UNITI 1. What is the difference between network and circuit?

The interconnection of two or more circuit elements (resistors, inductors and capacitors) is called an electrical network. If the network contains at least one closed path, it is called an electrical circuit. Every circuit is a network, but all networks are not circuits 2. What is the difference between a mesh and a loop? A loop is any closed path of a network. However, a mesh is the most elementary form of a loop and cannot be further divided into other loops All meshes are loops but all loops are not meshes 3. What are the advantages of nodal analysis over Kirchhoffs voltage law (i) Generally less number of equation are required to a circuit by nodal analysis (ii) Nodal analysis is convenient in circuits where various voltages, referred to a common ground, are to be determined (iii) Nodal analysis is a convenient approach to circuits that have current sources and conductances rather than voltage sources and resistances 4. What is the difference between the active and passive element? Active elements (voltage and current sources) are capable of delivering power to some external device and Passive elements (resistor,inductor and capacitors) are those which are capable of receiving power 5. What are the difference b/w V-I characteristics of ideal, practical voltage source and current source?
An ideal source will have a constant V-I characteristic where as the practical sources will have small droop due to its effect of internal resistance (RS)

6. What is the difference between linear and non linear element? An element is said to be linear,if its voltage-current characteristics is at all times a straight line through the origin and which satisfies the principle of super position and homogenity an element is said to be nonlinear ,which does not satisfies the above principle 7. What do you mean by an ideal voltage source and ideal current source? An ideal voltage source is one that maintains a constant terminal voltage no matter how much current drawn from it. An ideal current source is one which will supply the same current to any resistance connected to its terminals 8. State KVL and KCL KVL: kirchhoffs voltage law states that the algebraic sum of all branch voltages around any closed path in a circuit is always zero at all instants of time. KCL: kirchhoffs current law states that the sum of the current entering into any node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving that node.

9. State Ohms law and write limitations It states that at constant temperature, potential difference V across the ends of a conductor is proportional to the current I flowing through the conductor, i.e. V I

V IR
Limitations: 1. It is not applicable to the nonlinear devices such as diodes,zerner diodes etc. 2. It does not hold for good for non-metalic conductors 10. Star to Delta and Delta to Star transformation

R1 R2 R3

R a Rc R a Rb R c R a Rb R a Rb R c

; ;

Ra Rb

R1 R3 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R 2 R1 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1

Rb Rc R R R1 R2 R3 R1 ; Rc 3 2 R a Rb R c R2 11. Define charge and energy Charge is defined as the charge transferred by a current of one ampere in one second Unit of charge is coulombs Energy is the capacity to do the work. The work is done always at the cost of energy Unit of energy: joules 12. Why an inductive circuit should not be opened when carrying a current? di V L dt di When the switch is opened, Current is changing in short duration ,i.e t =0 , dt Then Voltage across the inductor is very high , For this reason inductive circuit is not opened when carrying current 13. Why inductor opposes the sudden changes in current and write the expressions for energy stored in L & C If current passing through inductor changes in 0 time, infinity voltage must be appear, which is not practicable. Hence inductor opposes sudden change of current 1 W LI2 for Inductor 2 1 W CV 2 for capacitor 2 14. What is source transformation? In solving networks in finding network solutions one may have to deal with energy sources. Energy sources are either voltage sources or current sources. Sometimes it is necessary to convert a voltage source to a current source and vice versa. Source transformation technique is used to convert voltage source into current source vice versa

15. Find the net capacitance

Net Capacitance = 1F 16. What is the difference between charge and current The current is flow of electronics. Thus current can be measured by measuring how many electronics are passing through material per second. This can be expressed in terms of the charge carried by those electrons in the material per second.So the flow of charge per unit time is used to quantify an electric current q i Amperes t UNIT-II 1. What is power factor,If the power factor of the circuit is 0.8 lagging ,what does it mean? The termcos in the term VIcos is called power factor.It is the cosine of the angle between voltage and current in any AC circtuit The greater the p.f of a circuit ,the greater is its ability to utilise the apparent power.Thus 0.8p.f of a circuit means that it will utilise only 80% of the apparent power.Lagging means That circuit current lags behind the applied voltage i.e the circuit is inductive 2. What is J operator? The J operator causes the phasor to rotate through 900 in the anticlockwise direction without affecting its magnitude 3. What are the values of Form factor and Peak factor for sinusoidal input? Rms value 0.707 Im Form factor 1.11 Avg Value 0.637 Im Max Value Im Peak factor 1.414 Rms Value 0.707 Im 4. Define active power , reactive power and apparent power The product of RMS values of voltage and current with the Cosine of the angle between them is Called the reactive power in A.C circuit and is denoted by P P = VI Cos () watts The product of RMS values of voltage and current with the sine of the angle between them is Called the reactive power in A.C circuit and is denoted by Q Q = VI Sin () volt-ampere-reactive(VAR) The product of RMS values of voltage and current is called the apparent power and it is denoted by S S=VI volt-ampere(VA)
5. Define the term Average Value In general, the average value of any function v (t), with period T is given by average value is the total area under the complete curve divided by the distance of the curve. The average value of a sine wave over one complete cycle is always zero. So the average value of a sine wave is defined over a half cycle, and not a full cycle period.

6. What is Form Factor? Two alternating waves of same peak value and same frequency may look different, i.e. their configurations are different. Form factor represents this change in configuration of periodic waves where the frequencies and amplitudes are same. Form Factor is defined by the ratio of RMS value and average value. 7. Define RMS value. What is the RMS value of sinusoid? The root mean square (RMS) value of a sine wave is a measure of the heating effect of the wave. When a resistor is connected across a dc voltage source, a certain amount of heat is produced in the resistor in a given time. A similar resistor connected across an ac voltage source for the same time ,the value of the ac voltage is adjusted such that the same amount of heat is produced in the resistor as in the case of the dc source. This value is called the RMS value. RMS value of sine wave is 0.707 Vm. 8. What is Peak Factor? The peak factor of any waveform is defined as the ratio of the peak value (maximum value) of the wave to the RMS value of the wave. Peak factor = peak value / RMS value

9. Draw the phasor diagram for an series and parallel RL circuit?

10. Draw the phasor diagram for an RLC circuit?

11. How much power is consumed in passive elements A.C circuit can have three circuit elements ,namely R,L and C. Power consumed only in R. L and C do not consume any power. The power supplied to L or C during one half cycle is returned in the next half cycle .Hence that net power consumed is zero 12. Draw the power triangle for inductive and capacitive loads

UNITIII 1. What is resonance and Write the condition for the resonance A circuit is said to be resonance when the applied voltage V and the resulting current I are in phase and condition for the resonance is net reactance is equal to zero 2. Define bandwidth, quality factor and selectivity Bandwidth:The bandwidth of any system is the ratio of frequencies for which the current or voltage is equal to 70.7% of its value at the resonant frequency Quality factor: Quality factor is defined as the ratio of the voltage across the inductor or Capacitor to the applied voltage. Q=VL/V =VC/V Selectivity:Selectivity of the resonance circuit is defines as the ratio of resonant frequency to the bandwidth of the circuit Selectivity= Fr/B.W 3. What is Resonant frequency The frequency at which resonance occurs at X L X C
2 LC 4. What is the power factor of an RLC circuit at Resonance? fr 1

Unity,why Because at Resonance condition ,inductive reactance (XL) is equal to capacitive reactance (Xc) ,Then Z=R 5. How the series RLC circuit behaves for the frequencies above and below resonant frequencies? For frequencies below resonant frequency the capacitive reactance is more than the inductive reactance.Therefore the equivalent reactance is equal to capacitive and the circuit behaves like a RC circuit.For frequencies above resonant frequency the inductive reactance is more than the capacitive reactance and circuit behaves like a RL series circuit 6. What are the differences between the series and parallel resonance? SERIES RESONANCE 1.At resonance,power factor is unity 2.Series resonance has minimum impedance And maximum current at the resonant frequency 3.Series resonance magnifies the voltage by Q times ,so this circuit is also called voltage magnification circuit 4.Impedance at resonance is Z=R 5.f<fr ,circuit is capacitive nature(leading p.f) F=fr,circuit is resistive nature(unity p.f) f>fr,circuit is inductive nature(lagging p.f) 6.Q=L/R=1/CR PARALLEL RESONANCE 1.At resonance,power factor is unity 2.parallel resonance has maximum impedance And minimum current at resonant frequency 3.Parallel resonance magnifies the current by Q times ,so this circuit is also called current magnification circuit 4.Admittance at resonance is Y=1/R 5.f<fr ,circuit is inductive nature(lagging p.f) F=fr,circuit is resistive nature(unity p.f) f>fr,circuit is capacitive nature(leading p.f) 6.Q= R/ L= CR

7.How do you get better frequency selectivity with resonant circuits? Selectivity indicates how well a resonant circuit responds to a certain frequency and eliminates all other frequencies. The narrower the bandwidth,the greater selectivity 8. Draw the frequency response of series RLC and parallel RLC resonance circuit

9. What is locus diagram ,draw the locus diagrams for series circuits variable R,XL and R, Variable XL
A phasor diagram may be drawn and is expanded to develop a curve know as a locus. Locus diagram are useful in determining the behavior or response of an RLC circuit when one of its parameters is varied while the frequency and voltage kept constant. The magnitude and phase of the current vector in the circuit depends upon the values of R, L, and C and frequency at the fixed source voltage. Current Locus: The path traced by the terminus of the current vector when the parameters R, L, or C are varied while frequency and voltage are kept constant is called the current locus.

10.Draw the phasor diagram of series RLC and parallel RLC circuit resonant circuits

11.Draw a graph how impedance vary with frequency in series circuit and admittance vary with frequency in parallel circuit

12. State superposition theorem. Is superposition theorem is applicable to power calculations? In a linear network response in a particular branch when all the sources acting simultaneously is equal to the linear sum of individual responses. It is not applicable for power calculations why because power is a non linear. 13. State maximum power transfer theorem. What is the percentage efficiency of maximum power transfer theorem for D.C circuits? Maximum power is transferred in the circuit when load resistance is equal to the source resistance. For DC circuits power transfer is 50% at max power condition 14. State thevenins theorem Thevenins theorem states that any two terminal linear network having a number of voltage , current sources and resistances can be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a impedance 15. State Nortons theorem The Nortons theorem states that any linear active network with output terminals can be replaced by a single current source in parallel with a single impedance 16. State Reciprocity Theorem. In a linear,passive and bilateral network ,the ratio of response to the excitation is constant even though the source is interchange from input terminals to the output terminals 17. State Tellegans Theorem. In a linear network ,The algebraic sum of powers at any instant is zero. That is power delivered by some elements is equal to power absorbed by the remaining elements present in a network 18.State compensation theorem In a linear time invariant network when the resistance (R) of an uncoupled branch,carrying a current (I) ,is changed by (R) ,the currents in all the branches would change and can be obtained by assuming that an ideal voltage source of (VC) has been connected [such that VC =I(R) ]in series with (R+R) when all other sources in the network are replaced by their internal resistances 19. state millmans theorem When a number of voltage sources (V1,V2.Vn) are in parallel having internal resistances (R1,R2Rn) respectively,the arrangement can be replaced by single equivalent voltage source V in series with an equivalent series resistance R

UNITIV 1. Define self and mutual inductance and write the relation between them Self inductance : It is the property of the coil due to which it opposes any increase or decrease of a current or flux through it N L I Mutual inductance : It is defined as the ability of one coil to produce an e.m.f in a nearby coil by induction when the current in the first coil changes. M N 2 1 N1 2 I1 I2 Relation between L and M is M K L1 L2 2. What is the purpose of dot conversion and how do you establish dots? The sign of mutually induced voltage depends on direction of winding of the coils.But it is very inconvenient to supply the information about winding direction of the coils.Hence dot conventions are used for purpose of indicating direction of winding If a current enters a dot in one coil ,then mutually induced voltage in other coil is positive at the dotted end If a current leaves a dot in one coil,then mutually induced voltage in other coil is negative at the dotted end 3. What is coefficient of coupling (k) ? Coefficient of coupling is defined as the ratio of flux linking with one coil to the total flux produced by the other coil.The coefficient of coupling shows the degree of coupling to two coils.The maximum value of K is 1 K 12 21 ,When 100% of the flux lines link each coil ,then K=1 1 2 4. What is a balanced 3-phase supply system? In which all the voltages having same magnitude & frequency and displaced from by 1200 phase angle 5. The three phase system has only two types of connections i.e stat connection and delta Connection, why? In the three phase system, the three phases should be so connected that we get a system that has equal line voltages displaced 120 degrees electrical from one another and acting simultaneously in the circuit .Only star and delta connections can satisfy these conditions.Any attempt made to connect the three phases in a manner other than these two schemes will result in a system of line voltages which are neither equal nor 1200 displaced. such a system will not serve the function as if three single phase circuits being connected 6. What are the advantages of 3-phase system? The advantages of 3-phase system over a single phase system are as under i) The amount of conductor material needed to transfer same amount of power is lesser for three phase system-thus it is more economical ii) Domestic power and industrial power can be provided from the same source iii) Voltage regulation of three phase system is better 7. What is the phase sequence and give the importance of phase sequence in a 3-phase Circuits? The order in which the voltages in the three phase reach their maximum positive values is called phase sequence Phase sequence is importance in 3-phase circuits because it determines i) The direction of rotation of 3-phase motors ii) Whether one 3-phase system can be connected in parallel with another

8. Write the relations between voltages, currents and powers in and Y connected Systems Line currents :The currents flowing in the lines are called line currents Phase currents: The currents flowing through phases are called phase currents Phase voltage : The voltage across one phase and neutral is called phase voltage Line voltage:The voltage between two lines is called line voltage

VL 3VPh I L I Ph P 3VL I L Cos

VL VPh I L 3I Ph P 3VL I L Cos

3V ph I PhCos 3V ph I PhCos 9. How can you reverse the phase sequence of a 3-phse system? The phase sequence can be reversed by simply interchanging any two conductors of a 3-ph Line 10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Two wattmeter method for the measurement of 3-ph power? Advantages: 1) This method is applicable for balanced as well as unbalanced loads 2) Neutral point for star connected load is not necessary to connect the wattmeters 3) The delta connected load,need not be opened for conncting the wattmeters 4) Only 2 wattmeters are sufficient to measure total 3-phase power 5) If the load is balanced not only the power but power factor also can be determined Disadvantages: 1) Not applicable for three phase ,4 wire system 2) The signs of W1 and W2 must be identified and note down correctly otherwise it may lead to the wrong results 11. Comparison between star(Y) and delta() connections Star connection 1.VL=3 Vph 2.IL=Iph 3.Line voltage leads the respective phase voltage by 300 Delta connection 1.VL=Vph 2.IL=3Iph 3.Line current lags behind the respective phase current by 300

4.Power in star connection is one-third of power 4.Power in delta connection is 3 times of the in delta connection power in star connection 5.Three phase,three wire and three phase four 5. Only three phase three wire system is wire systems are possible possible 6.The phasor sum of all the phase currents is 6.The phasor sum of all the phase voltages is zero Zero

12. What is the difference between balanced load and unbalanced load? The load is said to be balanced when magnitudes of all the impedances are equal and the phase angles of all of them are equal and of same nature either all inductive or all capacitive or all resistive The unbalanced load is the load in which the load impedances are not same but having different values. The values of voltages and currents are also different in each phase 13.What is the purpose of current coil and voltage coil in a Wattmeter? Current coil : This senses the current and always to be connected in series with the load Voltage coil: This senses the voltage and always to be connected across the supply terminals 14 .How are the variation in wattmeter readings with power factor(lagging laod)?

Prepared by, P.Venkatesh, Lecturer, Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada.