Solubilization Rate Search

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Task Began December 05, 2011 02:43 PM Explore references by research topic: dissolution rate of inorganic hydrates
Candidates Selected (ID 1) 24 references were found containing the two concepts "dissolution rate" and "inorganic hydrates" closely associated with one another. Answer Type: Result Count: Answers 24
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1. Effect of various inorganic salt solutions on the crystal morphology of calcium sulfate dihydrate By Pritzel, C.; Affolderbach, D.; Trettin, R. From GDCh-Monographie (2010), 42(Tagung Bauchemie, 2010), 260-265. Language: German, Database: CAPLUS Natural and tech. gypsum contain often small amts. of other salts. These are sometimes deliberately added to tech. plaster to change the rate and the tech. characteristics of the products. The most additives show several side effects in addn. to these intended effects. Additives to influence the hydration kinetics often change the morphol. of the products or act as soln. mate and affect the soly. of gypsum. The influence of inorg. salts on the strength, the morphol., as well as the kinetics of different-setting half hydrates was examd. in the context of the work. In this context, solns. were used by different alk. sulfates, - hydroxides, lithium chloride, and sulfuric acid. ~0 Citings
Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society (ACS). All Rights Reserved.
2. Glyoxal processing by aerosol multiphase chemistry: towards a kinetic modeling framework of secondary organic aerosol formation in aqueous particles By Ervens, B.; Volkamer, R. From Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2010), 10(17), 8219-8244. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.5194/acp-10-8219-2010 This study presents a modeling framework based on lab. data to describe the kinetics of glyoxal reactions that form secondary org. aerosol (SOA) in aq. aerosol particles. Recent lab. results on glyoxal reactions are reviewed and a consistent set of empirical reaction rate consts. is derived that captures the kinetics of glyoxal hydration and subsequent reversible and irreversible reactions in aq. inorg. and water-sol. org. aerosol seeds. Products of these processes include (a) oligomers, (b) N-contg. products, (c) photochem. oxidn. products with high mol. wt. These addnl. aq. phase processes enhance the SOA formation rate in particles and yield two to three orders of magnitude more SOA than predicted based on reaction schemes for dil. aq. phase (cloud) chem. for the same conditions (liq. H2O content, particle size). The application of the new module including detailed chem. processes in a box model demonstrates that both the time scale to reach aq. phase equil. and the choice of rate consts. of irreversible reactions have a pronounced effect on the predicted atm. relevance of SOA formation from glyoxal. During day time, a photochem. (most likely radical-initiated) process is the major SOA formation pathway forming 5 g m-3 SOA over 12 h (assuming a const. glyoxal mixing ratio of 300 ppt). During night time, reactions of N-contg. compds. (ammonium, amines, amino acids) contribute most to the predicted SOA mass; however, the abs. predicted SOA masses are reduced by an order of magnitude as compared to day time prodn. The contribution of the ammonium reaction significantly increases in moderately acidic or neutral particles (5 < pH < 7). Glyoxal uptake into ammonium sulfate seed under dark conditions can be represented with a single reaction parameter keffupt that does not depend on aerosol loading or H2O content, which indicates a possibly catalytic role of aerosol H2O in SOA formation. However, the reversible nature of uptake under dark conditions is not captured by keffupt, and can be parameterized by an effective Henry's law const. including an equil. const. Kolig = 1000 (in ammonium sulfate soln.). Such reversible glyoxal oligomerization contributes <1% to total predicted SOA masses at any time. Sensitivity tests reveal five parameters that strongly affect the predicted SOA mass from glyoxal: (1) time scales to reach equil. states (as opposed to assuming instantaneous equil.), (2) particle pH, (3) chem. compn. of the bulk aerosol, (4) particle surface compn., and (5) particle liq. H2O content that is mostly detd. by the amt. and hygroscopicity of aerosol mass and to a
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lesser extent by the ambient relative humidity. Glyoxal serves as an example mol., and the conclusions about SOA formation in aq. particles can serve for comparative studies of other mols. that form SOA as the result of multiphase chem. processing in aerosol H2O. This SOA source is currently underrepresented in atm. models; if included it is likely to bring SOA predictions (mass and O/C ratio) into better agreement with field observations. ~19 Citings
3. Sulfur-based inorganic compound-containing poly(arylene sulfide) compositions with high flowability By Nishikawa, Raita; Onishi, Kappei From Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (2010), JP 2010070706 A 20100402, Language: Japanese, Database: CAPLUS The compns., useful for injection molding, prepd. by melt-kneading 100 parts substantially linear poly(arylene sulfides) (PAS) and 0.05-2 parts (without soln. media or hydrated water in the case of using solns. or hydrates) S-based inorg. compds., show melt viscosity 80-350 Pa-s (at 310, shear rate 1200 s-1). Thus, a compn. comprising linear PAS (Fortron KPS-W 214A), S, -aminopropyltriethoxysilane (flash-preventing agent), and glass fibers (ECS 03T717, filler) was melt-kneaded and injection-molded to give a test piece showing thickness 4 mm and tensile strength 190 MPa. ~0 Citings
4. The Control of Solution Composition on Ligand-Promoted Dissolution: DTPA-Barite Interactions By Kowacz, Magdalena; Putnis, Christine V.; Putnis, Andrew From Crystal Growth & Design (2009), 9(12), 5266-5272. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1021/cg9007894 The mechanism and kinetics of barite (BaSO4) dissoln. in the presence of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) were investigated as a function of soln. compn. The dependence of the reaction rate on the background electrolyte present in soln. (NaCl or KCl) and on the concn. of the chelating agent (DTPA) is explained by considering chem. speciation and conformational changes of DTPA in the aq. phase. A mechanism for the promotion of the dissoln. reaction by dissocd. ionic species is proposed for an org. polyelectrolyte with a strong affinity to Ba2+ ions (DTPA) and for simple inorg. electrolytes. The mobilization of ions from the crystal structure is suggested to be induced mainly by water mols. and not by specific additive-surface interactions. Recognition of the correlation between soln. compn., ion-water interactions (hydration phenomena), and the dissoln. process enables an explanation of the faster dissoln. kinetics of barite in the aq. soln. of a simple inorg. salt (NaCl) compared to in the soln. of a strong chelating agent (DTPA). Our findings imply that because the mechanisms of complexation in soln. and mobilization of ions from the solid surface are different, the sequestering capacity of the ligand toward dissolved ions cannot be used to predict the dissoln. rate. ~2 Citings
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5. Detergent builder granule for cold-water laundering By Oki, Kazuo; Kume, Toshimasa; Hasumi, Motomitsu; Asada, Tadanobu; Kozaki, Yuya; Kozuka, Jun From PCT Int. Appl. (2009), WO 2009063725 A1 20090522, Language: Japanese, Database: CAPLUS Disclosed is a detergent builder granule which comprises: a water-sol. inorg. salt (Component A) comprising an inorg. salt that has a hydrated crystal and/or is capable of forming a hydrated crystal; and a clay mineral (Component B), wherein the content of the component B is 60 wt% or less, the ratio of the component A to the component B (A/B ratio) is 5/95 to 80/20 by wt. in terms of anhydride content, and the rate of water loss is 3 to 30 wt% when heated to 200. It becomes possible to provide a detergent builder granule for use in a detergent for clothing and having excellent dispersibility in cold water, and also provide a detergent compn. contg. the detergent builder granule. ~0 Citings
6. Amorphous nickel based alloy nanoparticle and its preparation By Li, Lujiang; Wen, Ming; Liu, Qiuyan; Qi, Haiquan From Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2008), CN 101168196 A 20080430, Language: Chinese, Database: CAPLUS The title prepn. method includes dissolving sodium/potassium hydroxide 0.5-0.1 mmol in a mixt. of water 0.55 mol and ethanol 0.33 mol, adding oleic acid/linoleic acid 0.1-0.2 mmol and n-hexane 0.01-0.02 mol, and mixing to obtain a normal phase microemulsion; adding aq. soln. of inorg. nickel salt (nickel dichloride or hydrates thereof) 0.05 mmol and a second metal salt (such as copper sulfate, ferrous chloride, cobalt dichloride, and hydrates thereof) aq. soln. into the microemulsion, and stirring thoroughly; dropwise adding 0.5 mmol/L sodium/potassium borohydride soln. into the microemulsion in the rate of 20-40 drops/min and stirring till the microemulsion turns into black and observable ppt. is generated; adding n-hexane to break the emulsion, stirring thoroughly, standing for layering, adding ethanol into the upper layer to ppt., centrifuging, dispersing the solid in n-hexane, and sealing. The obtained nanoparticles of amorphous Ni-based alloy have good monodispersion, and can be used in the field of hydrogen storage, catalysis and wave absorption. ~0 Citings
7. Studies on the effects of some additives on the physicomechanical properties of ureaammonium sulfate (UAS) pellets By Rahman, M. Jalilur; Bozadjiev, P.; Pelovski, Y. From Fertilizer Research (1994), 38(2), 89-93. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1007/BF00748768 The effects of some additives on the process of pressing mixed fertilizer based on urea and ammonium sulfate (UAS) at a ratio of 4:1 and their impact on the kinetics of soly. were investigated. UAS pellets were produced using a lab.
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pressing machine at an optimum pressure. Most of the inorg. salts with hydrated water gave better crushing strength and lower rates of dissoln. as compared with UAS pellets without additives. The org. compd. tall pech, a byproduct of pulp prodn., acts as a better binding agent for UAS pellets in respect of both strength and soly. It is assumed that except for hydrated inorg. salts, the tall pech possesses the property of being a slow-release binder in the mixed UAS fertilizer. ~1 Citing
8. Hydration rate of portland cement at 0C in a highly concentrated inorganic electrolytic solution By Zhou, Xingshan; Asaga, Kiyoshi; Kondo, Takayoshi; Daimon, Masaki From Gypsum & Lime (1989), 220, 121-9. Language: Japanese, Database: CAPLUS The hydration rate of portland cement at 0 and the effect of highly concd. inorg. electrolytes were studied to develop antifreeze admixts. for construction in cold weather. The hydration percentage of portland cement after 4 days curing at 0 was similar to the value after 1 day curing at 20. Within 10 days curing, the amt. of hydration in the samples cured at 0 was about a quarter of that at 20. The freezing temp. was decreased by inorg. electrolytes, except in the case of Na2SO4 and Na2CO3, because of the pptn. of hydrate crystals. The highly concd. salts accelerated the early hydration and retarded the later hydration of portland cement. After 8 days of curing, the amt. of hydration in the samples with 15% soln. was smaller than that of water. Hydrates such as Ca silicate hydrates (C-S-H), Ca(OH)2, ettringite in the trisulfate aluminoferrite phase (AFt), and monosulfoaluminate in the monosulfate aluminoferrite phase (AFm) were formed when the portland cement was hydrated at 20 or 0 with and without inorg. salts. ~0 Citings
9. Preparation of inorganic compound-containing polyurethane foams By Saburi, Takeshi; Tanigawa, Hiromi From Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (1988), JP 63314227 A 19881222, Language: Japanese, Database: CAPLUS The title foams, having high inorg. compd. content and good fire resistance, are prepd. from water-sol urethane prepolymers, low-b.p. liqs., water, 70-99% inorg. compds. (which contg. >10% water-hardening materials), and, optionally, surfactants. A mixt. of a water-sol. urethane prepolymer (OH Graut OH-1) 15, SH-193 0.01, and Freon-11 20 g was mixed with a mixt. of 45 water 290, glass fibers (0.1-mm diam., 10-mm length) 2, a surfactant (Persoft ED) 0.5, plaster of Paris (I) 290, and powd. Al(OH)3 67 g, poured into a 25-mm depth mold, and heated 2 h at 90 to give a foam having inorg. compd. content 96%, expansion rate 1100%, d. 0.205, 10% compression strength 0.84 kg/cm2, flexural strength 2.8 kg/cm2, and thermal cond. 0.062 kcal/m-h-C, vs. 96, 900, 0.260, 0.041, 0.19, and 0.071, resp., for a control foam contg. gypsum (2 hydrate) instead of I. ~0 Citings
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10. Chemistry of cement hydration By Taylor, H. F. W. From Congr. Int. Quim. Cimento, [An.], 8th (1986), 1, 82-110. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS A review, with 235 refs., of recent advances in the chem. of hydration of portland cement without extenders. Topics include: electron optical studies of compn., silicate anion structure, water content, d., thermal behavior, and structure at the nanometer level of C-S-A gels; other hydration products (AFm, AFt, and hydrogarnet phases, hydration products of the ferrite phase, Ca(OH)2); quant. phase detns., mass balance, indirect detns. of C-S-H compn., vol. fractions; microstructural development (early, middle, and later periods of reaction); hydration reactions (aluminate and ferrite phases, action of gypsum, theories of the induction period, reaction mechanism in the later period); reactivities of clinker phases; soln. compns. and equil. (CaO-SiO2-H2O system, aluminate, and sulfate systems, pore solns. in cement pastes); admixts. (inorg. admixts., org. retarders); kinetics and modeling of the hydration process. ~7 Citings
11. Properties and reaction kinetics of hydrated electron in concentrated aqueous solution of inorganic salts By Tiliks, J.; Kreitus, I.; Dzelme, J.; Stukla, L.; Bugaenko, L. T.; Freeman, G. R. From Proceedings of the Tihany Symposium on Radiation Chemistry (1983), 5(1), 221-30. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS Pulse radiolysis, laser-induced pulse photoelectron emission from metal into soln., and stationary -radiolysis were used for investigating properties and reaction mechanisms of hydrated electrons in concd. solns. of LiCl, KCl, and CsCl. The absorption spectra, the diffusion coeff., and the rate consts. of eaq- in salt solns. were changed. ~0 Citings
12. Flocculation treatment of waste water containing montmorillonite. VI. Settling behavior of flocculated bentonite suspension in the presence of inorganic electrolyte By Tanihara, Koichi; Seiyama, Tetsuro From Nippon Kagaku Kaishi (1978), (4), 496-504. Language: Japanese, Database: CAPLUS Bentonite dispersed in water and then mixed with an inorg. electrolyte flocculated as rapidly as bentonite dispersed into a soln. of the electrolyte, but the settling rate of the latter was higher and increased with higher valency and decreasing cation hydration radius. The settling rate of this latter soln. was increased by anion addn. in the order: CO32- < OH- < SO4-2 < NO3-; Cl-. The results obtained are as follows: (1) differences in flocculation values between A and B for inorg. electrolytes were slight; (2) the settling rate of B was extremely higher than that of A, but the difference between them was small when bentonite, changed into the Ca form, was used; (3) the higher the valency and the smaller the hydration radius of the cation, the higher was the settling rate of B; (4) the effect of addn. of large amts. of anions on the settling rate of B was examd. by using the inorg. electrolytes of Nan +Xn- type which dissoc. to
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produce the same amts. of Na ions in the soln. As a result, the settling rate was the order: CO32- < OH- < SO42- < NO3- = Cl-; (5) the settling curve, C, appeared between those of A and B, therefore, the suppression effect of swelling of montmorillonite with dil. inorg. electrolyte soln. could be evaluated by the curve, C. ~0 Citings
13. Decay kinetics of the photochemical hydrated electron By Grossweiner, L. I.; Baugher, J. F. From Journal of Physical Chemistry (1977), 81(2), 93-8. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1021/j100517a001 A model is proposed for the decay of hydrated electrons generated by photoionization of inorg. anions and arom. solutes, in which the electron diffuses through a considerable vol. of the medium before recombining with its radical coproduct, and during which time it may react with scavengers or electrons and radicals generated in other geminate pairs. The anal., which is based on a diffusional recombination theory, leads to a new decay function in good agreement with electron decays obsd. by 265-laser flash photolysis of aq. I2, Fe(CN6)4-, tryptophan, and tyrosine. The dependence of the electron lifetimes on scavenger concn. and the initial electron concn. are in quant. agreement with the theory, where the latter is developed in terms of a time-dependent rate const. to include the bimol. electronelectron and electron-radical reactions. ~1 Citing
14. Selected specific rates of reactions of transients from water in aqueous solution. Hydrated electron, supplemental data By Ross, A. B. From Report (1975), (COO-38-905), 54 pp.. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS A compilation with many refs. of rates of reactions of hydrated electrons with other transients and with org. and inorg. solutes in aq. soln. ~0 Citings
15. Studies on the mechanism of hydration of quicklime By Shimoda, Masao From Onoda Kenkyu Hokoku (1975), 27(93), 12-39. Language: Japanese, Database: CAPLUS The hydration products of CaO (quicklime) generally are hydrated lime of colloidal crystals. CaO is an nonhydraulic compd., but essentially has potentially hydraulic and expansive characteristics. This fact was detd. by studying the
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mechanism of hydration of CaO by means of slaking test, detn. of the soly. in water, observation of the process of hydration by electron microscopy, strength test of the hardened bodies of hydrated lime, the expansive properties of CaO, etc. The rate of hydration of CaO can be retarded by Na2SiF6, K2SiF6, or BaSiF6, i.e., an inorg. fluosilicate, which is sparingly sol. in water, but cannot be retarded by PbSiF6.4H2O, MnSiF6.6H2O, etc., i.e. an inorg. fluosilicate which is sol. in water. The characteristics of CaO can be actuated by inorg. fluosilicate which is sparingly sol. in water. In the case of hydration of CaO contg. Na2SiF6 to form hydrated lime, the hydrated products are macrocrystals of the hexagonal system strongly developing in the C-axial direction of hydrated lime and expansive hardened bodies which have large tensile strength. CaO is an expansive and hydraulic compd. The settlement of weak soil foundation can be reduced by means of expansion of CaO piles and weak soil foundations can be consolidated by means of expansion of CaO piles. ~0 Citings
16. Selected specific rates of reactions of transients from water in aqueous solution. Hydrated electron, supplemental data By Ross, Alberta B. From National Standard Reference Data Series (United States, National Bureau of Standards) (1975), 43, Suppl., 43 pp.. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS The compilation of rates of reactions of hydrated electrons with other transients and with org. and inorg. solutes in aq. soln. by the National Standard Reference Data System (NBS-43) was supplemented to include addnl. rates which have been published through July 1973. ~0 Citings
17. Fundamentals of applied kinetics By Lin, K. H. From Annual Reviews of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (1972), 205-39. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS A review with 139 refs. includes discussion of: exptl. techniques, kinetics and mechanism of inorg. reactions (gasphase reactions, decompn. and oxidn. in the liq. phase, gas-solid interactions, thermal decompn., dehydration, hydration, solid-phase reactions), org. reactions (syntheses, thermal decompns., oxidns., catalyzed reactions in soln., pressure effect on liq.-phase reactions), radiation-induced reactions, and the interaction of phys. and chem. processes (gas-liq. interactions, mixing effects, diffusion with chem. reaction). ~0 Citings
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18. Effect of inorganic fluorosilicates on the rate of hydration of quick lime By Shimoda, Masao; Kasai, Junichi; Onda, Yukio; Yoshida, Takeshi From Sekko to Sekkai (1969), No. 102, 243-50. Language: Japanese, Database: CAPLUS If the rate of hydration of quick lime can be controlled and the hydrated product has strength, the modified quick lime will be widely used as materials for civil engineering and building construction. The rate of hydration of quick lime mixed with an inorg. fluorosilicate was studied by hydration test and x-ray diffraction method. The rate of hydration of quick lime can be controlled by Na2SiF6, K2SiF6, or BaSiF6, that is, an inorg. fluorosilicate which is sparingly sol. in water and which contains strong alkali, but cannot be controlled by PbSiF6.4H2O, MnSiF6.6H2O, etc., an inorg. fluorosilicate which is sol. in water. The rate of hydration of quick lime mixed with Na2SiF6, etc., is retarded by addn. of alkali. The rate of hydration of quick lime mixed with PbSiF6.4H2O, etc., can be controlled by addn. of alkali. By means of x-ray diffraction, it has turned out that the hydration of quick lime is retarded by Na fluorosilicate. ~0 Citings
19. A compilation of specific bimolecular rate constants for the reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms, and hydroxyl radicals with inorganic and organic compounds in aqueous solution By Anbar, Michael; Neta, Pedatsur From International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes (1967), 18(7), 493-523. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1016/0020-708X(67)90115-9 A compilation of rate consts. for over 600 compds. from 164 references. ~99 Citings
20. Hydrated electron By Hart, Edwin J. From Actions Chimiques et Biologiques des Radiations (1966), 10, 1-88. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS A review is given to present the current status of research on the hydrated electron. The topics covered include: its discovery, exptl. techniques (formation of hydrated electrons, prepn. of solns., applications in anal. chemistry), phys. properties and structure, reactions with the species of irradiated water, reactions with inorg. mols. and ions, reactions with org. mols., reactions with biol. important mols., and an appendix of rate consts. 170 references. ~0 Citings
21. Potassium dichloroisocyanurate
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By Symes, William F. From No Corporate Source data available (1964), US 3157649 19641117, Language: Unavailable, Database: CAPLUS A free-flowing K dichloroisocyanurate (I) is produced that will not coalesce or form hard lumps when stored for 2-18 months at a relative humidity of 50-80% by mixing I particles contg. <0.3 wt. % moisture at 100-50 with 2-10 wt. %, based on the wt. of II, of solid particles of a partially-to-completely anhyd., hydratable, H2O-sol., nondeliquescent, cryst., inorg. compd., such as an alkali metal phosphate, silicate, carbonate, or sulfate, having a rate of hydration >160 mg. %/hr. at 25 and a relative humidity of 100%. The product has an available Cl content of 53.1-59.4%. Suitable inorg. compds. are Na tripolyphosphate, Na silicate, Na carbonate, and Na sulfate. ~0 Citings
22. The rates of reaction of the hydrated electron in aqueous inorganic solutions By Thomas, J. K.; Gordon, Sheffield; Hart, Edwin J. From Journal of Physical Chemistry (1964), 68(6), 1524-7. Language: Unavailable, Database: CAPLUS, DOI:10.1021/j100788a043 The pulsed radiolysis technique was used to follow the rate of decay of the hydrated electron in the presence of inorg. compds. The exact technique is described together with the abs. rate consts. for these reactions. The activation energy for the reaction of the hydrated electron with H3O+ is 3.2 kcal./mole and is close to that expected for a diffusion-controlled reaction, while the activation energy for the reaction, eaq- + H2O, is 4.6 kcal./mole. ~27 Citings
23. Pozzolanic reactivity study of fly ash By Leonard, R. J.; Davidson, D. T. From Iowa State Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Bull. (1961), No. 196, 94-121. Language: Unavailable, Database: CAPLUS The reaction between 6 fly ashes and Ca(OH)2 solns. was followed by means of elec. cond. at several temps. The reaction products were investigated by x-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis. The rate of compressive strength development by Ca(OH)2 fly-ash mortars was directly related to the rate of lime absorption by the fly ash. The greater the rate of lime absorption, the greater the rate of compressive strength development. The rate of lime absorption was limited by the rate of diffusion of Ca through the reaction product. This rate, which was increased by increasing the temp. and the Ca(OH)2 concn., varied with the type of fly ash used. Below 20 most fly ashes were nonreactive. The strength of the mortars was due to the reaction products from the pozzolanic reaction. Probably a gel initially formed which yielded cryst. Ca silicate hydrate that has also been found in set portland cement pastes. Unburned org. matter found in most fly ashes was nonreactive with Ca(OH)2 and its presence seemed to indicate a fly ash of coarse grain size in both the org. and inorg. phases. Since the total mortar strength developed depended on the no. of contacts of the cementitious reaction products, the org. material broke the continuity of this system and thus decreased the total strength.
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24. Hydration-rate studies of gypsum plasters: Effects of small amounts of dissolved substances By Coughlin, J. P.; Conway, K. C.; Koehler, M. F.; Barry, D. F. From Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations (1959), No. 5477, 23 pp.. Language: Unavailable, Database: CAPLUS Gypsum plaster is Ca sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4.1/2H2O). There are 2 varieties, and . The hydration (setting) of this plaster involves the combination of H2O with hemihydrate to form the dihydrate. Com. plasters usually are a mixt. of the hemihydrates, with other substances present as impurities. This work was conducted separately on the 2 varieties of hemidydrate in the highly pure form, to eliminate competing effects. Two calorimetric methods were used to follow the extent of the hydration reaction as a function of time. They produced paralled results and led to the same conclusions. Most inorg. substances when present in dil. soln. influenced the rate of hydration reactions. Mineral acids were accelerators, hydroxides were retarders, salts of strong acids and strong bases generally were accelerators, salts of strong acids and weak bases generally were accelerators, and salts of weak acids and strong bases generally were retarders. The hydration-time curves for - and -hemihydrates, in the presence of either large or small amts. of the hydration medium and in the presence of either an accelerator or a retarder, follow the same general pattern. There was always an incubation period before the beginning of the hydration reaction. The principal effect of an accelerator or a retarder was to alter the length of the incubation period. Accelerators shorten it, and retarders lengthen it. The accelerating or retarding effects of the inorg. ions in soln. are substantially additative. Values can be assigned to the individual ions that will reproduce the measured effects for substances in soln. During the hydration of the hemihydrates the pH of the hydrating medium changed. The over-all change was toward neutrality. Acidic mediums became less acidic, and basic mediums became less basic. ~0 Citings

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21. Potassium dichloroisocyanurate

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