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BSTP Dyn Istanbul 20110518
BSTP Dyn Istanbul 20110518
BSTP Dyn Istanbul 20110518
Using PSS/E for power system analyses - Turbine & Turbine Governor modeling -
Introduction
It is important to model turbine governing and turbine of a generator due to the crucial influence to the power and frequency in a system during the entire dynamic process. Largest influence in:
maintaining power balance between mechanical and electrical power of generation unit maintaining frequency of the power system, capability of machine to dampen the small signal oscillations (small signal stability)
Introduction
Recently wind turbines for wind farms emerge as a new large scale power source
Governing systems Turbine governors are also separated into two types depending on their purpose:
Static droop governors (used for steam and gas turbines)
K = 1
Hydro turbines
Hydro turbines
Primary driving force is water which is conducted from a water reservoir or from a river flow First actual power plant was hydropower plant Usually separated by the Net Head to:
Pelton turbines (500m<Net Head ) Francis turbines (<Net Head) Kaplan turbines (low Net Head and run of river) Propeller (Bulb) turbines (run of river)
Hydro turbines
Advantages:
High controllability of power generation Fast rate of power change
drawbacks:
Highly nonlinear element (many physical values affect the operation) Slow response during the transient processes Limitation of maximum unit power up to 600 MW
Hydro turbines and governors There are several models for hydro turbines in PSS/E library:
generic models: IEEEG3, PIDGOV, HYGOV2 more detailed models: HYGOV, HYGOVM, WEHGOV, WSHYDD
hf head loss due friction water q h0= 1 l T Valve Gate A h q Pmech nG G PG mechanical Power electrical Power
h0 = static head of water column l = length penstock A = area penstock q = turbine flow rate h = head at the turbine admission nG (G) = generator speed
nGRef
setpoint speed Governor permanent and transient Droop
1
1 s 1 1 + sT
Servomotor Gate
n g
nG
Damping function
Gate
h G
g G
2
AT
proportionality factor Turbine
PTurbine
g h= G
hf
friction
h0 = 1 pu
1 sTW
g nl
no load flow
Hydro turbines Recommendation is to use IEEEG3 and for more detailed representation use HYGOV
Hydro turbines In case of absence of data about certain HPP, use IEEEG3 with default parameters
Governor part Hydro turbine part
TG, (>0) (sec) TP (>0) (sec), pilot value time Uo (pu per sec) Uc (<0.)(pu per sec) PMAX PMIN TR, (>0) (sec) TW (>0) (sec) a11 (>0) a13 a21 a23 (>0) 0.2 0.04 0.167 -0.167 0.95 0 0.05 0.31 6 1.16 0.5 1 1.5 1
Steam turbines Primary driving force is steam which is conducted from a boiler, heat exchanger or nuclear reactor Usually separated to the pressure stages:
High pressure stage Medium pressure stage (reheat stage) Low pressure stage
Steam turbines
Advantages:
Installed powers up to 1500 MW
drawbacks:
Slow start, slow stop Slow response and rate of change of power Reliability is highly influenced by the mechanical limitations
Steam turbines There are several models for steam turbines in PSS/E library:
Simplified models: TGOV1, CRCMGV, BBGOV, IEEEG1, TURCZT more detailed models: TGOV2/3/4/5, WSIEG1
measurement generator speed
GRef
boiler
G [ pu ]
1 1 + sTR1
(transducer) (filter)
& m
KF
speed controller rate limiter storage
setpoint
1 sTs
high pressure part area
PG
generator active power based on Sn
Vopen
Electrohydraulic Transducer
1
Ps
1 1 + sTR 2
measurement
1 TV
Vclose Valve
1 s
0 position
As
& ms
steam flow
1 1 + sTHP
Reheater
K HP
+
cos n
1 v= cos n
1 1 + sTEN
PG
PGRef +
setpoint -
1 1 + sTR
PT
based on Pn
KP
interception valve
PI
1 1 + sTi
K fcor
0
1,0
TR1 TR2 KP Ti TV
Vopen = Vclose =
f ref
f [ pu ]
frequency
KHP THP
1 typical values: = = = = = sec 0.02 sec 0.05-1 pu 0-1 sec 10 sec 0.1-0.3 pu/s 0.1...4 pu/s -0.1...-4 pu 0.25 sec 0.27 TR KMP TMP KLP TLP TS Kfcor = = = = = = = = = = Kf TEH = Dead Band =
1 1 + sTMP
typical values: sec 5-9 pu 0.25 sec 0.3 pu 0.50 sec 0.7 sec 30 - 100 pu 20 pu 20 (1/ ) sec 0.1 - 2 mHz 5
low pressure turbine
K MP
K LP 1 + sTLP
K HP + K MP + K LP = 1
If there exist fast valving, power/load unbalance Relay, acceleration Relay, intercept valves and so on, please give a more detailed model see I3I
Steam turbines Recommendation is to use WSIEG1, since it emphasizes all characteristics of multistage steam turbines for cross compound or tandem compound
Steam turbines
Gas turbines Primary driving force is the exhaust gas from burned mixture of air and gas in the combustion chamber Jet engine technology fixed to the ground Control of power is achieved through control fuel injection and not through flow of working fluid (water or steam) It can be used in Open Cycle (alone) or Combined Cycle (with steam turbines)
Gas turbines
Advantages:
High controllability of power generation Very fast rate of power change
drawbacks:
Due to the extreme operating conditions, it requires several other control loops (temperature control, NOx control) Installed powers up to 300 MW (for the open cycle)
Gas turbines
Gas turbines Recommendation is to use GAST, since it emphasizes all characteristics of a single gas turbine
Gas turbines
For a more detailed approach and in case of often actions of temperature control, recommendation is to use GAST2A or GASTWD (which is PID controlled)
Limitations of power are given through the limitation of valve opening In many cases Dturb could be ignored
Generic turbine models In case of absence of any knowledge about the turbine parameters, use IEEEG3 (for Hydro), TGOV1 (for steam) and GAST (for gas) with ADEQUATE parameters (droop, limitations etc).
Thank you