ICP First Semester Test Review Chapter 1 1. Steps of the scientific method: a. Form a hypothesis b. Plan experiment c.

Collect data d. Analyze e. Conclusion/Modify 2. What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law? a. Theory- an idea tested repeatedly to get the same results b. Law- explains things, but does not describe them no why factor 3. Why is it important to have a control in an experiment? a. The control gives a clear comparison object. Lets you know what would happen if none of the circumstances were applied. 4. Jimmy is conducting an experiment to determine which melts faster on his driveway, sodium chloride or magnesium chloride. In his experiment, whis is the dependent variable and what is the independent variable? a. Independent- item used (sodium or magnesium) b. Dependent- time 5. How are scientific models important? Give an example. a. Models are important because they can show you the scale size and objects in an object that is either too small or too large for a human to easily study. 6. Why do scientists use the SI system of measurements? a. It is a world-wide measurement system that translates to every scientist. Information is more easily shared this way. 7. What is the SI base unit for: a. Mass - gram b. Volume - liter c. Time - seconds d. Temperature Kelvin 8. Convert 658 mg into kg a. .000658 kg 9. Convert 23 km into mm a. 230,000,000 mm 10. Explain the difference between weight and mass. a. Weight is the measurement of how much pressure from gravity something is putting on the ground. b. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. 11. Write the following numbers in scientific notation: a. 12345 = 1.2345 x 104 b. 0.0555 = 5.55 x 10-2 12. Explain the difference between precision and accuracy. How can a series of measurements be precise, but not accurate?

a. Precision is the consistency and measure of variation. b. Accuracy is the measurement of how close to and intended goal it is. c. You can, for example, hit the exact same spot on a target tons of times, but not get a single one in the bulls eye. 13. How many sig figs in the following numbers: a. 19644 = 5 b. 8300 = 2 c. 9865.0 = 5 d. 0.0045 = 2 e. .0000099 = 2 Chapter 2 14. What is the difference between a pure substance and a mixture? a. A pure substance is matter that has a fixed composition and definite properties. b. A mixture is a combination of substances that are not chemically combined 15. Identify each of the following as an element, compound, or mixture. a. Gold element b. CO2 compound c. Air mixture d. Soil mixture 16. What is the density of a sample of liquid that has a volume of 125 mL and a mass of 200 g? a. D = M/V so 1 1/3 mg/L 17. What is the mass of a 20 L sample of gas with a density of .04 mg/L? a. 500 mg 18. A substance has a mass of 360 and a volume of 7.5 mL. What is its density? a. 48 mg/L 19. A sample has a density of 8.5 g/ml and a mass of 17 g. What is its volume? a. 2 mL 20. How do you find the volume of an irregularly shaped object like a rock? a. You put it in a measured amount of water. Then measure the new volume. Then subtract the second from the first. 21. Identify each of the following as a chemical or physical change? a. Wood burning chemical b. Iron rusting chemical c. Ice melting physical 22. Is salt water an example of a mixture or a pure substance? a. Salt water is a mixture because it is not chemically bonded together. 23. What is matter? Give an example of something that is not matter. a. Matter is a physical substance b. An example of something that is not matter is energy. It is there but not seen. 24. Give an example of something that is a molecule but not a compound.

a. Oxygen 25. What is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances? a. An element 26. Give examples of homogeneous mixture. a. Solutions, colloids, Pure air, any solutions, blood, coffee, etc. 27. Give examples of heterogeneous mixtures. a. Suspensions, Oil and water, soil, sandy water, water with ice cubes in it, etc 28. Give examples of pure substances. a. Any element or compound 29. What is the difference between a colloid, suspension, and a solution? a. Suspensions a mixture in which particles of a material are more of less evenly dispersed throughout a liquid or gas b. Colloid a mixture consisting of tiny particles that are intermediate in size between those in solutions and those in and suspended in a liquid, solid, or gas c. Solution a homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispersed 30. In the compound C6H12O6, how many atoms of each element are present? a. 6 C b. 12 H c. 6 O Chapter 3 31. Distinguish between a solid, a liquid, and a gas. How is the movement of molecules different in each? a. Solid- something that doesnt flow or move b. Liquid molecules move semi-freely c. Gas molecules move completely freely 32. For each phase of matter, describe its shape, volume, and relative kinetic energy. Shape Volume Kinetic Energy Solid Fixed Constant Slow, attracted Liquid Can flow Constant Free moving somewhat attract Gas Moves freely, takes Not defined Not attracted at all on container Plasma Not fixed or Not defined Electrons break off defined its moving so fast 33. Why does temperature not change during a phase change? a. All of the energy is being used to change the phase, so there is no energy/heat released. 34. Define the kinetic theory of matter.

a. The kinetic theory of matter states matter is made of atoms and molecules. These atoms and molecules act like tiny particles that are always in motion. b. At the same temperature, more massive particles move slower 35. Relate temperature to speed of molecules a. The higher the temperature the faster the particle moves and vice versa 36. Distinguish between temperature and thermal energy. For example do a bowl and a cup of soup at 800C both have the same amount of thermal energy? a. Thermal energy is the total energy b. Temperature is the average energy c. A cup of hot soup has the same amount of thermal energy. 37. Identify the characteristics of plasma. How is plasma different than other states of matter? How does plasma affect your daily life? a. Plasma is the most common state of matter. It consists of free moving ions and electrons. b. It doesnt have a measureable mass, shape, or volume. c. It is in the sun and some lights. 38. Distinguish between melting, freezing, condensation, evaporation, and sublimation. Which of these require the addition of energy? Explain. a. Melting solid to liquid, requires energy b. Freezing liquid to solid c. Condensation gas to liquid d. Evaporation liquid to gas, requires energy e. Sublimation solid to gas, requires energy 39. Recognize the importance of conservation of mass and conservation of energy during physical and chemical changes. For example, when a match burns, what happens to the mass of matter and what happens to the energy? a. Conservation of mass mass cannot be created or destroyed b. Conservation of energy energy cannot be created or destroyed c. The mass and energy may be released, but are still there. 40. Describe how fluids exert pressure. Fluids exert pressure ________ in all directions. a. Fluids exert pressure _____ in all directions. 41. Identity the units for pressure. a. 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 42. Identity buoyant force and its importance. How could you determine the buoyant force exerted on a rubber duck in a bathtub? 43. State Archimedes Principle. a. The buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces. 44. Determine the importance of density in reference to the ability of objects to float or sink. How do steel ships float, even though, the density of steel is greater than the density of water?

a. The inside of ships are mainly hollow to keep the density 0oft he ship, not the steel, to be less than the water. 45. State Pascals Principle. What happens if the pressure in a container increases at one point? a. Principle A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid will be transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid. b. The pressure would increase throughout the whole container if one point was increased. 46. List some practical uses of Pascals Principle. a. Hydraulic devices use liquids to transmit pressure from one point to another. 47. The pistons of a hydraulic lift have areas of 1.55 m2 and 0.0065 m2. How much force must be applied to the smaller piston if the larger piston is to lift a 45,000 N vehicle? (Hint: the formula F1/A1 = F2/A2 will be useful) 48. Calculate the are of 3000 N object that exerts a pressure of 1000 Pa. (Hint: the formula P = F/A will be useful) a. 3 m2 49. Determine the viscosity of liquids. a. The viscosity is a liquids resistance to flow. 50. State Bernoullis Principle and describe its practical importance. a. The slower the air moves, the greater the air pressure. 51. Identify the properties of gases. a. Gasses expand to fill their containers. They spread out easily and mix with one another. They have low densities and are compressible. Unlike solids and liquids, gases are mostly empty space. Gases exert pressure on their containers. 52. Relate the properties of gases to the pressure they exert on their containers. For example, explain the behavior of balloons under different conditions. a. The hotter the temperature and the higher the density the more pressure. 53. State Boyles Law and describe its practical importance. What two variables are related by this law? a. Volume and Pressure. For a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas increases as the gass pressure decreases. 54. A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of 3.5 L and 210 kPa. What will its volume be at 150 kPa? (Hint: the formula P1V1 = P2V2 will be helpful) a. 4.9 L 55. State Gay-Lussacs Law and describe its practical importance. What two variables are related by this law? a. The pressure of gas increases as the temperature increases, if the volume of the gas does not change. The pressure decreases as the temperature decreases. 56. State Charles Law and describe its practical. Importance. What two variables are related by this law?

a. For a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases. Likewise, the volume of the gas decreases as the temperature decreases. 57. What is the combined gas law that can be used to solve gas law problems? a. P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 Chapter 4 58. Who developed the first theory of the atom? a. Dalton or Greeks??? 59. What did Dalton add to the atomic theory? What was correct about his theory? What was incorrect? 60. How did Thomson discover the electron? How was his model of the atom different from previous models? a. Thomson discovered electrons by the tube experiment. The electrons were pulled to the sides by the magnets showing that there were negative particles in the atoms. 61. What did Rutherford learn from his gold foil experiment? How did Rutherfords model of the atom differ from Thompsons? 62. What is the Bohr model of the atom? What does it say about electrons? 63. What are isotopes? Name and draw the three main isotopes of hydrogen? a. Isotopes are the atoms of an element that have different amount of neutrons 64. What are the sizes, locations, and masses of the three subatomic particles? Particle Charge Mass Location Proton Positive 1 amu Nucleus Electron Negative 0ish Around nucleus Neutron None 1 amu Nucleus 65. Why is atomic mass on the periodic table listed as a weighted average? a. A weighted average is listed because I it is the average of all of the isotopes of the element. 66. An element has an atomic number of 18 and mass number of 40. How many protons and neutrons does it have? a. 18 protons b. 20 neutrons 67. What is a mole? a. The SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance whose number of particles is the same as the number of atoms of carbon in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 68. How does Avogadros number relate to the mole? a. Avogadros number 16.022 x 1023 = 1 mol 69. What is the mass in grams of 2.5 moles of carbon? a. 75 grams 70. How many moles does 100 grams of sulfur contain? a. 8 1/3 ???

71. How many neutrons does P-32 contain? a. 17 72. What is the molar mass of CO2? 73. How are the s and p orbitals different from the each other? a. S simplest, sphere shaped, lowest energy, 2 electrons b. P dumbbell shaped, 6 electrons 74. How many electrons does each energy level hold? a. 2, 8, 16, 16 75. Why are electrons like waves? a. Idk Hauptmann said not to worry about it 76. How are electrons like the blades of an airplane propeller? 77. What happens when an electron jumps from one energy level to another? a. This happens when an atom loses or gains energy. Chapter 5 78. How did Mendeleev arrange atoms in the periodic table? a. He arranged them by their atomic masses and their properties. 79. How are elements arranged in the modern periodic table? a. They are arranged by atomic number and properties/ 80. Why do elements with similar properties appear at the regular intervals? a. That is how they are arranged ? 81. How could Mendeleev predict the existence of elements that had not been discovered? a. He saw the missing elements in the row that did not have an element with the properties to match that row. 82. What is the difference between a period and a group on the periodic table? a. Period horizontal, based on amount of energy levels b. Ground- vertical, based on properties 83. Why do elements within a group on the periodic table have similar chemical properties? a. Ummm, they are arranged to. IDK? 84. Why do oxygen and sulfur have similar chemical properties? a. They are in the same group 85. What type of atoms can undergo the process of ionization? a. Atoms that their outermost orbital is not full. 86. What are positive ions called? a. Cation 87. What are anions? a. Negatively charged ions 88. Why do Group 1 (alkali metals) and Group 17 (halogens) elements easily form ions? a. They are both either lacking or have extra of the same amount of electrons 89. When forming table salt (NaCl), sodium has a _____ charge and chlorine has a ____ charge.

a. +1 b. -1 90. Where are metals found on the periodic table? a. The blue on this periodic table

91. What are some properties of metals? a. Conductive of heat and electricity, etc. 92. Define malleable and ductile. 93. Where are nonmetals found on the periodic table? a. The purple of the periodic table above 94. What are some properties of nonmetals? a. Do not conduct electricity 95. Semiconductors are also called what? a. Metalloids 96. Describe the properties of semiconductors. a. Semiconductive of heat and electricity 97. Which category on the periodic table contains the most elements? a. Metals 98. Which category on the periodic table contains the least elements. a. Metalloids 99. Group 1 is called the ____. a. Alkali metals 100. Name two characteristics of alkali metals. 101. What are the alkali metals so reactive? 102. Name two characteristics of the alkaline earth metals. 103. Which alkaline earth metal is especially important to animals? 104. Name two characteristics of transition metals. 105. What are some uses of the transition metals? 106. Where are the transition metals located on the periodic table? a. In the middle section

107. Why are two rows of transition metals placed at the bottom of the periodic table? a. It is for space because the periodic table would be a lot longer. 108. Some transition metals are synthetic. What does this mean and name two of these. a. This means they are man-made. 109. Name two families of elements that are all nonmetals. a. 17 and 18 110. The noble gases are in group number what? a. 18 111. Why are the noble gases considered inert? a. They do not react with other elements because theyre last energy level is completely full. 112. Why is argon put in light bulbs? a. It is not reactive. 113. The halogens are in Group number what? a. 17 114. When halogens combine with alkali metals they form what? 115. How are the halogens useful to humans? 116. Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur are all examples of what? 117. What are some examples of carbon compounds? 118. Why is hydrogen in a class by itself? a. It isnt like any of the other elements because it only has one energy level and no neutrons. 119. What is the most abundant element on earth? a. Hydrogen I believe Chapter 6 120. What holds a compound together? a. Ionic bonds 121. Identify each of the following as a mixture or compound. a. Salt water mixture b. Air mixture c. NaCl compound d. C6H12O6 compound 122. Why does it take a lot more heat to melt salt than sugar? 123. Identify each of the following as a characteristic of compounds forming ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds: a. Poor conductors of electricity b. High melting and boiling points c. Occurs between metals and nonmetals d. Occurs between nonmetals and nonmetals e. Electrons move freely between packed atoms f. Solids at room temperature g. Electrons are transferred

Electrons are shared Oppositely charged atoms are attracted to each other Holds KI together Holds C6H12O6 together Holds copper wire together Holds N2 together 124. Why is water considered to be polar covalent compound? 125. What happens to salt when it is dissolved in water? Will this mixture conduct electricity? Why or why not? 126. What are polyatomic ions? What type of bond holds them together? a. Polyatomic ions are ions that are 127. What are parentheses used when writing the chemical formulas of compounds involving polyatomic ions?

h. i. j. k. l. m.