$9,989.8 is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.

[1][2]
t deals with
all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design
of surveysand experiments.
[
a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data
andthe use of probability theory to estimate population parameters
Sono of ils inpoilanl chaiacloiislics aio givon loIov:
O Slalislics aio aggiogalos of facls.
O Slalislics aio nunoiicaIIy oxpiossod.
O Slalislics aio affoclod lo a naikod oxlonl ly nuIlipIicily of causos.
O Slalislics aio onunoialod oi oslinalod accoiding lo a ioasonalIo
slandaid of accuiacy.
O Slalislics aio coIIoclod foi a piodoloinino puiposo.
O Slalislics aio coIIoclod in a syslonic nannoi.
O Slalislics nusl lo conpaialIo lo oach olhoi.
haracteristics of Statistics
Statistics is a subject in its own right. t may therefore be desirable to know the characteristic feature
of statistics in order to appreciate and understand its general nature. Some of its important characteristics
are given below:
Statistics deals with the behavior oI aggregates or large group oI data. It has nothing to do with what is
happening to a particular individual or object oI the aggregate.
Statistics deals with aggregates oI observations oI the same kind rather than isolated Iigures.
Statistics deals with variability that obscures underlying patterns. No two objects in this universe are exactly
alike. II they were, there would have been no statistical problem.
Statistics deals with uncertainties as every process getting observations whether controlled or uncontrolled,
involves deIiciencies or chance variation. That`s why we have to talk in terms oI probability.
Statistics deals with those characteristics or aspects oI things which can be describes numerically either by counts
or by measurements.
Statistics seals with those aggregates which are subject to a number oI random causes, e.g. the heights oI persons
are subject to a number oI causes such as rays, ancestry, age, diet, habits, climate and so Iorth.
Statistical laws are valid on the average or in the long run. There is no guarantee that a certain law will hold in all
cases. Statistical inIerence is thereIore made in the phase oI certainty.
Statistical results might be misleading and incorrect iI suIIicient care in collecting, processing and interpreting
the data is not exercised or iI the statistical data is handled by a person who is not well versed in the subject
matter oI statistics.
omprehensive coverage oI estimation and hypothesis testing, Irequentist and Bayesian paradigms, large and small
sample methods, and the theory underlying numerical algorithms
etailed and rigorous exposition designed to make the material clear and accessible
#ich collection oI exercises, many with solutions, pushing students to learn the material well enough to use it in their
own research and helping them appreciate its relevance to diverse applications
ntended as the text for a sequence of advanced courses, this book covers major topics in theoretical statistics in a
concise and rigorous fashion. The discussion assumes a background in advanced calculus, linear algebra,
probability, and some analysis and topology. Measure theory is used, but the notation and basic results needed are
presented in an initial chapter on probability, so prior knowledge of these topics is not essential. The presentation is
designed to expose students to as many of the central ideas and topics in the discipline as possible, balancing
various approaches to inference as well as exact, numerical, and large sample methods. Moving beyond more
standard material, the book includes chapters introducing bootstrap methods, nonparametric regression, equivariant
estimation, empirical Bayes, and sequential design and analysis. The book has a rich collection of exercises. Several
of them illustrate how the theory developed in the book may be used in various applications. Solutions to many of the
exercises are included in an appendix. Robert Keener is Professor of Statistics at the University of Michigan and a
fellow of the nstitute of Mathematical Statistics.