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Sinh vin:

Trung Minh

Chng i : tng quan v thng tin di ng t bo

1. S pht trin ca cc dch v t bo (T ongCellular) Nm 1946, h thng in thoi di ng thng mi u tin c a vo hot ng thnh ph Saint LouisHoa K, s dng bng tn 150 MHz vi khong cch knh l 60 KHz v s lng knh b hn ch ch ti 3. Tuy nhin dch v ny va ch mi bt u th nhng nhc im c hu ca n bc l. Tt nhin nhc im chnh l do nhng nguyn nhn v can nhiu cng knh nn i hi phi phn cch v mt vt l qu ln. Nm 1947, phng th nghim in thoi Bell bt u bt tay vo kho st mt khi nim ti s dng tn s nh s dng cc t bo nh (cell) vi cc my di ng cng sut thp. Cc t bo ny c th lin kt vi nhau nh s dng mt my tnh, cho php thu bao c th di ng trong khi s lng thu bao cng mt lc gia tng ng k m h thng vn c th phc v c. Tuy nhin, thc t cc nc khc a mng t bo hot ng nh mt dch v thng mi trc c Hoa K. C th, dch v mng t bo thng mi u tin c bt u Nht Bn vo nm 1979. V rt nhanh sau n c pht trin nhiu khc trn th gii. Mc d cc dch v mng t bo pht trin rt mnh, nhng khng h c kh nng tng hp gia cc dch v trn phm vi ton cu. H thng Hoa K da trn thit k ban u ca AT&T v Motorola, c gi l AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service- dch v in thoi di ng tin tin). AMPS c s dng khong 70 nc khc trn th gii v n l tiu chun c s dng rng ri nht hin nay. Ngoi ra phi k n mt s cc tiu chun thng dng khc l: NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone- in thoi di ng Bc u), TACS (Total Access Communications Service- dch v truyn thng hon ton truy nhp) v h thng GSM (Global System for Mobile- h thng di ng ton cu). H thng NMT ban u c thit k cho cc mng tng i nh 1

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Trung Minh gm 20.000- 30.000 thu bao v cung cp 180 knh, mi knh s dng di thng 25 hoc 30 KHz trong di tn 450 MHz. Mt th h sau ny ca NMT cung cp dung lng ln hn di tn 900 MHz, n c kh nng cung cp 1.000 knh, mi knh s dng di thng 25 KHz hoc 2.000 knh, mi knh c di thng12,5 KHz. V hin ti c khong 30 nc s dng h thng NMT. H thng TACS c s dng Chu u, Anh Quc v khong vi chc nc khc. Mt dng chuyn ho ca TACS c s dng Nht Bn gi l JTACS, cung cp 1.320 knh, mi knh chim di thng 25 KHz. Cn s ra i ca GSM c th ni l do cc nc khc nhau Chu u s dng cc tiu chun mng t bo khc nhau, cho nn cn c mt tiu chun duy nht cung cp kh nng chuyn vng (Cc tiu chun khc nhau khng ch s dng cc giao thc khc nhau m cn hot ng cc tn s khc nhau, v vy khng th c tnh tng thch tn cu). Do vy h thng GSM c pht trin nh mt dch v s ho hon ton c th dng c Chu u v nhiu nc khc. GSM c thit k lm vic bng tn 900 MHz v qui nh tm khe thi gian cho mi knh rng 200 KHz. 2. Cu trc c bn ca mng t bo V c bn, h thng in thoi di ng t bo gm cc my in thoi di ng trn xe t hoc xch tay (MS), trm gc (BS) v tng i di ng (MSC- trung tm chuyn mch in thoi di ng). Trong , my in thoi di ng bao gm cc b thu/pht RF, anten v b iu khin . BS cng bao gm cc b thu/pht RF kt ni gia my di ng vi trung tm chuyn mch ca h thng, anten, b iu khin, u cui s liu v ngun cung cp. Cn MSC bao gm b phn iu khin, b phn kt ni cuc gi, cc thit b ngoi vi v cung cp chc nng thu thp s liu cc i vi cc cuc gi hon thnh. Cc thnh phn chc nng ca mng c lin kt vi nhau thng qua cc ng kt ni thoi v s li. Mi my di ng s dng mt cp knh thu/pht RF. V cc knh lu lng khng c nh mt knh RF no m thay i thnh cc tn s RF khc nhau ph thuc vo s di chuyn ca my di 2

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Trung Minh ng trong sut qu trnh cuc gi. Nn cuc gi c th c thit lp bt k mt knh no c xc nh trong vng . Cng t nhng quan im v h thng in thoi di ng m thy rng tt c cc knh c xc nh u c th bn do c kt ni mt cch ng thi vi cc my di ng. MSC x l cc cuc gi i v n t mi BS v cung cp chc nng iu khin trung tm cho hot ng ca tt c cc BS mt cch hiu qu v truy nhp vo tng i ca mng in thoi cng cng. B phn iu khin ca MSC c th ni l tri tim ca h thng t bo v n s iu khin, sp t v qun l ton b h thng. Tng i MSC kt ni cc ng m thoi thit lp cuc gi gia cc my thu bao di ng vi nhau hoc cc thu bao c nh vi cc thu bao di ng v trao i cc thng tin bo hiu a dng qua ng s liu gia MSC v BS. Cc thng tin thoi v bo hiu gia my di ng v BS c truyn i qua knh RF, cc ng kt ni thoi v s liu c nh c s dng truyn cc thng tin thoi v bo hiu gia BS v MSC.

My pht ng Quay s gi dy dnh n trc tip ring (DID) Tng B iu i khin h u ng thng cui dy dnh ring ng dy dnh ring (n cc my thu)

(n cc my thu)

Ti PSTN

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Sinh vin:

Trung Minh

Vi h thng ny, do cc my pht thng c cng sut ln hn nhiu (500 w) so vi cc my di ng (25 W). V ng nhin anten ca my di ng thng mc thp hn nhiu so vi anten pht. c ly thng tin ca h thng c nh nhau theo c hai chiu, ngi ta thng dng cc trm u xa cha cc my thu. Cc trm u xa ny s thu nhn tn hiu pht ca my di ng v gi chuyn tip tn hiu tr li b iu khin h thng x l. Trong khi , i vi mng t bo ngi ta li b tr cc my thu/pht trong v s cc t bo nh trong phm vi ca vng bao ph. Cc my thu/pht c iu khin bi mt b x l trung tm hoc mt tng i, sao cho thu bao c th di chuyn gia cc cell m dch v vn c duy tr. iu ny cho php ti s dng li tn s v to iu kin mng t bo c tim nng dung lng ln hn nhiu so vi cc h thngPSTN tin di ng trc y. Ti thng
hoc cc mng khc Tuyn kt ni Ti PSTN hoc cc mng khc MSC# 2

MSC# 1

Cell A

.. .

4
Cell B

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Sinh vin:

Trung Minh

Hnh v: H thng t bo in hnh

Chng ii : phng php truy nhp knh trong thng tin di ng

1. k thut ghp knh (Multiplexing) lm tng dung lng ca di v tuyn dng trong mt lnh vc no , chng hn nh trong thng tin di ng th ngi ta phi s dng k thut ghp knh. Hin nay c rt

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Trung Minh nhiu loi ghp knh, nhng ba hnh thc thng dng nht l: FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access- a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s). TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access- a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian). CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access- a truy nhp phn chia theo m). Lin quan n vic ghp knh l di thng m mi knh hoc mi mch chim trong mt bng tn no . Trong mi h thng ghp knh u s dng khi nim a truy nhp, iu ny c ngha l cc knh v tuyn c nhiu thu bao dng chung ch khng phi l mi khch hng c gn cho mt tn s ring. 2. FDMA i vi cc h thng t bo hin ang s dng k thut ghp knh FDMA, u chia ton b bng tn c phn phi cho mt nh khai thc mng t bo (Khong 25 MHz) thnh cc knh ri rc. V mi knh thng c rng di l 30 KHz, cho nn h thng c tt c 832 knh kh dng. Mi cuc m thoi cn s dng hai tn s, cho nn mi nh khai thc c 416 cp tn s kh dng. Mi cp c th gn cho mt thu bao mng t bo vo bt k lc no. Thit b di ng s dng k thut FDMA t phc tp hn so vi cc thit b s dng cc k thut ghp knh khc v ni chung gi thnh cng r hn. Tuy nhin, do mi knh cn dng mt my pht v mt my thu ring bit. Cho nn FDMA i hi rt nhiu thit b ti v tr trm gc. K thut FDMA c kh nng s dng c vi c cc h thng truyn dn s (Digital) ln cc h thng truyn dn tng t (Analog). Sau y l minh ho v k thut FDMA s dng cho h thng t bo analog Hoa K:
Thoi analo g 30 KHz knh 1 . . . 30 KHz knh 832

Thoi analo g

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Sinh vin:

Trung Minh

Nh vy, mi knh chim di thng v p ng cho mt cuc m thoi. Tn s ca mi knh tuy khc nhau nhng nhiu my v tuyn c th truy nhp ti c. 3. TDMA Vi TDMA mi knh v tuyn c chia thnh cc khe thi gian. Tng cuc m thoi c bin i thnh tn hiu s v sau c gn cho mt trong nhng khe thi gian ny. S lng khe trong mt knh c th thay i bi v n l mt nhim v ca thit k h thng. C t nht l hai khe thi gian cho mt knh, v thng th nhiu hn, iu c ngha l TDMA c kh nng phc v s lng khch hng nhiu hn vi ln so vi k thut FDMA vi cng mt i lng di thng nh vy. TDMA l mt h thng phc tp hn FDMA, bi v ting ni phi c s ho hoc m ho, sau c lu tr vo mt b nh m gn cho mt khe thi gian trng v cui cng mi pht i. Do vic truyn dn tn hiu l khng lin tc v tc truyn dn phi ln hn vi ln tc m ho. Ngoi ra, do c nhiu thng tin hn cha trong cng mt di thng nn thit b TDMA phi c s dng k thut phc tp hn cn bng tn hiu thu nhm duy tr cht lng ca tn hiu. Hnh v di y minh ho k thut TDMA, cc knh analog 30 kHz dng cho mng t bo h tr c ba knh digital. Cc ng truyn m thanh analog ca mi cuc m thoi i qua b bin i A/D v sau chim mt khe thi gian trong knh analog 30 kHz.

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Sinh vin:

Trung Minh

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5) (6)

B bin i A/D B bin i A/D B bin i A/D B bin i A/D B bin i A/D B bin i A/D

30 kHz knh 1
. . .

30 kHz knh 832

4. CDMA Trong k thut CDMA, tn hiu mang tin ( v d nh ting ni) c bin i thnh tn hiu digital, sau c trn vi mt m ging nh m ngu nhin. Tn hiu tng cng, tc ting ni cng vi m gi ngu nhin, khi c pht trong mt di tn rng nh mt k thut gi l tri ph. Khng ging FDMA hay TDMA, truyn dn tri ph m CDMA s dng i hi cc knh c di thng tng i rng (Thng l 1,25 MHz). Tuy nhin theo tnh ton l thuyt th CDMA c th cha c s thu bao ln gp khong 20 ln m FDMA c th c trong mt di thng tng cng nh nhau .
(1) (20) B bin i B A/D bin i A/D B bin i B A/D bin i To m To m 1,25 MHz knh 1 . . . 1,25 MHz 8 knh 20

(1) (20)

To m To m

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Sinh vin:

Trung Minh

Hnh v trn l mt minh ho ca k thut CDMA. Di thng tng t 30 kHz ln 1,25 MHz, nhng trong di thng ny by gi cn xp x 20 cuc m thoi. Mi ng thoi analog trc ht c bin i thnh digital nh b bin i A/D ng nh vi TDMA. Tuy nhin sau thm mt bc na l chn mt m c bit qua mt b to m. Sau tn hiu c pht i, tri rng thm 1,25 MHz di thng ch khng chim mt khe thi gian ring trong di ny. Cc c tnh tin tin ca thng tin di ng s dng k thut CDMA: Ti s dng tn s: Trong cc h thng thng tin di ng TDMA, mi tn s c ti s dng li ti cc t bo cch nhau mt c ly nht nh. Nhng trong h thng s dng k thut CDMA, mt tn s c s dng trn cc t bo k nhau. Vi vic ti s dng tn s, mc giao thoa cho php c th t dung lng ca h thng cao hn nhiu so vi cc h thng di ng dng k thut FDMA hoc TDMA. Dung lng t cao hn: Trong h thng di ng CDMA, khong 27 cuc gi tc 9,6 Kb/s c th lm vic ng thi trong mt sector v 18 cuc gi tc 14,4 Kb/s ng thi cho mt sector. Dung lng ca h thng CDMA ln gp 13,5 ln so vi h thng di ng AMPS, v ln gp 5 ln so vi h thng di ng TDMA. Kh nng chuyn vng mm: Qu trnh my di ng di chuyn trong vng ph sng c th xy ra ba loi chuyn vng khc nhau l: Chuyn vng cng (My di chuyn gia cc LA k nhau hay gia cc BSC), chuyn vng mm (My di chuyn gia cc BTS ca cng mt BSC) v chuyn vng mm hn (My di chuyn gia cc sector ca cng mt BTS). 9

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Trung Minh Trong khi h thng di ng TDMA s dng k thut chuyn vng ct trc khi ni th trong cng ngh CDMA li s dng k thut ni trc khi ct. Khi ang di chuyn, my di ng vn tip tc d tm tn hiu d ng ca cc trm thu pht bn cnh. N so snh tn hiu thu c ca cc trm ln cn vi tn hiu ca trm ang kt ni. Khi cng thu ca trm ln cn t n mt mc ngng no y th vic chuyn vng mm c th s c thc hin. Lc ny, my di ng gi bn tin n trm iu khin trung tm (BSC). Trm trung tm thc hi kt ni my di ng v trm thu pht mi trong khi vn gi ng kt ni ban u. Ch sau khi thc hin thnh cng vic kt ni ri mi ct lin lc vi trm c. u im ni bt ca chuyn vng mm v chuyn vng mm hn l loi tr c cc hin tng ri cuc gi hay gn on thng tin trong khi my di ng di chuyn trong vng gip danh gia cc BTS hoc gia cc sector trong cng mt BTS. Tnh a dng ca phn tp: Phn tp l mt phng php hiu qu gim fading. C ba loi phn tp l: Phn tp theo thi gian dng k thut chn m, tch li v sa sai. Phn tp theo khong cch: thit k nhiu cp antenthu ti mt trm gc BTS, thit lp nhiu ng bo hiu (chuyn vng mm) kt ni vi my di ng ng thi vi hai hoc nhiu BTS. Loi phn tp dng phng php thu a ng l phn tp cao nht nh c tnh duy nht ca CDMA l thu/pht dng m PN m cc h thng v tuyn di ng khc khng c. Nh c b tng quan song song m PN, n xc nh tn hiu thu theo mi ng sau t hp v gii iu chcc tn hiu thu c. Fading c th xut hin trong mi tn hiu thu c nhng khng c tc ng n cc ng thu khc nu khng c s tng quan PN gia cc ng thu. V vy tng tn hiu thu c c tin cy rt cao v kh nng c

10

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Trung Minh fading ng thi trong tt c cc tn hiu l rt thp. Vi vic ng dng nhiu loi phn tp, cc k thut v tuyn di ng dng k thut CDMA khc phc c cc hin tng gin on cuc gi, ci thin ng k cht lng thoi v truyn s liu. iu khin t ng cng sut pht: Cng sut pht ca my di ng c t ng iu chnh sao cho tt c cc my di ng trong mt vng phc v c th thu c vi nhy trung bnh ti b thu ca trm gc BTS. B thu CDMA ca trm gc BTS chuyn tn hiu thu c t my tng ng thnh thng tin s bng hp. Khi tn hiu thu c ca cc my di ng cn li l tn hiu nhiu ca bng rng. Th tc thu hp bng nhm nng cao t s S/N ln n mc cao nht. Dung lng ca h thng t c l ln nht khi tn hiu thu c ti BTS t cc my di ng c t s S/N t gi tr cao nht. Trm BTS cung cp chc nng m mch iu khin cng sut qua vic cung cp cho my di ng mt hng s cng sut. Hng s ny lin quan n cc yu t nh ti, tp m ca BTS, tng ch ca anten v khuch i cng sut. Cc thng tin ny c gi ti my di ng nh mt bn tin thng bo, thng qua mch ng trm gc BTS iu chnh cng sut mch m my di ng gi c cng sut pht ti u nht. Trm gc c sau khong thi gian 1,25 ms li so snh tn hiu thu c t my di ng vi gi tr ngng bin i v BTS iu khin my di ng iu chnh cng sut pht n khi t kt qu tt. Mc ch ca vic iu khin cng sut pht ca trm gc cn t mc tiu gim cng sut pht ca my di ng mi khi trng thi ri hoc v tr gn BTS. Vi kt qu ny cng sut s tp trung cung cp cho cc my vng c nguy c thu gin on hay my di ng ang v tr xa BTS. Cng sut pht thp: Vic gim t s S/N khng nhng lm tng dung lng h thng m cn c tc dng gim cng sut pht khc phc tp m v giao thoa. Khi gim cng sut pht, s gim 11

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Trung Minh c giao thoa V bn knh phc v ca mt trm gc c th t ln hn, s lng trm gc BTS cn t hn so vi cc h thng di ng TDMA. Bo mt cuc gi: H thng CDMA cung cp chc nng bo mt thng tin rt cao v to c m PN ring bit cho mi my, v vy dng my thu khc nhn dng hay tm kim l rt kh khn. 5. So snh cc cng ngh FDMA, TDMA vi CDMA ng dng trong thng tin di ng t bo: Trong FDMA mi mt khe tn s c dnh ring cho mt ngi s dng v ngi ny s dng khe tn s ny sut qu trnh cuc gi . Trong s TDMA mi ngi dng c cp cho mt khe thi gian trong qu trnh gi. S lng ngi dng c quyt nh bi s lng cc khe thi gian hay tn s khc nhau c sn. Trong s CDMA tt c cc ngi dng pht ng thi v trn mt tn s. Tn hiu c pht i chim ton b di thng ca h thng v cc dy m c s dng phn bit ngi s dng ny vi ngi s dng kia. CDMA hn hn so vi cc k thut a truy nhp khc. N c th tnh c phng sai trong hm truyn ca knh gy ra bi b chn lc tn s. Cc my thu CDMA c thit k tn dng u im t c tnh nhiu ng lin quan n fading chn lc tn s v lm gim ti thiu nh hng ca chng n dung lng ca h thng. u im ch yu v dung lng ca CDMA c c trong mi trng v tuyn a t bo. Trong thng tin di ng trc y mt trm gc cng sut ln c s dng ph sng cho mt vng rng ln. H thng ny b hn ch kht khe v mt bng tn v khng th p ng cc dch v di ng. Trong h thng in thoi di ng t bo, my pht ca trm gc n l c thay th bi rt nhiu cc trm gc c cng sut nh hn, mi my pht ph sng cho mt vng c dng t ong, gi l mt t bo. Trong cc h thng FDMA hay TDMA mi t bo c chia cho mt phn t ca dy tn s c sn. Dy tn c dng trong mt t bo c th c s 12

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Trung Minh dng li trong t bo khc cch xa sao cho tn hiu trong hai t bo ny khng gy nhiu n nhau. S K t bo s dng ht ton b ph tn c sn c gi l cluster (cm). Cc cluster c b tr nh hnh v sau:
B G C A F E B G A F E G A F E D D B C C F E G A D D B C F E A D C

B G

Hnh v: Cu trc c bn ca h thng t bo

Nhng tn hiu c bn ca ngi s dng khc ng thi trn cng bng tn s gy ra nhiu ng knh. Nhiu ng knh l mt tham s gii hn ca h thng v tuyn di ng. Phng php ti s dng tn s trong TDMA/FDMA v FM/FDMA gy ra nhiu ng knh v c cng mt di tn c s dng li mt t bo khc. Vic s dng cc cluster 7 t bo trong nhiu h thng v tuyn di ng l khng trnh hin tng nhiu ng knh. C th tng K ln hn 7 gim nhiu ng knh nhng s lm gim s lng cc knh trong mt t bo, do vy s lm gim dung lng ca h thng. Tng t nu gi nguyn h s ti s dng l 7 v chia t bo thnh nhng vng nh hn. Mi t bo c chia thnh ba hoc su vng nh s s dng ba hoc su anten 13

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Trung Minh nh hng tng ng ti trm gc phc v cho c thu ln pht. Mi vng nh ny s dng mt di tn ring, khc vi di tn ca cc vng kia. Th d, nu mt t bo c chia thnh ba vng nh th nhiu thu c trn anten nh hng ch sp x mt phn ba ca nhiu thu c trn anten v hng t ti trm gc. S dng t bo chia nh thnh ba vng th s lng ngi dng trong mt t bo c th tng thm gp ba ln trong cng mt cluster. Mt vn quan trng khc trong vic tng dung lng ca h thng l tnh tch cc ca thoi. Trong mt cuc thoi gia hai ngi, mi ngi ch ni khong 35% n 40% thi gian v nghe ht thi gian cn li. Trong h thng CDMA tt c nhng ngi s dng cng chia s mt knh v tuyn. Khi nhng ngi s dng trn knh ang lin lc khng ni th nhng ngi s dng ang m thoi khc s ch chu nh hng rt nh ca nhiu. Do vy vic gim st tnh tch cc ca ting ni lm gim nhiu a truy nhp n 65%. iu ny dn n vic tng dung lng ca h thng ln h s 2,5. Trong a truy nhp FDMA hoc TDMA vic ngi s dng c phn chia tn s hoc thi gian trong thi gian din ra cuc gi v h thng cp li hai ti nguyn ny cho hai ngi khc trong khong thi gian rt ngn khi knh n nh yn lng l khng thc t v iu ny yu cu phi chuyn mch rt nhanh gia nhng ngi s dng khc nhau. Trong FDMA v TDMA vic t chc tn s l yu cu kh khn v n kim sot nhiu ng knh. Trong h thng CDMA ch c mt knh chung nn khng cn thc hin t chc tn s. Trong FDMA v TDMA, khi my di ng ra khi vng ph sng ca t bo trong qu trnh m thoi th tn hiu thu c s b yu i v trm gc s yu cu chuyn giao (handover). H thng s chuyn mch sang mt knh mi khi cuc gi tip tc. Trong CDMA cc t bo khc nhau, khc nhau ch s dng cc dy m khc nhau nhng ging nhau l u s dng cng ph tn. Do khng cn phi thc hin handover t tn s ny qua tn s khc. Chuyn giao nh vy c gi l chuyn giao mm (soft handover).

14

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Trung Minh Trong h thng CDMA khng c mt gii hn r rng v s lng ngi dng nh trong FDMA v TDMA. Tuy vy cht lng hot ng ca h thng i vi tt c nhng ngi s dng gim t nhiu khi s lng ngi s dng cng lin lc tng ln. Khi s ngi s dng tng ln n mc no th s khin cho nhiu c th lm cho ting ni tr nn kh hiu v gy mt n nh h thng. Tuy nhin trong CDMA ta quan tm n iu kin phong to mm, c th gii to c tri vi iu kin phong to cng nh trong TDMA v FDMA khi m tt c cc knh u b chim. H thng CDMA cng c mt vi nhc im. Hai nhc im ni bt l: hiu ng t nhiu v hiu ng xa gn. Hiu ng t nhiu do cc dy m khng trc giao gy ra. Trong h thng v tuyn di ng cc my di ng truyn tin c lp vi nhau, tn hiu ca chng khng n trm gc mt cch cng lc. Do tr thi gian ca chng l phn b ngu nhin nn s tng quan cho gia cc tn hiu thu c t nhng ngi s dng l khc khng. nhn c nhiu c mc thp tt c tn hiu phi c tng quan cho nh v mi tr thi gian tng i. Tng quan cho gia cc k t c c bng vic thit k mt tp cc dy trc giao. Tuy nhin khng c mt tp dy m no c bit l hon ton trc giao khi c dng trong h thng khng ng b. Cc thnh phn khng trc giao ca tn hiu ca nhng ngi s dng khc s xut hin nh l nhiu trong tn hiu iu ch mong mun. Nu s dng my thu c b lc thch ng trong h thng nh vy th s lng ca ngi s dng b hn ch bi nhiu gy ra bi nhng ngi s dng khc. iu ny khc vi trong cc h thng TDMA v FDMA, trong cc h thng ny tnh cht trc giao ca tn hiu thu c b duy tr bng vic chn lc v ng b chnh xc. Hn ch chnh ca CDMA l hiu ng xa gn. Hin tng ny xut hin khi mt tn hiu yu t mt my di ng xa thu c ti trm gc b chn p bi tn hiu mnh t ngun nhiu . Tn hiu nhiu vi cng sut ln hn n ln cng sut tn hiu mong mun s tc dng gn nh l n tn hiu nhiu c cng sut bng cng sut ca tn hiu. khc phc hiu ng xa gn trong hu ht cc ng dng 15

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Sinh vin:

Trung Minh CDMA ngi ta s dng cc s iu khin cng sut. Trong h thng t bo iu khin cng sut c thc hin bi cc trm gc, cc trm ny nh k ra lnh cc my di ng iu chnh cng sut my pht sao cho tt c cc tn hiu thu c ti trm gc vi mc cng sut l nh nhau.

Chng iii : gii thiu chung v amps

1. Gii thiu chung AMPS l h thng in thoi di ng t ong do AT&T v Motorola- M xut s dng vo nm 1982. s dng hiu qu hn ngun tn s c gii hn nn vng phc v rng ca n c phn chia thnh cc cell nh v dch v cung cp s dng mt tn s nht nh vi mt cng sut nh cho php cc BS cch xa mt khong cch nht nh c th ti s dng cng mt tn s mt cch ng thi. Sau , ngi ta coi vng phc v tng ng nh mt hnh lc gic lm n gin ho vic thit k v tnh ton l thuyt v mng in thoi di ng. Ti s dng tn s lin quan n vic nh v cc BS ti s dng cc tn s chnh xc, khng phi s dng 16

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Trung Minh cng mt tn s gia cc BS k nhau m ch s dng li mt khong cch nht nh hoc xa hn nhm lm gim giao thoa gia cc knh ging nhau.

4 2

3 1 3

4 2 4 2 K= 4

1 3 1

4 2

1 7 5

6 4 2

3 1 7 5

7 5 6 4 2 K= 7

6 4 2 3 1

3 1

Ngoi ra cn c cc mu ti s dng tn s ng vi K= 12 hoc 19. Qua hnh v cho ta thy cc cm mu ti s dng tn sca cc BS vi tt c cc bng tn c th, s lng cell trong cm gi l yu t ti s dng tn s (K). Trong trng hp ny th hiu qu ti s dng tn s nu mt anten nh hng c s dng ti BS, v giao thoa tn s ch nh hng n cc BS s dng cng mt knh trong anten pht x nh hng. V v vy giao thoa cc knh chnh tng (Thng thng s dng vng ph sng 1200s dng 3 sector trong mt cell). Khi xut hin trng thi chuyn vng th tn hiu c kt ni vi BS c kh nng thu nhn tn hiu tt. Trong trng thi chuyn vng th knh b ngt trong khong thi gian ngn (150 ms) v chuyn vng s b tr hon hoc b cn tr trong trng hp khng c knh trong cell. Dch v chuyn vng ngoi h thng thng thng c cung cp 17

Sinh vin: ThamMinh s AMPS TSCS/ETACS NMT 900 Trung NMT mt trong 450 vng phc v khc, do mt h thng khc iu Bng m thu 9000 MHz 9000 MHz khintn pht bao ni8000 MHz n khng ng k.
Bo co thc tp

450-470 MHz Khong cch knh 30 KHz 25 KHz 25/12,5 KHz 2. So snh mt s cc thng s gia cc h thng 25/10 analog KHz Khong cch Song cng 45 MHz 45 MHz 45 MHz 10 MHz S knh 832 920 (*) 1000 (1999) 180/225 Loi iu ch FM FM FM FM lch nh 12 KHz 9,5 KHz 4,7 KHz 4,7 KHz Thit b nn dn 2:1 Syllabic 2:1 Syllabic 2:1 Syllabic Khng K hoc cell 4,7,12 4,7,12 7,9,12 7 iu ch knh iu khin (K) FSK FSK FFSK FFSK lch knh K 8 KHz 6,4 KHz 3,5 KHz 3,5 KHz M knh K Manchester Manchester NRZ NRZ Dung lng knh K 77000 62000 13000 13000 Tc truyn dn 10 Kb/s 8 Kb/s 1,2 Kb/s 1,2 Kb/s Bo mt thoi c th c th khng khng Dch v chuyn vng ngoi h thng c * Bao gm c cc knh d c cho GSM . c tr b gii hn

Chng Iv : Cu trc mng GSM

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Trung Minh 1. Cu trc mng GSM

AUC AUC ISDN VLR SS VLR HLR HLR MSC MSC EIR EIR

PSPDN

CSPDN PSTN BSS

BSC BSC BTS BTS

OMC OMC

PLMN MS MS

OSS : H thng khai thc v h tr AUC : Trung tm nhn thc HLR : B ghi nh v thng tr MSC : Tng i di ng BSS : H thng trm gc BSC : i iu khin trm gc OMC : Trung tm khai thc v bo dng PSPDN: Mng chuyn mch gi cng cng PSDN : Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng SS : H thng chuyn mch VLR : B ghi nh v tm tr EIR : Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b BTS : i v tuyn gc MS : My di ng ISDN : Mng s lin kt a dch v CSPDN : Mng chuyn mch s cng cng theo mch 19

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Sinh vin:

Trung Minh PLMN : Mng di ng mt t cng cng

2. H thng GSM

H thng ny c chia thnh h thng chuyn mch SS v h thng trm gc BSS, mi h thng ny c mt s chc nng ti thc hin tt c cc chc nng ca h thng. V nhng khi chc nng ny c thc hin cc thit b khc nhau. H thng c thc hin nh mt mng gm nhiu cell v tuyn cnh nhau cng m bo ton b vng ph sng ca vng phc v. Mi cell c mt trm v tuyn gc BTS lm vic mt tp hp cc knh v tuyn. Cc knh ny khc vi cc knh c s dng cc cell ln cn trnh nhiu giao thoa. + Mt b iu khin trm gc BSC s iu khin mt nhm BTS. BSC iu khin cc chc nng nh chuyn giao v iu khin cng sut. + Mt MSC (trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng ) phc v mt s b iu khin trm gc, MSC iu khin cc cuc gi ti v i t mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN, mng s lin kt a dch v ISDN, mng di ng mt t cng cng PLMN v cc mng s liu cng cng PSDN, v c th l cc mng ring. Cc khi ni trn u tham gia vo vic ni thng gia mt trm di ng MS v mt thu bao di ng PSDN. Nu khng th thc hin mt cuc gi n MS ta s khng cn bt c mt thit b no khc. Vn ny sinh khi ta mun thc hin mt cuc gi kt cui MS .ngi gi hu nh khng bit MS c gi u. V th cn c mt s c s d liu mng theo di MS. C s d liu quan trng nht l b ng k thng tr HLR. Khi mt thu bao di ng mua mt ng k t mt hng khai thc GSM, thu bao di ng ny s c ng k HLR ca hng ny. HLR cha cc thng tin v thu bao nh cc dch v b xung v cc tn s nhn thc, quyn thm nhp ca thu bao, cc dch v m thu bao ng k, cc s liu ng v vng m ang cha thu bao ca n (Roaming), trong HLR cn to bo hiu s 7 trn giao din vi MSC. Ngoi ra s c thng tin v v tr ca 20

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Trung Minh MS tc l hin thi v tr ca MS u thuc MSC no. Thng tin ny thay i khi MS di ng. MS s gi thng tin v v tr thng qua MSC/HLR n HLR ca mnh, nh vy m bo phng tin thu mt cuc gi. 2.1. H thng con chuyn mch (SS) H thng con chuyn mch (SS): bao gm cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh ca GSM cng nh cc c s d liu cn thit cho s liu thu bao v qun l di ng ca thu bao. Chc nng chnh ca SS l qun l thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng mng GSM vi nhau v vi mng khc. MSC thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh, nhim v chnh ca MSC l iu phi vic thit lp cuc gi n nhng thu bao ca GSM, mt mt MSC giao tip vi h thng con BSS v mt khc giao tip vi mng ngoi qua GMSC. SS cng cn giao tip vi mng ngoi s dng kh nng truyn ti ca cc mng ny cho vic truyn ti s liu ca ngi s dng hay bo hiu gi cc phn t ca mng GSM. Chng hn SS c th s dng mng bo hiu knh chung s 7, mng ny m bo hot ng tng tc gia cc phn t ca SS trong mt hay nhiu mng GSM. MSC thng l mt tng i ln iu khin v qun l mt s cc b iu khin trm gc BSC. Mt tng i MSC thch hp cho mt vng th v ngoi c dn c vo khong mt triu (vi mt thu bao trung bnh). Khi IWF: kt ni MSC vi mt s mng khc cn phi thch ng cc c im truyn dn ca GSM vi cc mng ny. Cc thch ng ny gi l chc nng tng tc IWF. IWF bao gm mt thit b thch ng giao thc v truyn dn. IWF c th thc hin trong cng chc nng MSC hay c th thit b ring, trng hp hai giao tip gia MSC v IWF c m. Khi HLR : Gi cc thng tin lin quan ti vic cung cp cc dch v vin thng khng ph thuc vo v tr hin thi ca thu 21

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Trung Minh bao v cha cc thng tin v v tr hin thi ca thu bao. Thng HLR l mt my tnh ng ring khng c kh nng chuyn mch nhng c kh nng qun l hng trm ngn thu bao. Mt chc nng con ca HLR l nhn dng trung tm nhn thc thu bao AUC. Khi trung tm nhn thc AUC ; c ni n HLR chc nng ca AUC l cung cp cho HLR cc tn s nhn thc v cc kho mt m s dng cho bo mt. ng v tuyn cng c AUC cung cp m bo mt chng nghe trm, m ny c thay i ring bit cho tng thu bao c s d liu ca AUC cn ghi nhiu thng tin cn thit khc v thu bao v phi c bo v chng mi thm nhp tri php. B ghi nh v tm tr VLR; L mt c s d liu cha thng tin v tt c cc MS hin ang vng phc v ca MSC. Mi MSC c VLR. Ngay c khi MS lu ng vo mt vng MSC mi. VLR lin kt vi MSC s yu cu s liu v MS t HLR. ng thi HLR s c thng bo rng MS ang vng MSC no. Nu sau MS mun thc hin mt cuc gi, VLR s c tt c cc thng tin cn thit thit lp mt cuc gi m khng cn hi HLR c th coi VLR nh mt HLR phn b. VLR cha thng tin chnh xc hn v v tr MS vng MSC. Tng i di ng cng GMSC : Tt c cc cuc gi vo cho mng GSM /PLMN s c nh tuyn cho tng i v tuyn cng Gateway-MSC. Nu ngi no mng c nh PSTN mun thc hin mt cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng ca mng GSM. Tng i ti PSTN s kt ni cuc gi ny n MSC c trang b mt chc nng c gi l chc nng cng. Tng i MSC ny gi l MSC cng v n c th l mt MSC bt k mng GSM. GMSC s phi tm ra v tr ca MS cn tm. iu ny c thc hin bng cch hi HLR ni MS ng k. HLR s tr li khi MSC ny c th nh tuyn li cuc gi n MSC cn thit. Khi cuc gi n MSC ny, VLR s bit chi tit hn v v tr ca MS. Nh vy c th ni 22

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Trung Minh thng mt cuc gi GSM c s khc bit gia thit b vt l v ng k thu bao. 2.2. Trm di ng(MS) : MS l mt u cui di ng, c th t trn t hay xch tay. Ti GSM c mt khi nh gi l modun nhn dng thu bao SIM, l mt khi vt l tch ring chng hn l mt IC Card cn gi l card thng minh SIM cung vi thit b trm hp thnh trm di ng. Khng c SIM, MS khng th thm nhp n mng tr trng hp gi khn. Khi lin kt ng k thu bao vi card SIM ch khng phi vi MS. ng k thu bao c th c th s dng trm MS khc nh ca chnh mnh. iu ny lm ny sinh vn MS b ly cp, v khng c bin php chn ng k thu bao nu b ly cp th khi s cn mt c s d liu cha s liu phn cng ca thit b: thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR (nhng hin nay Vit Nam th ngi ta khng dng thit b ny na bi v khi c EIR th n yu cu my c ch tiu cht lng tt. Do kinh t th trng th khng phi ai cng c th mua mt my c cht lng t yu cu ). EIR c ni Vi MSC qua mt ng bo hiu. N cho php MSC kim tra s hp l ca thit b. Bng cch ny c th cho mt MS khng c thm nhp. 2.3. H thng con BSS L mt h thng c th ring cho tnh cht t ong v tuyn ca GSM. BSS giao din trc tip vi cc trm di ng MS thng qua giao din v tuyn, v th n bao gm cc thit b thu pht ng v tuyn v qun l cc chc nng ny. Mt khc BSS thc hin giao din vi cc tng i SS. Tm la, BSS thc hin u ni cc MS vi tng i v nh vy u ni nhng ngi s dng cc trm di ng vi nhng ngi s dng vin thng khc BSS cng phi c iu khin, do n c u ni vi OSS. BSS bao gm hai loi thit b: BTS giao din vi MS v BSC giao din vi MSC. Khi BTS:

23

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Trung Minh Mt BTS gm cc thit b thu pht, anten v x l tn hiu c th cho giao din v tuyn. C th coi BTS l cc Modem v tuyn phc tp c thm mt s cc chc nng khc. Mt b phn quan trng ca BTS l TRAU l khi chuyn i m v thch ng tc . TRAU l thit b m qu trnh m ho v gii m ting c th ring cho GSM c tin hnh, ti y cng thc hin thch ng tc trong trng hp truyn s liu. TRAU l mt b phn ca BTS, nhng cng c th t cch xa BTS v thm ch cn t trong BSC v MSC.
Khi TRAU:

Khi thch ng v chuyn i m thc hin chuyn i gia ting 64kbit/s lut A v ting RPE LTP 13 kbit/s cng nh thch ng tc gia cc khung 3.6, 6, 12 kbit/s s dng giao din v tuyn. TRAU c iu khin bi BTS. Nu n c t bn ngoi BTS th vic iu khin c thc hin bi bo hiu trong bng bng cch s dng mt s bit d tr trong khung 320 bit ca cc knh lu lng 16 kbit/s trong ch c 13 kbit/s c s dng cho vic truyn lu lng cc bt d tr ni trn l cc bit iu khin. Khi BSC: BSC c nhim v qun l tt c giao din v tuyn thng qua cc lnh iu khin t xa BTS v MS. Cc lnh ny ch yu l lnh n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v chuyn giao. Mt pha BSC c n vi BTS cn pha kia ni vi MSC ca SS. Trong thc t BSC l mt tng i nh c kh nng tnh ton ng k. Vai tr chnh ca n l qun l cc knh giao din v tuyn v chuyn giao. Giao din gia BSC v MSC l giao din A, cn giao din gia BTS v BSC l giao din Abit. 2.4. H thng khai thc v h tr (OSS) c ni ti tt c cc thit b h thng chuyn mch v ni n BSC. OSS c cc chc nng chnh sau: Qun l mng t bo :

24

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Trung Minh Ti PLMN ln cn x l rt nhiu s liu, cc th tc chi tit, cc cng c qun l ph thuc c quan chu trch nhim v mng. S liu tng i v s liu h thng in thoi di ng, c s d liu ny cha tt c cc ni dung ca c s d liu v d liu ang c gi ti MSC/BSC. C th kim tra ti ch trc a n vo hot ng. S liu cell: cha tt c cc d liu cc cell PLMN. Qun l ng k thu bao: Bao gm cc hot ng ng k thu bao. Nhim v u tin l nhp v xo thu bao khi mng, ng k thu bao rt phc tp gm nhiu dch v v tnh nng b xung. Nh khai thc phi c th thm nhp tt c cc thng s ni trn. Mt nhim v quan trng khc ca khai thc l tnh cc cc cuc gi. Qun l cht lng : C mt s chc nng o c GSM, ni dung chc nng o c s cp ny c thc hin phn t mng chu trch nhim v i tng o, chng hn cc s liu nh hng theo cuc gi c thc hin MSC sau, s lng o s cp c gi ti OSS v c lu tr y. Cc php o l: o lu lng cc tuyn o lu lng cc loi lu lng o v phn tn lu lng i tng chnh o mng v tuyn l cell. 3. Cu trc a l ca mng Mi mng in thoi cn mt cu trc nht nh nh tuyn cc cuc gi vo tng i cn thit v cui cng n thu bao b gi, mt mng di ng cu trc ny rt qun trng do tnh lu thng ca cc thu bao trong mng. Vng mng: Tng i v tuyn cng GMSC kt ni cc ng truyn gia mng GSM/PLMN v mng PSTN/ISDN khc hay

25

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Trung Minh cc mng PLMN khc s mc tng i trung k quc gia hay quc t. Tt c cc cuc gi vo cho mng GSM s c nh tuyn n mt hay nhiu tng i v tuyn cng GMSC. Vng phc v MSC/VLR: Vng MSC l mt b phn ca mng c mt MSC qun l. nh tuyn mt cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng, ng truyn qua mng s c ni n MSC vng phc v MSC ni thu bao ang . Vng phc v nh l mt b phn ca mng c nh ngha nh mt vng m c th t n trm di ng nh vic MS ny c ghi li mt b nh v khc (VLR). Mt vng mng GSM c chia thnh mt hay nhiu vng phc v MSC/VLR. Vng nh v (LA-location Area): Mi vng phc v MSC/VLR c chia thnh mt s vng nh v. Vng nh v l mt phn ca vng phc v MSC/VLR m mt trm di ng c th chuyn ng t do m khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr cho tng i MSC/VLR iu khin vng nh v ny. Vng nh v ny l mt vng m thng bo tm gi s c pht qung b tm mt thu bao di ng b gi. Vng nh v c th c mt s cell v ph thuc vo mt hay vi BSC nhng n ch ph thuc vo mt MSC/VLR. H thng c th nhn dng vng nh v bng cch s dng nhn dng vng nh v LAI. Vng nh v c h thng s dng tm mt thu bao ang trng thi hot ng. (cell): Vng nh v c chia thnh mt s , l mt vng bao ph v tuyn c nhn dng bng nhn ng ton cu (CGI). Trm di ng t nhn dng mt bng cch s dng m nhn dng trm gc (BSIC). 4. M hnh tham chiu OSI 26

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Trung Minh GSM l mt h thng rt phc tp, cn phi c quy hoch v t chc c vic qui nh v vic thc hin thc t ca n. Mt m hnh xy dng cc mng thng tin s liu thng thng c t chc cc tiu chun quc t (ISO) cung cp dng m hnh lin kt cc h thng m (OSI). Cc chi tit k thut ca GSM hay cc khuyn ngh c nh ngha y ba lp di ca m hnh OSI ny.

S TT Tn lp Nhim v 7 ng dng Ngi s dng 6 Trnh by 5 Mng 4 3 Giao vn Mng Phin

M hnh tng ng GSM /

Qun l cuc gi Qun l di ng Qun l RR (*) Tp trung Phn on Tha nhn

Lin kt

Mng GSM Pht hin li M ho knh (*) RR : Ti nguyn v tuyn (Radioch iu Resource) Hnh v: M hnh OSI v vic s dng ba lp di h thng GSM 1 Vt l

27

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Trung Minh + lp thp nht (Lp 1), qui nh cc c tnh vt l ca truyn dn hay mi trng ng truyn v tuyn. Trong phm vi ca ng truyn v tuyn GSM, cc qui nh ny bao gm khng ch cc kiu iu ch tn s m cn bao hm c cu trc cc cm v cc khung hon ton trong mt mch truyn dn ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian. Do vic lp ny chu trch nhim v vic hiu chnh li ca cc bt n trong truyn dn nn yu t m ho bo v chng li cng thuc lp ny. + Lp 2, lp lin kt d liu, bao gm cc thc th linh hot chu trch nhim bo v thng tin ca cc tin bo c ngha hoc cc khung gia cc trm v tuyn. Phn on Speech Speech truyn dn s cu trc cc bn tin ca lp cao hn ph hp vi cc qui nh vt l ca mi trng lp 1 v i hi mi tnh User User hung mt s tha nhn t u thu. Cc bn tin ti u thu data data s c cu trc li t cc khung thu c v cc tha nhn s c nh dng pht li. Layer 3 + Lp 3, lp mng, chu trch nhim v qun l tt c cc cuc gi v c ti hot ng ca mng v tuyn. Cc Signallin Signallin nhim v ny c g chia nh hn thnh cc lp con qun g l vic iu khin cuc gi thit k, qun l di ng v ti nguyn v tuyn. + Cc lp cao hn c p dng ti tt c cc h thng . . . thng tin, khng cp Layer 2 v trn.. Sau y s m t hnh . . qui lut OSI bin i theo hot ng ca MS cc lp thng tin.
Bulk framesrequest acknowledgeme nt Bulk framesrequest acknowledgeme nt Error correction deinterleaving

Channel coding, error protection, interleaving

Layer 1

Equalization RF- Modulation

RF- Modulation

28 Transmitter Receiver

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Trung Minh

5. Cc c trng ca GSM Trong cc h thng in thoi di ng hin c cung cp cho cc thu bao v nh khai thc nhiu u im hn mt mng in thoi tiu chun. Nhng cn nhiu hn ch. GSM khc phc c nhng hn ch v c th hin qua cc c trng sau. Tnh tng thch: Do s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc mng t bo Chu u, hin c nhiu h thng t bo khc nhau m khng tng thch vi nhau. V vy, hin nhin l cn phi c mt tiu chun chung cho h thng thng tin di ng. V mt hi ng thc thi c thit lp vi mt nhim v phc tp l phn nh chung-ring mng tiu chun mi. Tiu chun GSM c qui nh v pht trin cc nc Chu u ang hot ng khai thc chung vi nhau . Kt qu l mt h thng t bo c thc hin khp Chu 29

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Trung Minh u. S thun li do tiu chun GSM em li, s c mt th trng ln i vi cc thit b GSM. Ngha l cc nh sn sut s cung cp cc hit b vi cht lng cao hn v gi thnh r hn. Cc thnh cng ca GSM c chp nhn v thc hin trn khp th gii. H thng thng tin di ng s GSM tng thch vi h thng bo hiu s 7 v s dng bng tn (890-915 ) MHz truyn tn hiu t my di ng n trm gc v bng tn (935-960) MHz truyn dn tn hiu t trm gc n my di ng. Loi b cc tp m: Trong cc h thng in thai t bo hin nay, my di ng thng tin vi cell bng cc tn hiu v tuyn tng t. Mc d k thut ny c th m bo mt cht lng thoi rt tt (n c s dng nhiu i v v tuyn qung b stereo), nhng n d b tp m xm nhp . Tp m s giao thoa vi h thng hin hnh, c th c pht sinh bi cc nguyn nhn sau : Mt ngun cng sut mnh hoc ko di , gn vi h thng thng tin di ng (nh h thng nh la trn t , st ...) S truyn dn cc my di ng khc nhau trn cng mt tn s (nhiu knh chung). S truyn dn cc my di ng khc nhau, theo kiu xuyn ngang t mt tn s ln cn (nhiu knh ln cn ). Nhiu nn xm nhp v tn hiu qu yu. i ph vi nhnh vn gy ra nhiu trong h thng t bo mi ngi ta s dng cc tn hiu s tay cho tn hiu tng t. Cc tn hiu c pht trn mt giao din v tuyn - s c th c bo v chng li cc li pht sinh do tp m. Vic bo v ny s hnh thnh t s m ho ca tn hiu, m c ch l do s quyt nh ca phn mm v s dng gii m viterbi. Cc c ch ny cho php pht hin v sa cha cc li mt tn hiu. Kt qu l c mt giao din v tuyn mnh hn nhiu.

30

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Trung Minh Thng tin di ng s c th chu c mc nhiu cao hn so vi cc h thng tng t hin c, dn n vic ci thin c cht lng ln hiu qu h thng thng tin di ng . Tnh linh hot v tng thm dung lng: Vi giao din v tuyn tng t hin c, mi kt ni gia mt thu bao di ng vi mt Cell i hi phi c sng mang RF ring, iu dn n i hi Cell phi lp t thm modul (phn cng ) RF. V vy, m rng dung lng ca mt Cell th phi tng thm s lng cc knh v cc modul RF c cht lng tng ng phi c a thm vo thit b ca Cell. Do , vic m rng h thng l tn nhiu thi gian, tin ca v cng sc Nh vy, cc hng khai thc cng bao hm c vic lp k hoch RF rt phc tp. khai thc mt cch hp php, tt c cc h thng phi s dng mt khong tn s RF oc qui nh cht ch, ch trong khong tn s (872-960 MHz). R rng ph tn s b nhiu hn ch v ch mt s lng c hn cc cuc m thoi l c th chn c trn mt s lng knh v tuyn cho, do , thng xuyn c s qu ti xy ra ti gi cao im ca nhu cu, kt qu l call blocking (tc thu bao s nghe mt cho bit ng truyn ang bn ), hu qa l s khng tho mn ca thu bao. Khi m giao din s c s dng h thng GSM s a n vic gii quyt vic s dng ph v tuyn c sn mt cch hiu qu hn. Tm cuc gi ng thi c thc hin trn mt sng mang RF. iu c ngha l mi modul RF ring s p ng cho 8 thu bao cng mt lc, v nh vy h thng s c m rng, yu cu thay i modul RF thng t hn so vi cc h thng c. Do h thng l rt linh hot v n c th thay i dung lng bng mt b phn khc ca mng bng cch t li cu hnh t c s d liu ca h thng. S dng cc giao din tiu chun: Trong mng t bo mi thit b c s dng l c ch to bi mt nh sn sut. iu l v mt hng sn xut ch sn xut thit b c thit k thng tin vi nhau. 31

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Trung Minh Tnh trng ny c th rt c li cho cc hng sn xut nh h c nh hng ln ln s nh gi cc sn phm ca h, nhng li l iu khng c li i vi ngi s dng in thoi di ng v nh khai thc mng v gi thnh thit b cao. Vi h thng thng tin di ng s GSM th ngc li, v do cc giao din tiu chun nh C7 v X25 c s dng trong ton h thng. iu ny c ngha l cc nh qui hoch h thng c th la chn thit b vi gi thnh khc nhau ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau. V vy, s cnh tranh gia cc hng sn xut vi nhau s tng ln v gi thnh s h xung. Ngoi ra, cc nh thit k mng s c nhiu linh hot hn khi t mua cc cu kin ca mng, tc l h c t to ra nhiu hiu qu s dng cc ng truyn mt t m h ang khai thc. An ton v bo mt tuyt i: Vn an ton c xem ng u danh mc cc vn s c cnh tranh ca cc nh khai thc cc h thng tng t. Trong mt vi h thng th h u c khong 20% cuc gi b n cp. bo mt s liu v thoi c tt, GSM a ra ngh bo mt c v phng php truyn dn trn giao din v tuyn v c cch thc lu lng c x l trc khi truyn dn. Cc d liu c iu khin v bo hiu s c mt m cng vi cc k thut nhn thc thu bao tinh vi s loa tr vic n cp cuc gi. h thng GSM thit b di ng s c nhn dng mt cch c lp t thu bao di ng. Mi my di ng c mt s nhn dng c m ho cng khi sn xut kim tra nu nh n c khai bo l b mt cp. H thng GSM m bo mt mc cao tnh bo mt cho cc thu bao, cc cuc gi s c s ho, m ho v sau c gi mt m trc khi pht ln khng gian. Chuyn vng nhanh hn: Chuyn vng xy ra khi my di ng di chuyn gia cc cell. Mt cuc gi s c chuyn t mt knh ny n knh khc v t mt cell ny n mt cell khc duy tr cuc gi c lin tc. Trong cc h thng tng t hin c, ch c thu bao rt tt mi nhn ra mt chuyn vng xy 32

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Trung Minh ra. Cn h thng GSM gii quyt vn ny v qu trnh chuyn vng c iu khin cht ch hn nhiu. GSM cho php a nhiu yu t vo tnh ton v c tnh ton chi tit hn (o cng tn hiu ca cc cell ln cn). Nhn dng thu bao: So vi cc h thng tng t, mi thu bao di ng c nhn dng bi s my in thoi m n c gn ln thit b di ng ca n. V vy nu thu bao mun thu/pht cc cuc gi th cn phi c thit b di ng. Trong h thng GSM, thu bao v thit bi di ng c nhn dng mt cch ring r. Thu bao c nhn dng bng mt card thng minh (Smart card),c bit nh mt khi nhn dng thu bao SIM. Ngha l ngi s dng ch cn mua thu bao mt h thng di ng nhng c kh nng s dng cho nhiu kiu thit b di ng khc nhau (Fax, Computer, in thoi di ng). Ngha l khi di chuyn thu bao ch cn mang theo SIM card ca n. V SIM card nhn din ngi s dng nn bt k ni no cc cuc gi ca thu bao to ra, ho n tnh cc s lun lun c c gi ti b ghi nh v thng tr (HLR) ca thu bao. Tnh tng thch vi ISDN: ISDN l mt tiu chun m hu ht cc nc ang pht trin cam kt thc hin. y l mt mng thng tin mi v tin tin c thit k truyn thoi v s liu thu bao trn cc ng truynthoi tiu chun. Mng GSM c thit k khai thc vi h thng ISDN v s cung cp cc c tnh c th tng thch vi n.

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Trung Minh

CHNG V : mng vms - mobifone

1. khi qut chung Hin nay, ti Vit Nam c hai mng in thoi di ng tiu biu l MobiFone v VinaFone s dng h thng GSM tin tin ny. Trong th mng MobiFone chnh thc khai trng ngy 16/4/1993 theo quyt nh ng n kp thi ca tng Cng Ty Bu Chnh vin thng Vit Nam. VinaFone khai thc ngy 26/6/1996. C hai mng ny u phc v cho a bn ton quc, gm ba trung tm chuyn mch (MSC) v cc thnh phn x l cuc gi ti H ni, nng v Thnh ph H Ch Minh (VLR). Trong cc trung tm ca mi mng u lin kt vi nhau v thc hin Roaming ni b nhm phc v thun tin cho cc thu bao. MobiFone l tn ca h thng thng tin di ng VMS cung cp. VMS l nh khai thc dch v thng tin di ng kinh nghim nht ti Vit Nam v l doanh nghip nh nc i u trong lnh vc khai thc dch v thng tin di ng. Cng ty thng tin di ng VMS cng vi i tc l hng 34

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Trung Minh Comvik Intenational Vit Nam AB thuc tp on Kinnevik Thu in u t trn 340 triu USD cho h thng thng tin di ng MobiFone. H thng thng tin di ng MobiFone cho php ch gi c gi v nhn cuc 61/61 trung tm tnh v thnh ph v ti nhiu nc trn th gii ch vi mt thu bao. Mc tiu chnh ca cng ty l m rng vng ph sng, tng cng cht lng mng li, pht trin cc dch v mi cht lng cao. Cho n nay h thng thng tin di ng MobiFone vn lun c nh gi l h thng thng tin di ng c cht lng v uy tn nht ti Vit Nam. Do vy m cho n cui nm 2000 MobiFone lp t c 148 trm BTS ti min Bc. Ti min Bc c cc thng s sau: S site : 85 S cell : 148 S TRX (trm thu pht ) : 278 Tnh c ph sng : 29 Tnh cha c ph sng : 0 VMS-MobiFone c 5 tng i MSC vi 1 tng i MSC thuc H Ni, 1 tng i MSC ti Nng v 3 MSC thuc thnh ph H Ch Minh. V vy VMS s ph sng hu ht cc khu dn c, khu cng nghip, trc l, khu di tch, cc ca khu bin gii,... Trn ton Vit nam. Mi b c mt trung tm khai thc v bo dng phn v tuyn OMC-R v phn chuyn mch OMC-S. Hin nay VMS s dng m hnh s dng li tn s l 4/12. V c 40 tn s c s dng. Khong cch gia bng tn ln v xung l 45 MHz. Cc dch v mi nh dch v in thoi di ng tr tin trc, chuyn vng quc t c MobiFone a ra khai thc nhng nm gn y c ng o khch hng n nhn. Vy MobiFone l : H thng thng tin di ng s GSM H thng thng tin di ng ph sng ton quc vi cht lng cao nht, dch v a dng nht.

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Trung Minh H thng thng tin di ng cho php cc thu bao s dng cng mt s thu bao ti Vit Nam v nhiu nc trn th gii. H thng thng tin di ng vi dch v chm sc khch hng 24/24. H thng thng tin di ng pht trin nhanh vi vn u t tt Mi lc mi ni. Ni tm li, ch sau 7 nm MobiFone c quyn t ho l mt mng thng tin di ng ln nht ti Vit Nam, c vng ph sng ln nht ti Vit Nam. 2. Chng trnh pht trin dch v h thng thng tin di ng Dch v MobiFone: y l dch v thng tin di ng tr sau, l dch v c bn do VMS- MobiFone cung cp. Cc thu bao di ng c th s dng MS ca n nhn v thc hin tt c cc cuc gi ti nhng ni m MobiFone ph sng (k c nc ngoi ) v thu bao MobiFone c th s dng tt c cc dch v ph do MobiFone ang cung cp. Dch v Mobicard: y l loi hnh thng tin di ng tr trc u tin VMS-MobiFone gii thiu ti Vit Nam. Khi s dng loi hnh dch v ny th MS phi c mt th SIM (khi giao din thu bao) v mt th Mobicard v c th ho mng thng tin di ng MobiFone v c th thc hin nhn tt c cc cuc gi. 3. Cc dch v gi tr gia tng hin ang c cung cp cho thu bao MobiFone v Mobicard Chuyn vng trong nc: (cung cp cho thu bao MobiFone v Mobicard) Dch v ny gip cc thu bao di ng nhn v thc hin cuc gi ti 61/61 tnh v thnh ph trn ton quc.

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Trung Minh Hin th s thu bao ch gi: (cung cp cho thu bao MobiFone v Mobicard) Dch v ny gip thu bao di ng thy c s in thoi trn mn hnh my di ng. Cm hin th s thu bao ch gi: (cung cp cho thu bao MobiFone ) Dch v ny khin ngi m thu bao ch gi ti khng thy c s thu bao ca my ny trn mn hnh my di ng. Dch v gi cuc gi: (cung cp cho thu bao MobiFone) Dch v ny gip thu bao di ng t cuc gi ch ch v gi t mt s my khc. Dch v ch cuc gi: (cung cp cho thu bao MobiFone ) Dch v gip thu bao di ng tr li cuc in thoi th hai ngay c trong lc thu bao di ng ang ni chuyn vi ngi gi th nht. Dch v chuyn tip cuc gi: (cung cp cho thu bao MobiFone ) Dch v gip thu bao di ng chuyn cuc gi ti mt s my khc khi my ca thu bao di ng bn ngoi vng ph sng hoc khng hot ng. Hp th thoi: (cung cp cho thu bao MobiFone) Dch v ny gip thu bao di ng lun gi c lin lc ngay c khi my in thoi ca thu bao di ng ht pin hay ngoi vng ph sng. Khi thu bao di ng khng th tr li in thoi, ngi gi c th nhn li vo hp th ca thu bao di ng v sau thu bao di ng c th s dng in thoi di ng ca mnh hay bt c in thoi no nghe li tin nhn c ghi. Dch v truyn Fax: (cung cp cho thu bao MobiFone ) Dch v cho php thu bao di ng gi i mt bn tin Fax bng cch kt ni trc tip my vi tnh v my in thoi di ng. 37

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Trung Minh Dch v truyn d liu: (cung cp cho thu bao MobiFone ) Dch v ny cho php thu bao di ng truyn i bng cch kt ni trc tip my vi tnh v my di ng. Dch v nhn tin ngn: (cung cp cho thu bao MobiFone v Mobicard) Dch v ny gip thu bao di ng gi i nhng bn tin nhn di dng ch vit trong nhng tnh hung khng tin ni trn in thoi, v d nh ang ni n o, hay khng mun ngi khc bit c ni dung trao i. Dch v chuyn vng quc t: (cung cp cho thu bao MobiFone ) Dch v chuyn vng quc t cho php MS thc hin cc cuc gi i v nhn cc cuc gi n bng my in thoi di ng ca mnh ti tt c cc nc c k tho thun chuyn vng quc t vi MobiFone m khng cn thay i th SIM v s my in thoi di ng ca mnh. Hin nay MobiFone m dch v ti 43 nh khai thc ti 28 quc gia v vng lnh th khc nhau trn th gii. Tnh cc n gin ca dch v chuyn vng quc t : Cc cuc gi thu bao di ng nc ngoi s c tnh cc theo quy nh ca nh khai thc ti tng nc. Cch quay s cuc gi c thc hin nh cch quay s ca cc thu bao nc s ti. i vi dch v chuyn vng quc t cng cho php khch hng nhn cuc gi nc ngoi nh l khi ang Vit Nam. Ch gi ch tr cc n v tr ng k ca thu bao MobiFone ti Vit Nam cn thu bao MobiFone phi tr cc cho phn nh tuyn li cuc gi t Vit Nam ra nc ngoi. Dch v sau bn hng: (cung cp cho thu bao MobiFone v Mobicard) VMS-MobiFone tht lp mt h thng ca hng v i l rng khp trong c nc to iu kin cho khch hng n giao dch. Ngoi h thng ca hng v i l, cc i 38

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Trung Minh bn hng trc tip v thu cc trc tip cng c thnh lp ti nh khi khch hng yu cu. Bn cnh , cc trung tm dch v khch hng ti Vit Nam, Nng v thnh ph H Ch Minh cng l nhng a ch tin cy ca MobiFone ni khch hng c th ti ng k dch v, c hng dn v gii p tt c cc thc mc v my di ng v dch v sa cha v bn hng. Nhn tin qung b: Dch v ny cung cp min ph cho thu bao MobiFone v Mobicard. Vi dch v ny thu bao di ng s nhn c cc thng tin d bo thi tit, gi vng v gi USD, tin th thao, lch bay ca Vit Nam Airlines, tin khuyn mi ca MobiFone,... Nhng thng tin ny c gi trc tip ti MS di dng tin ngn (dch v ny ang c th nghim ti khu vc min Bc v s c trin khai trong thi gian ti ). WAP ( giao thc ng dng khng dy): WAP l mt dch v mi c cung cp nhm mc ch a cc thng tin t mng Internet ti cc my in thoi di ng. Dch v cho php thu bao di ng tm kim nhng thng tin hu ch trn in thoi di ng nh t gi hi oi, tin th thao, d bo thi tit, cc chng trnh gii tr, tin tc thi s, thng tin v th trng chng khon, tin MobiFone lch bay, kt qu s x,... c bit thu bao di ng c th kim tra gi v nhn E-mail t in thoi di ng ca mnh (dch v ny s c cung cp trong thi gian ti ). 4. Cu trc cell v tn s H thng v tuyn trong GSM lm vic trong mt bng tn hp, di tn GSM c bn t 890 -960 MHz. Bng tn ny c chia lm hai phn : Bng tn ln (Uplink Band): vi di tn t 890-915 MHz cho cc knh v tuyn t trm di ng ti h thng trm gc.

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Trung Minh Bng tn xung (Downlink Band): vi di tn t 935-960 MHz cho cc knh v tuyn t h thng trm gc ti cc trm di ng. Bng tn ca h thng GSM c bn c chia thnh hai bng sng, mi bng c rng 25 MHz bao gm 124 sng mang. Do vy khong cch gia cc knh (khong cch gia hai tn s sng mang ca hai knh lin nhau) l 200 KHz. Mi knh s dng hai tn s ring bit: mt dng cho truyn t trm di ng v mt cho truyn t MS. Cc knh ny c gi l knh song cng, khong cch gia hai tn s ni trn c gi l c ly song cng (Duplex distance). C ly ny khng i v bng 45 MHz. Knh v tuyn ny mang 8 khe thi gian TDMA v mi khe thi gian l mt knh vt l trao i thng tin gia mng v trm di ng MS. Vng mng PLMN c chia thnh nhiu cell v tuyn nh c bn knh t 350m n 35 Km. Kch thc thc t ca cc cell ph thuc vo a hnh v lu lng thng tin. Mi cell v tuyn tng ng vi mt trm thu pht gc BTS. Tu theo cu to ca anten m ta phn loi BTS khc nhau. BTS lin lc v tuyn vi tt c cc my thu bao di ng MS c mt trong cell. Hnh dng ca cc cell ph thuc vo kiu anten v cng sut ra ca tng trm BTS.

Omni cell: Cell ny s dng anten v hng pht ng hng, hnh trn trn biu th vng ph sng ca anten ny, ng bin tng ng vi qu tch cc m c cng c ly n v tr m 40

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Trung Minh ti cng tn hiu suy gim n gi tr ti thiu yu cu ca my thu ( nhy my thu). Cell kiu ny c quy hoch cho vng c mt thp. Cell split phase 0 : Cc cell c tng trng bng cc hnh lc gic, s dng ba cell cho mt site. Site ny dng anten nh hng to ra 3 sector theo 3 hng khc nhau, mi hng tng ng vi mt cell. Gc phng v ca cc anten hng cc i cch nhau 120 . Mi cell s dng anten pht c rng rng na cng sut pht l 60 v 2 anten thu phn tp cng c rng nh vy. Cell ny c s dng cho cc vng c mt cao. Cell split phase 1: Cell ny c pht trin t phase 0 bng cch t mi cell ban u 1 site sector. Mi site ny chia nh cell thnh 3 cell mi. Nh vy s cell mi =3* s cell c. Cell ny dng cho vng c mt rt cao. Cellular network: Mng s s dng rt nhiu cell ty theo vng c mt thp hay cao m ngi ta la chn cc kiu cell. s dng trit bng tn trong GSM cn phi s dng li tn s: bng tn sn c c chia thnh 124 tn s song cng, cc tn s ny c chia thnh cc nhm tn s, nhm tn s ny c n nh cho mt vng no bao gm nhiu trm BTS. Cng mu tn s ny c th em p dng cho vng bn cnh m khng gy ra hin tng nhiu giao thoa ng knh khi t c khong cch ln gia hai trm BTS s dng chung mt tn s. Do vy, tu vo anten l v hng hay nh hng m ta c mu s dng li tn s khc nhau. Nh vic s dng li tn s ta c th tng dung lng cho ton mng. Thc t s dng cell VMS VMS s dng Cell split Phase 0, s dng mu s dng li tn s 4/12. 41

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Trung Minh Nhm cc s 84 Cc knh 96 10 8 12 0 85 97 10 9 12 1 86 98 11 0 12 2 87 99 11 1 12 3 88 10 0 11 2 12 4 89 10 1 11 3 90 10 2 11 4 91 10 3 11 5 92 10 4 11 6 93 10 5 11 7 94 10 6 11 8 95 10 7 11 9 tn A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3

5. Cu hnh truyn dn mng MobiFone (trang sau) 6. S kt ni trung tm I

(Xem cc file km theo)

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