadersohi
Supercomputing 96, Pittsburgh, PA, Nov. 42
1996.
Scheduling Algorithms: host-satellite
systems
Host-satellite system
A powerful host and many less-powerful satellites
Offloading computation from satellite to host to
maximize overall performance
Fit the scenario of mobile environment
Partitioning algorithm
Requirements host satellites
Serial program
s
Pipeline processing 1 2 3 4
Chain structure
1 1 2 3 4
Construct assignment graph for the partition problem.
Weight for edges (Wh, Ws)
2 1 2 3 4
Find the optimal sum-bottleneck path in the
assignment graph
3 1 2 3 4
Complexity: O(n2loge)
Shahid H. Bokhari, "Partitioning problems in parallel, pipelined and distributed computing." IEEE
Transactions on Computers, 37(1):48-57,
Wireless1988.
Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 43
Saving energy.
“Energy crisis” of mobile devices
Performance also concerns energy
Energy consumption estimation
Simulation: SimplePower, Wattch
Empirical methods
Ways to save energy
Dynamic power management (DPM) policies: tradeoff
between energy and performance
Spin down disks
Turn off screen
Network interface hibernation
Processor voltage scaling
Comprehensive stochastic model
Computation offloading

Policy optimization of DPM
Policy optimization
Most aggressive policy is not acceptable.
Find the balance of aggressiveness to optimize performance and energy consumption.
Stochastic model: Discrete-time Markov decision processes
Model: service provider, service requestor, queue
Power manager makes random decision according to current state of SP, SR, Q, at each time
period.
Minimize performance penalty while keeping average energy consumption and request loss
below some levels specified by users.
Advantages: generality, abstraction, non-determinism.
Observation
Power Manager
Command
(on/off)
Queue
Service Provider Request(0/1)
Service Requestor
-,0/0.0
Off/0.2 On,1/0.2
Service Provider On/0.0 Queue Off,1/1.0
Service Requestor 0.05
-,0/1.0 On,0/0.2
Off/0.8 on off Off/1.0 0 1 0.95 0.88
On,1/0.8 On,1/1.0 0 1
On/1.0 On/0.97
Off,1/0.0 Off,-/1.0
Off/0.0 on,0/0.8 0.12
On/0.03 On,1/0.0
Off,-/0.0
G. A. Paleologo, L. Benini, A. Bogliolo, G. De Micheli, "Policy Optimization for Dynamic Power
Management." Design Automation Conference,
Wireless Gridspp. 182-187,
- Amin June 1998.
Ghadersohi 45
Computation offloading
Scheduling in terms of energy:
Offloading can reduce computation, but communication also
consumes energy
Optimize energy consumption by offloading part of computation
Model a program
Task definition: each call site (statically); each invocation
(dynamically)
Cost graph
Relationship between tasks and data
Node weight indicating power consumption of computation and
communication
Edge weight indicating mean number of times for tasks accessing data
Aggregate the consumption from the cost graph and optimize
Zhiyuan Li, Cheng Wang, Rong Xu, "Computation offloading to save energy on handheld devices: a
partition scheme." In Proceedings ofWireless
the international
Grids - Aminconference
Ghadersohi on compilers, architecture, and 46
synthesis for embedded systems, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2001.
Disconnected Operation
Another fact affects performance: unpredictable
network link quality
Solution: adaptation
Disconnected operation in Coda file system
Definition
a mode of operation that enables a client to continue
accessing critical data during temporary failures of a shared
data repository.
Solution: proxy + cache
Hoarding
Venus: client-side proxy
Logical
Three working states Disconnection reconnection
Hoarding (Caching)
Emulation
Reintegration Emulation Reintegration
Physical
reconnection
James J. Kistler, M. Satyanarayanan, "Disconnected Operation in the Coda File System." ACM
Transactions on Computer Systems,Wireless
Feb. 1992,
GridsVol. 10,Ghadersohi
- Amin No. 1, pp. 3-25. 47
Application-aware adaptation
Application-aware adaptation model
Operating System notifies application of relevant changes.
Accurate and timely information.
Application decides how to adapt to the changes Odyssey
Design of Odyssey: proxy again warden
viceroy
Extension of NetBSD warden
Typed data
warden
Working model: Application
Application requests data within a range of availability
Odyssey returns data or notify change upcall
Application re-request data of different quality using syscall Odyssey
different range call
Implemented as VFS in NetBSD system interceptor
Kernel
Requests are intercepted as system call
Advantages: agility, smooth running, support of concurrency
Brian D. Noble, M. Satyanarayanan, Dushyanth Narayanan, James Eric Tilton, Jason Flinn, Kevin R.
Walker, "Agile Application-Aware Adaptation for Mobility."
Wireless Grids In Proceedings of the 16th ACM
- Amin Ghadersohi 48
Symposium on Operating System Principles, St. Malo, France, Oct 1997.
Mobile Security
Difficulties of security in wireless mobile
environment
Inherent vulnerability of wireless media
Performance impact!
Charon: indirect authentication using Kerberos
Extend Kerberos by inserting a remote proxy (again!!)
between client and other servers
Secure channel is built by first granting the proxy service to
client
Proxy interacts with other servers on client’s behalf
Client can be very small: only need DES encryption/decryption
No compromise of security:
The communication between client and proxy is encrypted
Proxy believes the identity of user
Proxy does not possess client’s session key and private key
Armando Fox, Steven D. Gribble, "Security on the move: indirect authentication using Kerberos." In
Proceedings of the second annual international
Wireless Gridsconference on Mobile computing and networking
(MobiCom'96), Rye, New York, United States, 1996.
Address mobility and location independent naming
Wireless mobile networks
Nomadic network Ad hoc network
Nomadic network: Mobile IP

Ad hoc network: ad hoc routing protocols

Mobile IP
Problems
Stable connection requires stable IP Æ stable routing Æ no mobility
Solution: associate two IPs with one host (one for identification, one for
routing)
Mobile IP Tunnel
Home Foreign
Intercept
Agent Agent
Home Foreign
Home Foreign
Network Network
Network Network
IP Host
Home IP Care-of IP
Home IP
Charles E. Perkins, "Mobile IP", IEEE Communications Magazine, May 1997.

Ad hoc network
No static or centralized infrastructure
Packet relay: routing
Efficient routing protocols are required to address
Power limitation of the end devices
Consideration for stable wireless connectivity, route
optimization and efficient use of the limited bandwidth.
Data will need to flow across the grid using a combination
protocols
Mobile IP
Ad-Hoc routing protocols:
Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR) and
Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV)
Zone Routing Protocol (ZPR) – Hybrid routing

Ad hoc routing
Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV)
Pure on-demand route acquisition
Discover and maintain a route to another node only

when
Need to communicate with the node
Current node acts as an intermediate forwarding node
Timeout to purge outdated path
Only reinitiate path discovery when moving node lying
along active path
Monotonic increasing sequence number to supercede
stale path
Pros: scalability, efficiency, responsiveness to change
C. E. Perkins, E. M. Royer, "Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing." In Proceedings of the
2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing
WirelessSystems and Ghadersohi
Grids - Amin Applications, New Orleans, LA, February 53
1999, pp. 90-100.
Ad hoc routing
The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR)

Simple and efficient routing protocol designed
specifically for use in multi-hop wireless ad hoc
networks of mobile nodes.
Completely self-organizing and self-configuring
network.
No need for any existing network infrastructure or
administration.
Dynamic route discovery
“Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks,” D. Johnson, and D. Maltz, Mobile
Computing, Vol353. Chp 5, pp. 153-181, 1996.
Ad hoc routing
Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) combines:

Proactive protocol: which pro-actively updatesnetwork state
and maintains route regardless of whether any data traffic
exists or not
Reactive protocol: which only determines route to a
destination if there is some data to be sent to
thedestination
All nodes within hop distance at most d from a node X are
said to be in the routing zone of node X g All nodes at hop
distance exactly d are said to be peripheral nodes of node
X’s routing zone.
Pro-actively maintain tables
Dynamically discover routes. Similar to DSR.

Peer-to-peer resource routing
Difference with Grid
No distinguished server: anywhere (scalability)
Unstable nodes: join/leave (reliability)
Problems: how to find resource in peer-to-peer network?
Keep each resource location at each node: not scalable
Flooding (Gnutella): not scalable
Centralized index server (Napster): single failure
P2P routing algorithms (distributed hash table):
Content Addressable Network (CAN): distributed 2D hash table
Chord: ring-based structure
Pastry: Plaxton-tree based
Tapestry: Plaxton-tree based
Similarities and differences between ad hoc routing and P2P routing
Sims: high mobility and low reliability of nodes, hop by hop connection, flat
network topology, etc.
Diffs: purpose of usage, node-node connection, abstraction level, routing table,
etc.

Pastry 42A2 L3
4227
L2
L2
43C9
44AF
L1 L1
Plaxton-tree-like structure 6F43 1D76
Distributed tree structure where every node is the root of a tree
Simple mapping from object ID to root ID of the tree it belongs to
Nodes keep “nearest” neighbor pointers differing in 1 ID digit
Hashed ID for both node and document 4378
Routing table (O(logN)): digit similarity
Leaf set: numerically closest nodes 437A
Routing (O(logN) hops)
4361
First check leaf set
Then use routing table to forward message (1+ more digit)
Finally check ID with longest prefix and closest value 4A6D
Pros
Highly distributed (reliability) CE75 39AA 4378
4378
Scalability
Efficiency
A. Rowstron, P. Druschel, "Pastry: Scalable, distributed object location and routing for large-scale
peer-to-peer systems." IFIP/ACM International
Wireless GridsConference on Distributed Systems Platforms
(Middleware), Heidelberg, Germany, pages 329-350, November, 2001.
Discovery Semantics and Protocols
Service description protocols are needed to describe

the services provided by various components of the
wireless grid.
Once the services are published, a discovery
protocol is needed to map the mobile resources to
the services. The notion of grid service can be
extended to the wireless grids.
Some work has been performed towards providing
naming service for MANET systems.
The mobile nature of the wireless grid components
makes it challenging to provide for discovery
mechanisms across virtual organizations.

Policy Management
Since the end-devices or nodes can be power

constrained, one cannot assume that the devices
are capable of running complex protocols such as
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) or
Common Open Policy Service (COPS).
Need to address policies that govern the usage,
privileges, access to resources, sharing level
agreements, quality of service, and the
composability and the automated resolution of
contradictory policies among organizations.
W. Adjie-Winoto, E.Schwartz, H. Balakrishnan, J. Lilley, “The Design and Implementation

of an Intentional Naming System,” Proc. 17th ACM
Wireless GridsSOSP,
- AminKiawah Island, SC, Dec. 1999.
Ghadersohi 59
So Far…
Introduction
What is the Grid?
Wireless Grids
Infrastructure
Performance
Grid Examples

A proxy based hybrid Grid
Addresses:
Scalability.
Integratability with current technology.
Stability
Decrease mobile’s computational overhead.
Hide heterogeneity.
Ease of scheduling.
Service discovery

Hybrid Grid
Organized mix
of wireless and
wired grid
nodes.
Heirachal
design.
Proxy agents
act as mobile
devices’
gateway to the
Grid.

Hybrid Grid
Proxy agent
Can be any device on the grid. Including a mobile
device with appropriate middleware.
Ideally co-located with the wireless access point.
Amount of resources depend on the demand.
How many mobile devices does the proxy agent serve?
Mobile devices can be invisible to the rest of the
grid.
Proxy agent will represent them to the rest of the
grid.
Less responsibilities.
T. Phan, L. Huang, C. Dulan, “Challenge: Integrating Mobile Wireless Devices Into the Computational Grid”,
Proceedings of the 8th annual international
Wirelessconference onGhadersohi
Grids - Amin Mobile computing and networking. September 2002,63
pp 271-278.
Hybrid Grid
Within the Grid the proxy agent runs

appropriate middleware, such as Globus, to
publish itself as a node.
Contribute a certain amount of computational,
networking,and storage resources.
Aggregate total of the resources of the proxy’s active
agents.
Proxy agent handles resource requests.
E.g.: CPU Time

Hybrid Grid
The proxy agent decomposes the request;
Problem and data partitioning is known to be a difficult task within
the parallel computing community*
Assume that a subsystem will provide the tools needed to
successfully distribute the problem
E.g.: a descriptive hint to distribute a 2-D array using block
partitioning.
Wait for results and sends them back to the requester.
Aggregate the data before responding.
Reduce per-message overhead.

Requests for data distribution or storage are handled the same
way.
V. Kumar, A. Grama, A. Gupta, and G. Karypis. “Introduction to Parallel Computing,” The Benjamin
Cummings Publishing Company, 1994.
Hybrid Grid
Advantages:
Clustering technique suited for managing loosely
assembled group of devices.
Similar technique used for routing in:
Bluetooth, Landmark routing, Mobile IP,ALICE, CORBA-
enabled applications.
KaZaA: peer nodes are clustered around so-called
supernodes
FastTrack
J. Haartsen. “BLUETOOTH - the Universal Radio Interface for Ad-Hoc Wireless Connectivity,” Ericsson Review, no. 3, 1998.
G. Pei, M. Gerla, and X. Hong. “LANMAR: Landmark Routing for Large Scale Wireless Ad Hoc Networks with Group Mobility,” In Proceedings of
IEEE/ACM MobiHOC, August 2000.
K. Truelove and A. Chasin. “Morpheus Out of the Underworld,” www.openp2p.com/pub/a/p2p/2001/07/02/morpheus.html

Hybrid Grid
Advantages:
Proxy agent reduces communication between requestor
and each cluster node.
Takes burden off each mobile device.
Scalable, because proxy agents don’t have to be very
powerful and more of them can be installed as needed.
Cellular tower upgrade?
Mobile devices can autonomously decide and publish their
own resources through the proxy agent.
Because user may want to choose times when they want to
give processing time to the Grid.
Proxy can adjust total available resources based on its active
agent reliability.

Hybrid Grid
Advantages:
Proxy agent can cache individual requests to particular
active agents.
Partially hiding connectivity deficiencies.
Results can be cached until the aggregate total is collected
if need be.
Hide heterogeneity of the mobile devices.
The proxy can make scheduling decision by accessing the
power consumption metrics of the Mobile device.
Simple service discovery
Only need to locate proxy.
DHCP, Jini, the Service Location Protocol, and expanding ring IP
multicast.

Example Wireless Grids
DARC* Audio mixing application

Multilevel Triage System –sensor network
patient monitoring.
Supply Chain Asset monitoring.
Access GRID group to group interaction
across ZGRID

DARC*
The Syracuse university research team is building a

sample application to demonstrate the potential.
Application allows devices with no prior knowledge
of each other collectively record and mix an audio
signal such as a concert, speech, lecture, or
emergency event.
The project demonstrates the potential of wireless
grids and distributed ad hoc resource sharing to
harness the combined ability of mobile devices in
social contexts outside the expected environments
for

DARC* wireless grid interface

DARC* Process Flow
Application consists of a mixer and two or

more recorders.
1. A user wishing to initiate a recording session
elects to act as either or both a mixer and a
recorder and waits for the involvement of a
second recording service.
2. Recording begins once two services have
registered with the mixer.
3. The recorders stream the recordings to the mixer.
4. The recorders then initiate a listening service to
receive the mix back from the mixer.

Multilevel Triage System Architecture
At each site, each

emergency medical
technician has vital
sign data (such as
EKG, blood oxygen
level, and pulse) for
each patient.
The system offers
edge-based control
with central
management of
global resources.

Supply Chain Asset Monitoring
After checking in (1), delivery
trucks are either stacked up
(2) to await being unloaded or
are sent to an unloading dock
(3).
As the truck is unloaded, each
item can be sensed as it moves
into the warehouse on the
central conveyer belt.
Items can be located within the
warehouse (4), and as they are
shipped out (5) to stores or
customers.

Summary
Next generation of computing.

Incorporating mobility into Grid architecture is
necessary and beneficial to both user and
computing community.
Problems arise since meaning of performance is
extended.
Encompasses many research areas.

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Wireless Grids

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 1

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 2

 “I think there is a world market for maybe 5

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 3

 Grids have moved from the obscurely academic to

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 4

A Three Point Grid Checklist*

The end user does not have to know or care where

 Characteristics of current Grid system

The essence of Grid Technology is

 The emergence of the Wireless Grid meets

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 7

 Distributed, high performance computing and

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 8

 Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA)

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 10

programmable data center

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 12

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 14

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 15

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 16

 New User Interaction Modalities and Form

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 18

 Additional New Supporting Infrastructure

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 19

Firemen History databases

 Other scenarios: scientific application,

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 20

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 23

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 24

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 28

Mobile ISP notifies

Patient Gets blood

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 29

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 30

Sensor networks Processing power

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 31

Provide a virtual pool of computational and

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 32

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 33

 A number of researchers have evaluated the

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 34

 Task allocation, and

 All nodes on the grid will

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 35

 Brokering Service The Brokering Service

1 “A collaborative problem-solving framework for mobile devices”, S.

 AAR contains information about all computing

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 37

 All communication aspects of the grid

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 38

 Problems arise since meaning of performance is

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 39

 The mobility of the Baseline devices in the grid is a

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 40

Wireless Grids - Amin Ghadersohi 41

“I think there is a world market for maybe 5

Grids have moved from the obscurely academic to

Characteristics of current Grid system

The emergence of the Wireless Grid meets

Distributed, high performance computing and

Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA)

New User Interaction Modalities and Form

Additional New Supporting Infrastructure

Other scenarios: scientific application,

A number of researchers have evaluated the

Task allocation, and

All nodes on the grid will

Brokering Service The Brokering Service

AAR contains information about all computing

All communication aspects of the grid

Problems arise since meaning of performance is

The mobility of the Baseline devices in the grid is a

Wireless mobile networks

Nomadic network: Mobile IP

Discover and maintain a route to another node only

The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR)

Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) combines:

Service description protocols are needed to describe

Since the end-devices or nodes can be power

Within the Grid the proxy agent runs

Reduce per-message overhead.

DARC* Audio mixing application

The Syracuse university research team is building a

Application consists of a mixer and two or

At each site, each

Next generation of computing.