BIS 411 Lecture 5

10/27/2011
BIS 411; Enterprise Network Management
LECTURE FIVE
Topic
IP Addressing and Network Address Translation
Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.
Introduction
Just as index numbers uniquely identify students of an institution, IP addresses do same for nodes on IP networks. Not all IP addresses assigned to nodes on IP networks are routable over the Internet. For every node to get connected to the Internet, they must be assigned a public IP address which are quite expensive to acquire from ISPs. NAT is used to reduce the number of Public IP addresses needed to get connected to the Internet.
10/27/2011
IP Addressing - 1
One of the most basic components of a TCP/IP network is IP addressing. An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to computers and other communication devices on an IP network. Every device on a TCP/IP network must have a unique IP address.
IP Addressing - 2
Unlike MAC addresses which are hard-coded on the NIC , IP addresses are software or logical addresses. IPv4 is a 32-bit number. IPv6 or IPng is a 128-bit number.
10/27/2011
IP Addressing Terminologies
Bit This is a binary zero or one (0 or 1). Octet This refers to 8-bit binary number. Subnet mask: It is a 32-bit value that allows the recipient of IP packets to distinguish the network ID portion from the host ID portion of a given IP address.
IP Address Format
Every IP address consists of two parts namely: Network portion and Host portion as shown in the figure below: NETWORK ID HOST ID
10/27/2011
IP Address Representation
In IPv4, the IP address is a 32-bit number. The 32-bit number is represented as 4 octets each separated by a dot. E.g. 11000000 . 10101000 . 00000000. 00000010 For simplicity IP addresses are represented in a decimal notation as 192.168.0.2
Classes of IP Addresses
In class-based IP addressing, there are five classes namely: Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Out of these classes, only classes A,B and C are considered usable by local Network Administrators.
10/27/2011
Usable IP Address Classes
Class A IP Addresses - 1
Class A addresses are designed to support extremely large networks. A Class A IP address uses the first octet of the address to indicate the network ID, and the remaining three octets are used for the host ID. The first bit of a Class A address is always 0.
10/27/2011
Class A IP Addresses - 2
Lowest number that can be represented is 00000000 (0). The highest number is 01111111 (127). However 0 and 127 are reserved and cannot be used as a network address. Any IP address that has a value between 1 and 126 inclusive in the first octet is a class A address.
Class A IP Address
10/27/2011
Class B IP Addresses - 1
The class B IP address was designed to support the needs of moderate to large-sized networks. A class B IP address uses two of the four octets to indicate the network address and the remaining two for the host addresses. The first 2 bits of the first octet of a class B address are always 10.
Class B IP Addresses - 2
Lowest number that can be represented is
10000000 (128) and the highest number is 101111111 (191). Any IP address that starts with a value in the range of 128 to 191 inclusive in the first octet is a Class B address.
10/27/2011
Class B IP Address
Class C IP Addresses
The Class C address was designed to support small network. A Class C address begins with binary 110. The lowest number that can be represented is 11000000 (192) and the highest is 11011111 (223). Any IP address that starts with a value in the range of 192 to 223 inclusive in the first octet is a Class C address.
10/27/2011
Class C IP Address
Usable IP Address Classes

CLASS FIRST OCTET DEFAULT S M SUPPORT
A B C
0 - 126 128 - 191 192 - 223
255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0
Very large organizations. Medium-sized organizations Small organizations
10/27/2011
Class D IP Addresses
This class of address was created to enable multicasting in an IP address. A multicast address is a unique network address that directs packets that have the destination address to predefined groups of IP addresses. The first 4 bits of a Class D address must be 1110. The first octet range for Class D address is 11100000 to 11101111, or 224 to 239.
Class E IP Addresses
The IETF reserves the Class E address for its own research. This class of IP address is also referred to as Experimental Addresses. The first 4 bits of a Class E address are always set to 1. The first octet range for Class E address is 11110000 to 11111111, or 240 to 255.
10
10/27/2011
Private IP Addresses
Private IP addresses are assigned to an organizations network by the local network administrator. Private IP addresses are not routable over the Internet. The range of IP addresses that are reserved (RFC 1918) for private use are given in the next slide.
Range of Private IP Addresses

Class
A B C
Range of IP Addresses
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
11
10/27/2011
Public IP Addresses
Public IP addresses are required by organizations that need to communicate with the Internet. Public IP addresses can be used to route traffic in the public network. Public IP addresses are assigned to organizations by ISPs(Internet Service Providers).
Classless Inter Domain Routing(CIDR)

Its basically the method that ISPs use to allocate a number of addresses to a company or a home customer. When you receive a block of addresses from an ISP, what you get will look something like this: 192.168.10.32/28. This is telling you what your subnet mask is. The slash notation (/) means how many bits are turned on (1s).
12
10/27/2011
Some CIDR Values

Subnet Mask CIDR Value
255.0.0.0 255.128.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.192.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.224
/8 /9 /16 /18 /20 /24 /27
Network Address Translation (NAT)

NAT was introduced to slow the depletion of available IP address space by allowing many private IP addresses to be represented by some number of public IP addresses. Situations when NAT is needed include:
You need to connect to the Internet and your hosts dont have globally unique IP addresses. You change to a new ISP that requires you to renumber your network. You need to merge two intranets with duplicate addresses.
13
10/27/2011
Types of NAT
Static NAT: This is designed to allow a one-to-one mapping between local and global IP addresses. Dynamic NAT: This gives you the ability to map an unregistered IP address to a registered IP address from/out of a pool of registered IP addresses. Overloading :This is designed to map multiple unregistered IP addresses to a single registered IP address(many-to-one) by using different port numbers. It is also known as Port Address Translation(PAT).
Network Address Translation (NAT)
14
10/27/2011
Summary
An IP address uniquely identifies a node on a computer network. In class-based IP addressing, only the first three(3) classes are usable. The remaining classes are reserved for special purposes. Private IP addresses are not routable over the Internet but public ones are. ISPs use CIDR to allocate a number of addresses to a company or a home customer. NAT makes it easier and less expensive in connecting LANs to the Internet.
Questions & Comments ???.....

End of Lecture !!! Do Not Miss Next Weeks Lecture on Network Mgt. Models.
15

BIS 411 Lecture 5

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

BIS 411 Lecture 5

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10/27/2011

BIS 411; Enterprise Network Management

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Usable IP Address Classes

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Usable IP Address Classes

0 - 126 128 - 191 192 - 223

255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0

Very large organizations. Medium-sized organizations Small organizations

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Range of Private IP Addresses

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Classless Inter Domain Routing(CIDR)

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Some CIDR Values

255.0.0.0 255.128.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.192.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.224

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

/8 /9 /16 /18 /20 /24 /27

Network Address Translation (NAT)

Network Address Translation (NAT)

Enterprise Network Management Lecture Slides by: Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr.

Questions & Comments ???.....

You might also like