Fluid Characterization ‘whee 4, 2008Basic Fluid Properties & Phase Behavior * What are fluid Properties? — Characteristic attributes of Gas/Liquid used in technical calculations — Examples: Compositions, Viscosity, GOR, Enthalpy etc — Pure component properties can be obtain from computer tools, databook etc. * What is phase behavior? — Phase(s) a fluid exhibits at a given thermodynamic state — Vapor, Liquid, solid, dense or multiphase at certain pressure, temperature, volume etc. — Hydrocarbon phase diagram + Why do we need them? — Determine initial oil/gas in place — Analyze well test data — Modeling Reservoir/production performance — Designing / modeling surface facilities and equipment vwhiape 14,2008 2Uses of Fluid Properties Data Available Exploration phase + Estimates of API gravity, GOR Appraisal / Drilling Phase Fluid samples, lab data RFT pressures Well test data Geochemical data Early Production Phase * Well performance data * Additional samples Mature Phase + Well performance data wv Apr 14,2008 Uses of Fluid Properties Estimate oil/gas in place Establish drive mechanisms Devise development plan Estimate production profile Estimate reserves Design facilities Refine development plan Fine tune process operations History match performance De-bottlenecking facilitiesTypical Composition (MOL %) & Fluid Propeties Component Black Oil Volatile Oil Condensate Gas CH, (Methane) 49.4 64.2 87.1 95.8 C,H, (Ethane) 28 75 44 27 C,H, (Propane) 19 47 23 0.3 C,Hjo (Butane) 15 44 17 05 C.Hyo (Pentane) 14 3.0 08 o4 C,H,, (Hexane) 15 14 06 o4 C,, (Heptane+) 42.5 15.1 34 05 MW OF C,, 225 180 140 110 GOR (sct/bbl) 625 2000 18200 405000 LGR (bbl/scf) 1600 500 55 95 API Gravity 34.3 50.1 60.8 68.0 Viscosity (CP) ~100 - 10,000 0.2 -~100 0.01 - 0.02 Non-Hydrocarbon components: CO,, Nj, and HO whiape 14,2008Reservoir Fluid Sampling * Fluid samples are needed to — Determine fluid type and quantify reserves — Develop mathematical fluid models (ie. EOS models tuned to lab. data - characterization) that are used to predict reservoir performance and design facilities * Bottom-hole versus surface/separator samples — RFT samples for highly under saturated fluids — Surface samples for condensate, volatiles oils — Bottom-hole sampling is more cost effective — Controlled pressure drop tools (MDT) potentially best for alll fluids vr 14,2008Bottom-Hole Sampling Reason for bad fluid samples: + Contaminated with oil-based WELL BORE drilling mud + Improper transfer of fluid from down-hole tool to shipping container — fa -— reservoir * Reservoir produce below Procedures: saturation pressure * Clean up of well bore, formation if possible, collect the fluid sample * Solid (wax / asphaltene) deposition above its saturation pressure whip 14,2008Surface Sampling Reasons for bad fluids samples: a Gas Sample * Gas/oil ratio (GOR) at surface not a SEPARATOR stable ie * Measured gas/cil ratio incorrect Reservoir ful eos * Oil and gas samples not heated before recombination Procedures: * Reservoir produced below Cleanup af wellbore saturation pressure Oil and gas samples are collected «Solid (wax / asphaltene from the gas separator deposition) Samples are recombined at lab based on the gas/oil ratio measured at the separator at the operating P & T eur 14,2008Laboratory Experiments Composition analysis (for oil and gas) * Gas chromatography is the usual method for measuring phase compositions (pressurized liquid sample flashed into phases) * Distillation for heavier liquid to measure cut property Constant composition expansion (for oil and gas) * Use to measure bubble / dew point pressure Roughly mimics behavior of fluid in well bore Differential liberation/vaporization (for oil) * Use to determine Bo, By, Reo * Roughly mimics behavior of oil reservoir depletion Constant volume depletion (for gas) * Use to determine retrograde condensation + Roughly mimics behavior of gas reservoir depletion Separator test (for oil ) * Use to adjust data from tests to “true” field conditions * Like differential liberation but mimics field separation Others: Viscosity, Density, Wax content, Cloud point, etc. whiter 14,2008 8Laboratory Reports Example ‘QUALITY CHECKS OF SEPARATOR SAMPLES aaa Sane RRR, [oan ‘BE | ATTA] ate | RSD | RTT | AE lopenra pesaie scorn [we] ae] ae] tas fat | [arpsenae saraie come Tae | a0 | a6 20s] 18 ia 1480 51st] 16 el Separator [imeosanpe SERRATOROL fovrderro. Termes emer ort [opsina reser a eoprer Ta 7 7 jewpuatce, 22°F fsa ae am = 7 = Popa care ame eo a a lee evens | ecm | @ roomie bvite port pessoa Jesper tpt, 99° 110 10 129 Neste: Separators ene, X:S007 an septs na a AYES) wee we ‘Whig 14,2008Composition Analysis (COMPOSTONAL ANALYSIS OF SEPARATOR OL & GAS SAMPLES "AND CALCULATED WELLSTREAM COMPOSTON. ws | 0 Gass | oar | ae Ne os | 009 | oz | ze | sao | aoe ce | «7 | a | sa o as | orm | ras ic, s98 | a | 300 ec. | 12s | ae | 261 ie | os | as | 220 wc, | 023 | 265 | tse o aos | 29 | 130 [sie [om o oo | 21 | 122 | 1002 | 06s o oo | 17 | og | saz | om o oo | 1a | os7 | tz | or ce | oo | on | os | rez | 76 cx | 000 | srs | o4te | area | ons oral oaoo | 10000 | Too Propeies ot >. Molecular weigh 257 apt 2 ‘The waaveam compason was calulstd based on GOR ot 95 ect ‘whip 14,2008 10C constant Composition Expansion % \z P>P, % Qaaq oO P=P, GAS fou} P 1 MOL% in both phases) * Liquid viscosity: 10% (if no asphaltenes present) * Gas Viscosity and Z-Factor: Usually calculated wher 14,2008 18Data Needed for Good Characterization of Oil Samples Minimum Reservoir fluid composition Bubble point pressure at reservoir temperature Constant composition expansion (relative volume) Differential liberation with viscosity, API gravity of residual oil (gas compositions) Molecular weight and specific gravity for plus fraction Optional Separator gas/liquid compositions and GOR for surface separator samples Multi-stage separator test, including gas compositions Bubble point pressure at other temperatures Note: Optional tests are especially useful when the non-hydrocarbons concentration exceeds 10% whip 14,2008 19Data Needed for Good Characterization of Gas Samples Minimum Reservoir fluid composition (to Cio+ or higher) Dew point pressure at reservoir conditions Constant compositions expansion (with liquid drop out) Constant volume depletion Separator K-Values, API, GOR (for condensates) Molecular weight and specific gravity for plus faction Optional Multistage flash liberation (for rich condensates) Additional set of K-values Dew point pressure at other temperature (s) Note: Optional tests are especially useful when the non-hydrocarbons concentration exceeds 10% wap 14,2008 20Calculation of Fluid Properties Component properties and model parameters e.g. MW, Critical Temperature, Critical pressure Property Calculation Model e.g. Equation of State with mixing rules Thermodymic State —_— e.g. Temperature, Pressure Fluid Properties e.g. Density, Viscosity WURpr 14,2008 2Relative Impacts of Parameter Adjustment Tapea SSA aS eG CR ee ee pelgevty Low Low sedge Me) Med [wolepeint [tow [ed | Med | tow | Med [tow | Med Compressblly Law Med «Lew sow ew Caw ow [ow pit [High | wed | Med | Med | nigh | wee —_| Mee Gas.OiFaio Med ‘Med ~~ ‘Med tow ‘Med Med “Ned senos | Med [High | ed | tow | ed | tow | tow Liquid dropout High Med Med Med Med Med Med Liguidshinkege | tow | Mea | med | Med | Mea | med —_| ea aoe tie 2 rarities ols sted Paar ast et on picts aa am fom tec oe, eae ipa te cane Geyer Fad Pn ne ent CRT + Gteatomportre GRY = tenner RD ty fat may Malinao panto eg peeps dette wt weap 14,2008 2