Keywords: Compression Index, Lateral Deformation, Prefabricated Vertical Drain, Primary Consolidation, Smeared Effects, Trial Embarkment

Journal - The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (Vol. 72, No.3, September 2011)

CHIN CHONG

Journal - The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (Vol. 72, No.3, September 2011)

THE PERFORMANCE OF A PREFARICATED VERTICAL DRAINS TRIAL EMBANKMENT

Table 1: Oedometer test results before soil loading Control Embankment Depth (m) 2.5 3.1 6.4 8.4 10.5 12.0 Cc 1.50 1.70 2.00 2.00 2.60 2.60 CR 0.35 0.39 0.46 0.47 0.61 0.61 eo 3.27 3.36 3.34 3.26 3.23 3.23 Pc 35 42 50 65 90 90 Cv 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.45 Ch 0.45 -

Table 2: Oedometer test results before soil loading / treatment Prefabricated Vertical Drain Treated Embankment Depth (m) 2.5 3.1 6.4 8.4 10.5 12.0 Cc 1.20 1.70 2.80 2.10 2.00 2.60 CR 0.31 0.41 0.65 0.52 0.50 0.65 eo 2.86 3.13 3.31 3.05 3.02 2.99 Pc 30 38 50 56 75 75 Cv 0.30 0.26 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.40 Ch 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8

Journal - The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (Vol. 72, No.3, September 2011)

CHIN CHONG

Fn = n2/(n2-1)* Ln(n)-[(3*n2-1)/4*n2] Ln(n) 0.75 for n >20

Table 3: Calculated total primary consolidation settlements Control Embankment Treated Embankment 1748 mm 1724 mm Embankment thickness = 3.60m Embankment thickness = 3.60m

Journal - The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (Vol. 72, No.3, September 2011)

THE PERFORMANCE OF A PREFARICATED VERTICAL DRAINS TRIAL EMBANKMENT

Settlement Time DS 4 (With Smear Effect)

Figure 7: Settlement versus time (kh/ks = 12)

settlement (m)

Settlement Time DS 4 (With Smear Effect)

Settlement Time DS 4 (With Smear Effect)

settlement (m)

settlement (m)

Settlement Time DS 4 (With Smear Effect)

Settlement Time DS 4 (Ch from Asoaka Plor)

Journal - The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (Vol. 72, No.3, September 2011)

settlement (m)

settlement (m)

CHIN CHONG

Degree of Consolidation Time DS 4 (With Smear Effect)

Degree of consolidation

kh/ks = 1 + kh/ks = 8

kh/ks = 12 kh/ks = 1 Actual Degree

Figure 10: Degree of consolidation versus time (various kh/ks)

Table 4 : Effect of smear, drain resistance and drain length on degree of consolidation (Ch = 4.5 m2/year qw = 300 m3/year L = 14 meters ) Month 4 6 8 10 Kh/ks = 1 97.5 99.6 99.9 100 Degree of Consolidation 8 10 12 52.8 46.2 41.0 67.6 60.6 54.7 77.7 71.1 65.2 84.7 78.8 73.3 14 36.9 49.9 60.2 68.3 16 33.5 45.7 55.7 63.9

Predicted Total Primary Settlement by Empirical Methods (m) Hyperbolic DS 3 DS 4 DS 5 Average 1.971 2.138 2.101 2.070 1.971 2.192 2.137 2.100 1.698 1.728 1.666 1.697 Asoaka 1.531 1.669 1.631 1.610

Laboratory Data

Location 675-day 360-day 675-day 360-day Average Settlement (m) 6(TE) B1 = 1.748 6(TE) B3 = 1.550 6(TE) B4 = 1.698 6(TE) B6 = 1.724 1.680

Month 4 6 8 10

Kh/ks = 1 97.5 99.6 99.9 100

Degree of Consolidation 8 10 12 52.8 46.2 41.0 67.6 60.6 54.7 77.7 71.1 65.2 84.7 78.8 73.3

14 36.9 49.9 60.2 68.3

16 33.5 45.7 55.7 63.9

Predicted Total Primary Settlement by Empirical Methods (m) Hyperbolic Location 675-day CS 13 CS 14 CS 15 Average 1.303 1.341 1.434 1.359 1.322 1.067 1.435 1.274 Asoaka

Laboratory Data

360-day 675-day 360-day Average Settlement (m) 1.103 1.067 1.236 1.135 1.013 0.981 1.089 1.028 6(TE) B1 = 1.748 6(TE) B3 = 1.550 6(TE) B4 = 1.698 6(TE) B6 = 1.724 1.670

Journal - The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (Vol. 72, No.3, September 2011)

THE PERFORMANCE OF A PREFARICATED VERTICAL DRAINS TRIAL EMBANKMENT

Treated Embankment DS 3 Day 512 615 645 675 Day 453 512 615 675 Measurement Predicted 1.458 1.530 1.540 1.561 1.465 1.531 1.547 1.562

t/s = 0.507 * t + 89.7 +0.46 % +0.07 % -0.13 % +0.06% t/s = 0.456 * t + 85.9 Percentage Difference +0.26 % +0.38 % +0.18 % +1.06% Compression ratio (CR) Preconsolidation pressure Percentage Difference

Treated Embankment DS 4 Measurement Predicted 1.544 1.596 1.668 1.696 1.548 1.602 1.671 1.714

Control Embankment CS 13 Day 519 575 603 Day 417 573 612 Measurement Predicted 1.050 1.084 1.088 1.018 1.041 1.051

t/s = 0.756 * t + 117.5 Percentage Difference -3.05 % -3.97% -3.40 % t/s = 0.744 * t + 129.8 Percentage Difference +2.24 % +0.88 % -2.71 %

Control Embankment CS 14 Measurement Predicted 0.983 1.021 1.071 1.005 1.030 1.042

Preconsolidation Pressure Depth

Treated Embankment

Figure 13: Vane Shear strength versus depth (Treated)

Journal - The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (Vol. 72, No.3, September 2011) 7

Shear strength (Cuv Kn/m2)

CHIN CHONG

Vane Shear Depth

Control Embankment

Compression Ratio Depth

Control Embankment

Compression ratio (CR)

Depth (m) M1 + 6(TE) B1 6(TE) B6

Vane Shear KN/m2(Cuv)

Compression Ratio Depth

Control and Treated Embankments

Preconsolidation pressure Depth

Control Embankment

Pre Consolidation Pressure Pc(KN)

Compression ratio (CR)

Depth

Preconsolidation Pressure Depth

Control and Treated Embankments

Depth (m) M1 + 6(TE) B1 6(TE) B6

Preconsolidation pressure Pc (KN)

Depth (m) M1 + M2

Journal - The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (Vol. 72, No.3, September 2011)

THE PERFORMANCE OF A PREFARICATED VERTICAL DRAINS TRIAL EMBANKMENT

Vane Shear Depth

Control and Treated Embankment

Vane Shear(Cuv)

Depth (m) V4 (Control) + V8 (Control) V1 (Treated) V7 (Treated)

Figure 19: Vane Shear strength versus depth (Treated and control) Lateral Deformation Time
Treated Embankment 010

Lateral Deformation Time

Treated Embankment

Deformation/Fill thickness

Lateral deformation (m)

Time 010 (measured) + hyperbola

Lateral Deformation Depth

Treated Embankment 020

Depth (m)

Lateral Deformation Depth

Treated Embankment 020

Lateral deformation (m)

Lateral deformation (m)

010 (measured)

+ 020 (measured)

Fill tickness (m)

Time 020 (measured) + hyperbola

Depth (m) 14.8 + 9.81 6.91 4.90 2.76

Journal - The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (Vol. 72, No.3, September 2011)

CHIN CHONG

Lateral deformation (m)

Lateral deformation (m)

Time 040 + Hyperbola

Treated Embankment
Time 040 (measured) + 050 (measured) Fill Thickness (m)

Inclinometer R Squared Predicted Ultimate Measured (450 days) Lateral Deformation Lateral Deformation3 010 020 0.9432 0.9536 0.478 m 0.477 m Control Embankment Inclinometer R Squared Predicted Ultimate Measured (450 days) Lateral Deformation Lateral Deformation 040 050 0.9824 0.9903 0.557 m 0.416 m 0.394 m 0.317 m 0.266 m 0.320 m

Lateral Deformation versus Depth

Control Embankment 040

Lateral deformation (m)

Depth 2.76 + 4.90 6.91 9.81 14.8

Figure 25: Lateral Deformation versus depth (Control) Lateral Deformation Time: Hyperbola
Control Embankment 050

Lateral deformation (m)

Time 050 + Hyperbola

Figure 26: Lateral Deformation versus time (050 Control)(Hyperbolic)

10 Journal - The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (Vol. 72, No.3, September 2011)

THE PERFORMANCE OF A PREFARICATED VERTICAL DRAINS TRIAL EMBANKMENT

IR. CHIN CHONG obtained his B. Eng and M. Eng from the University of Malaya. He is a P.Eng, M.I.E.M, MACEM and a member of REAM. He has more than 36 years of experience in geotechnical and structural engineering works. He is the Principal of C. H. & Associates and a practicing consulting geotechnical and structural engineer.

Journal - The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (Vol. 72, No.3, September 2011)

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