Mobility Solutions

3GPP2/3GPP Standards & Status

Eshwar Pittampalli, Ph.D., P.E. Bell Labs Fellow
Lucent Technologies PROPRIETARY Use pursuant to Company instructions

Outline

3GPP2 Standards Status and Evolution 3GPP Standards Status and Evolution

December, 2004

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Slide 2

Wireless Standards Evolution

3G CDMA - IMT-2000 Compliant
2000 2G
CDMA IS-95-A
Voice 14.4 kbps CSD & PD

2004
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev A 3.1 Mbps FL 1.8 Mbps RL

2006

3GPP2

3GIS-95-B
CDMA2000 1X

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev 0 2.4 Mbps FL RF Backward Comp.

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev B 3.1 Mbps FL 3.1 Mbps RL MIMO Multi-Carrier CDMA2000 1xEV-DV Rev E 3.1 Mbps FL 3.1 Mbps RL MIMO Multi-Carrier

Voice 64 kbps Packet RF Backward Comp.

High Capacity Voice 153 kbps Packet RF Bckward Comp.

CDMA2000 1xEV-DV Rev C 2.4 Mbps FL RF Backward Comp

CDMA2000 1xEV-DV Rev D 3.1 Mbps FL 1.8 Mbps RL

TDMA IS-136 Voice 9.6 kbps CSD

EDGE (US) EDGE (Europe) 384 kbps Packet

3GPP
2004*
W-CDMA HSDPA R5 10-14 Mbps DL

2005
W-CDMA E-DCH R6

2006?
W-CDMA Release 7

GSM

GSM GPRS
UMTS/W-CDMA R99 114 kbps Packet RF Backward Comp. High Capacity Voice 384+ kbps Packet New RF

Voice 9.6 kbps CSD

Up tp 4 Mbps (2 msec) TTI UL Up to 2 Mbps (10 msec) TTI UL

StandardWork-in-progress

* CRs still active

Legend

December, 2004

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Slide 3

3GPP2 1xEV-DO (HRPD) Standards Status and Evolution

Standards
1xEV-DO (HRPD) Rev 0 1xEV-DO (HRPD) Rev A

QoS
Inter-User Intra-User Enhanced Multi-flow applications with differing QoS:TIA-1054 To be published in 1/05

VoIP
Shorter frames Multi-user packets

BCMCS

1xEV-DO (HRPD) continues to evolve to meet market needs

December, 2004
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Slide 4

1xEV-DO (a.k.a. HRPD) Revision 0

Designed for downlink intensive, delay-tolerant applications Web browsing File transfer IM, email, etc Capacity Forward Link Physical layer Hybrid-ARQ Multi-user diversity Coverage Enhancement Equal to or better than IS-2000 systems QoS control Fair (Proportional-fair, Grade of service-fair) scheduler on FL

Downlink intensive Internet applications were considered during development of Revision 0

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Slide 5

1xEV-DO Rev. A Features

Improvements to support higher capacity and low latency applications, including VoIP & gaming Forward And Reverse Link Data Rate Improvements
3.1 Mbps FL, 1.8 Mbps RL (Achieve ~ 450-500 kbps (~240 kb/s with Rev 0)) Supports for Header Stripping and Compression Shorter RL frame length for reduced latency
The minimum delay of a packet delivery on the RL is shortened from 26.6 ms (1 Frame) to 6.7 ms (FL stays at 1.67
msec)

Multi-user frames (for FL) HARQ Inter-user & Intra-user QoS Data Source Control (DSC) for seamless cell selection
The function of the DSC channel is to indicate the desired FL serving cell ahead of the DRC sector information. With DSC, once an AT wants to switch cells, it first sends the DSC information that contains the new cell information so that the switching process can start while the AT is still receiving data from the old cell. Once the DSC message takes effect, the AT would then point its DRC to the one of the sectors in the new cell and receive service instantly.

Broadcast and Multicast Services (BCMCS) (IS-1006)

Rev. A improves RL capacity and latency and adds features

December, 2004
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Slide 6

Shorter RL Frames
The average minimum packet transmission time in Revision 0 is 40 msec (26.67ms frame size plus 13.33ms average framing delay)
Framing delay due to the fact that transmissions packet transmissions can only happen at 26.67ms boundary

The shorter frames in Revision A (6.67ms) provides average minimum packet transmission time of only 10ms (6.67ms frame size plus 3.33ms average framing delay) if the transmission succeeds on first Hybrid ARQ attempt
The total packet transmission time depends upon the number of hybrid ARQ retransmission attempts

Shorter frames help to improve system VoIP and gaming traffic capacity by reducing delay and allowing packet aggregation of voice frames
Reduced transmission delay can be traded off for packet aggregation delay

Key Rev A Performance improvements- Shorter RL packets

December, 2004
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Slide 7

Multi-User Packets
For Rev 0 only one packet from one user can be transmitted to the mobile in any given time slot Rev-A allows multiplexing of Traffic for Different ATs into a Single Physical Layer Packet
For Rev A packets from one to eight users could be transmitted to mobiles in any given time slot Better resource utilization for applications with shorter packets (e.g. VoIP)

Rev. A allows multiplexing different ATs data into a single packet

December, 2004
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Slide 8

QoS and BCMCS on Rev A (also operable on Rev.0)

QoS: Different packages offer different QoS sensitive services differing user
experience for the same applications (e.g. 128 Kbps browsing/file download vs. 64 Kbps); can influence rate, power control, and number of RLP retransmissions Inter-User QoS Enables the operator to partition services into different levels for different classes of users. The throughput & priorities between different levels of service classes will likely be relative. Intra-User QoS Enables One User To Have Different Applications With Different QoS. This Feature Enables Applications Like VoIP And Video Streaming.

Multiple flows with different QoS treatments (e.g., Gaming, VoIP): TIA1054

Broadcast/ Multicast Service

Provides Delivery Of The BCMCS IP Flows To Users In One Or More Parts Of The Network.

Rev. A Enhancements that are operable on Rev.0 Physical Layer

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Slide 9

VoIP
1xEV-DO Rev 0 is optimized for large downloads, and may be inefficient with smaller speech packets Issues for implementation of VoIP DO on rev 0 include:
FL handoff time may yield unacceptable silence gap Packet delivery is best effort Delays may not be acceptable Overhead protocols required for IP may impair spectral efficiency

Rev A addresses these issues by:

Fast downlink handoff via Data Source Control (DSC) channel QoS constraints Delay is minimized for delay-sensitive packets Reduction of overhead efficiency via header compression Improved scheduling, and better multi-user multiplexing

Key Rev A Performance improvements VoIP Enablers

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Slide 10

Fast Cell Selection (FCS:DSC)

t1 t2

FL Serving Cell BS1

DRC Change Cover

Service Interruption

FL Serving Cell BS2 Time

DRC Change Detection At BS1 and BS2 Cover t1

Qtransfer To BS2

1xEV-DO Revision 0
AT changes DRC cover to indicate serving sector/cell change From Cell. To Cell has to detect the change. BSC performs Queue transfer Outage: AT cannot be served a new packet once BSC starts Q-transfer t2

FL Serving Cell BS1

DSC Change Cover DSC Change Detection At BS1 and BS2 Cover DRC Cover Change

FL Serving Cell BS2 Time

Qtransfer To BS2

1xEV-DO Revision A

DSC (Data Source Control) Channel provides early indication of cell switching instant to minimize (or eliminate) service outage. Since serving cell change instant is precisely known, From Cell knows exactly when to stop transmission and To Cell knows exactly when to start transmission.

Fast Cell Selection VoIP Enabler for Handoffs

December, 2004
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Slide 11

Broadcast-Multicast Service (BCMCS)

Delivers IP Flows From BCMCS Programs to Users In One Or More Parts Of The Network.
Multiple Channels of Content to Multiple Users Simultaneously User May Select Content Based On Pricing Plans

Using following controls below, operator can generate a wide spectrum of services for their customer base:
Which IP Flows Are Delivered To Which Parts Of The Network & When Billing The User/Content Provider Encryption Of The IP Flows
Channel 1.News Clips..Music Videos... Channel 2...Movie Clips.TV Shows.. Channel n.Internet Radio...Weather Channel..
~100 kbps low quality video ~28 kbps stereo audio Dual Rev. 0 with soft combining 268.4 kbps Dual Rev. 0 with no SC 153.6 kbps Source: QCOM

BCMCS- Content and Operator controls

December, 2004
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Slide 12

BCMCS Services
Integrated Unicast with Broadcast (for all revisions) 1 2 4 8 12 16

Broadcast Unicast

Data 400 chips

MAC Pilot MAC 64 96 64 chips chips chips

Data 400 chips

Data 400 chips

MAC Pilot MAC 64 96 64 chips chips chips

Data 400 chips

P r( PE

BCMCS

PDR

R< 0.1 %)

Channel Model
A: 4 path, 3kmph B: 6 path, 10 kmph C: 6 path, 30kmph D:4 path, 120 kmph

153.6 kb (rev. 0) 100%

PDR: Peak Data Rate

100%

100%

100%

* 2.0 km ICD

HRPD Rev. 0/A Supports Both Unicast and Broadcast on the Same Carrier
December, 2004
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Slide 13

BCMCS Services (2)

Integrated Unicast with Broadcast (for all revisions) 1 2 4 8 12 16

Broadcast Unicast

Data 400 chips

MAC Pilot MAC 64 96 64 chips chips chips

Data 400 chips

Data 400 chips

MAC Pilot MAC 64 96 64 chips chips chips

Data 400 chips

P r( PE

BCMCS

PDR

R< 0.1 %)

Channel Model
A: 4 path, 3kmph B: 6 path, 10 kmph C: 6 path, 30kmph D:4 path, 120 kmph

409Kb(rev.A)

<=95%

<=95% 100%

97% 100%

99% 100% *
2.0 km ICD

153.6 kb (rev. 0) 100%

HRPD Rev. 0/A Supports Both Unicast and Broadcast on the Same Carrier
December, 2004
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Slide 14

(E)BCMCS Performance Summary

Pr( PE
R< 0.1 %)

Channel Model
A: 4 path, 3kmph B: 6 path, 10 kmph C: 6 path, 30kmph D:4 path, 120 kmph

PDR EBCMCS
1.2Mb (2048) 614 Kb (2048) 409 Kb (2048)

<90% 97% 100%

<90% 98% 100%

<90% 98% 100%

96% 99% 100%

2.5 km ICD (in Standards discussion)

BCMCS

409Kb(rev.A)

<=95%

<=95% 100%

97% 100%

99% 100% *

2.0 km ICD

153.6 kb (rev. 0) 100%

Pr(PER<0.1%): Probability coverage for 0.1% PER Pr( PER<0.1%): PDR: Peak data rate PDR: ICD: Inter cell distance ICD:

Mobile Rx Diversity, (16,12) Reed Solomon Code, Soft Combining

* Reference: IEEE Communications Magazine February 2004

EBCMCS Improves Data Rates Achievable at Cell Edge

December, 2004
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Slide 15

Likely 1xEV-DO Rev. B Features

(The concepts mentioned below are Lucent pioneered ideas that were presented to 3GPP2 during the past meetings. However, these have not officially been accepted as 1xEV-DO Revision B work items yet. They are likely to be approved as work items for Rev. B in 1Q2005. )

Burst Mode

Defines slot-synchronized slot-orthogonal RL transmissions. Very high Rise-over-Thermal (RoT) allowed during RL burst Tx (by limited set of mobiles) BTS controlled fast scheduling, H-ARQ and adaptive modulation/coding (AMC) in the RL

Multi-Carrier

Mode (wideband system for broadband*)

Supports transmission/reception across multiple 1.25 MHz DO carriers

BS can dynamically assign a wider RF channel in order to serve higher throughput needs. All overhead channels in one carrier to maintain backward compatibility.

Backwards compatible to single carrier DO mobiles

Flexible/Dynamic bandwidth (1.25 - 10MHz)

Performance benefits
N times the peak data rate where N is the number of carriers in multi-carrier mode
Further

Enhancements to VoIP Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Further improves spectral efficiency Further improves data throughputs
* 200 kbps FCC definition

Rev. B likely features

December, 2004
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Slide 16

Outline

3GPP2 Standards Status and Evolution 3GPP Standards Status and Evolution

December, 2004

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Slide 17

3GPP UMTS Standards Status and Evolution

Standards Evolution Path UMTS (3GPP) UMTS
Release 5 Release 6 Release 7

QoS VoIP on UMTS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) UMTS continues to evolve to meet market needs
December, 2004
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Slide 18

Evolution

UMTS R7
MIMO, E-MBMS, FCS ?

UMTS R6
EUDCH Meets Uplink needs (Gaming, Interactive Video) MBMS

UMTS R5
HSDPA 14.4Mbps More Users (Increase Spectrum Efficiency)

UMTS R99
384kbps, 2Mbps

UMTS offers a smooth migration path to higher rates UMTS offers a smooth migration path to higher rates
December, 2004
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Slide 19

HSDPA Details
High Peak Data Rates
10.8Mbps with 16 QAM Rate 3/4 13.8Mbps with 16 QAM Rate 0.96

New Downlink Shared Channel

HS-DSCH Spreading Factor 16 Adaptive Modulation & Coding (AMC) Schemes Automatic Re-transmission Mechanism Uses Hybrid ARQ to recover from Link adaptation errors

HSDPA-Performance Enhancements
December, 2004
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Slide 20

Assumptions for HSDPA Data Rates

UMTS channel bandwidth = 5MHz, bandwidth occupied by 3.84Mcps HSDPA uses spreading factor 16, so symbol rate per code is 3.84Mcps/16 = 240ksps 16 QAM holds 4 bits per symbol, so raw data rate per code is 240ksps x 4 = 960 kbps
1 SF code = 960kbps peak bearer rate 4 SF codes = 3.84Mbps peak bearer rate 8 SF codes = 7.68Mbps peak bearer rate 15 SF codes = 14.4Mbps peak bearer rate

Downlink peak rate varies from 960 Kbps to 14.4 Mbps

December, 2004
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Slide 21

HSDPA Improvements
Technology introduces a Step-change over R99, as it improves:
Spectral Efficiency DL Bandwidth Cost Efficiency - Increased user data speeds - Reduced cost per bit for operators

Allows Operators to attack new services/markets and compete with EVDO Rev. 0
Comparison
Throughput Typical

R99
~550 Kbps

HSDPA
~2.2 Mbps

Max No. of instantaneous* 384kbps users per cell

Typical

<2

~6

*a greater number of users may be registered but cannot transmit simultaneously.

HSDPA Typical data throughput with improvements

December, 2004
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Slide 22

AMC & H-ARQ

AMC Adaptive Modulation & Coding
Link adaptation method to raise overall system capacity Matches modulation-coding scheme to average channel conditions Users close to Node B assigned higher rate codes e.g. 16 QAM Code rate decreases as distance from Node B increases Supported modulation codes: QPSK, 16 QAM

HARQ Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)

ARQ provides retransmission of packets after failure (ACK/NACK) HARQ combines Forward Error Correction (FEC) Codes with ARQ

HSDPA Feature Enhancements - AMC & H-ARQ

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Slide 23

Quality of Service (QoS)

Description
Network's capability and mechanism to provide a differentiated endto-end bearer service to meet the requirements of different types of applications and the operator's demand of service differentiation.

Benefits
In the application side, supports the diversity of both RT (audio/video streaming & conferencing) and NRT (email, web browsing, FTP) services. In the user differentiation side, provides differentiated services (gold, silver & bronze) to different customers to drive the revenue.

HSDPA Feature Enhancements - QoS

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Slide 24

VoIP in R5
General Objectives:
Capacity/Quality Circuit Switched Voice+ Tolerable Endto-End Delay Bandwidth requirement is very high compared to CS voice (app. 3x higher for AMR 12.2kbps) Capacity is low compared to CS VoIP supported on DCH

VoIP over dedicated channels (channels is set up at 42 Kbps, consumes SF code 16)
VoIP in R5 is possible but not optimized Robust Header compression (ROHC) is only mandated for Rel 6 UEs.

VoIP in Rel 5 possible but very inefficient

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Slide 25

Release 6 Features
Spectral Efficiency Improvements
Enhanced UL DCH Beamforming Enhancement (UE assisted- Phase shifted dual transmission coherently combined at the UE- Closed Loop Transmit Diversity CLTD) HSDPA Enhancements Optimization of DL Code Utilization ( redesign channels) UE Receive Diversity (Min. perf. requires standards assistance)

Enhanced Services
IMS Support VoIP on DCH VoIP on HSDPA Multicast Broadcast Multimedia System

Network Optimization
Remote Antenna Tilting, Network sharing ahead of cdma behind cdma N/A

December, 2004

3GPP is Ahead of 3GPP2 in Areas Except for E-DCH and VoIP on HSDPA Slide 26
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Enhanced UL DCH (EUDCH/E-DCH)

Objective: Capacity
Improve coverage, throughput, & Projected Cell Throughput reduce delay of the UL DCH transport improvement over Rel99 >68-80% channels thru: Adaptive modulation and Coding, HARQ, NodeB Scheduling, Current Status: Shorter Frame Sizes.

Data Rates
Rel99 data rates + other rates up to 4Mbps (2ms TTI) and 2Mbps (10ms TTI)

Some CRs will be presented for approval in Dec. 2004. Other CRs will be approved in March 2005

The performance requirements to be specified by June 2005

E-DCH dynamically adjust system and link parameters to account for traffic and link quality variation E-DCH Critical for VoIP on HSDPA
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Slide 27

VoIP
VoIP on dedicated channels (DCH)
Robust Header Compression is made mandatory in R6

Uncompressed headers need to be transmitted occasionally: Options:

VoIP over dedicated channels (channels is set up at 42 Kbps, consumes SF code 16)

Mobility issue remains for R6

VoIP in Rel 6 is efficient but mobility is still a challenge

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Slide 28

Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)

Transmit the same data to multiple users in order to allow network resources to be shared
One data stream per cell for all users (PTM mode)

MBMS architecture is restricted to re-using existing 3GPP network architecture.

Minimizing necessary changes to existing infrastructure.

Suitable for Streaming services (typical bit rate of 64kbps). Downlink data stream only
No feedback/acknowledgements from terminals

MBMS Suitable for 64 kbps Streaming Type Services

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Slide 29

MBMS Performance
Achievable aggregate bits/s/Hz between 0.02 to 0.2 bits/Hz depending on conditions because :
MBMS service is designed for worst case scenario (edge of cell coverage) Solution for better power utilization Long TTI (40, 80ms) Transmit Diversity

New functionalities
Simulcast : signals combined from multiple cells with delay spread (Selective combining or Soft combining)

Radio Resources Utilization for Streaming Services is more efficient using HSDPA dependent on Radio Conditions
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Slide 30

MBMS Performance
Achievable aggregate bit rate for 90% and 95% coverage for MBMS channel (PA3)
Performance with Selection Combining

Coverage @ 1% BLER

TTI length 20ms

1 RL 0 64 Kbps 64 Kbps 0 0 64 Kbps

SC (2RL) 256 Kbps 256 Kbps 320 Kbps 192 Kbps 192 Kbps 256 Kbps

SC (3 RL) 384 Kbps 384 Kbps 512 Kbps 320 Kbps 320 Kbps 384 Kbps

90%

40ms 80ms 20ms

95%

40ms 80ms

Based on results from TR 25.803

Note: Above Results do NOT Include Soft Combining and Mobile Rx Diversity. It is Expected that the Addition of these Features would put MBMS on Par with BCMCS
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Slide 31

Release 7 Features
Spectral Efficiency Improvements
Multiple Input Multiple Output
Further improves spectral efficiency Further improves data throughputs

Network Optimization
UTRAN Architecture Evolution

Enhanced Services
Voice Over IP Enhancements Fast Cell Selection MBMS Enhancements and performance Requirements
ahead of cdma behind cdma N/A

FCS is Important Focus Area for 3GPP Rel7

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Slide 32

Summary
Revision 0 (2000)
2.4 Mbps FL 153 Kbps RL H-ARQ FL QoS BCMCS VoIP AMC

Revision A (3/04)
3.1 Mbps FL 1.8 Mbps RL Enh. VoIP Enablers -Shorter RL frames -FCS/DSC Multi-user Packets FL H-ARQ in RL Multi-flow QoS ROHC Enh. BCMCS

Revision B (6/06)
3.1 Mbps RL Multi-carrier (packet centric architecture) Bandwidth on demand Enh. VoIP MIMO

1xEV-DO

Release 5 (4/04*)
14.4 Mbps FL 153 Kbps RL H-ARQ FL QoS BCMCS VoIP AMC
* CRs still active December, 2004

Release 6 (6/05)

Release 7 (?/06)
4 Mbps RL Multi-carrier Enh. VoIP Enablers -Shorter RL frames -FCS/DSC H-ARQ in RL Enh. BCMCS MIMO

14.4 Mbps FL 2/4 Mbps RL (10msec/2mses) VoIP Short RL frames H-ARQ in RL ROHC

UMTS
(Circuit centric architecture)

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Slide 33