INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL SCHOOL

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

SMS 2044 PRACTICAL LAB

REPORT 2

NAME: JANNATUL ADNIN BT JINAN TAIB. PROGRAM: BACHELOR IN MEDICAL SCIENCES. INTAKE : SEM 5 (GROUP ) ID NUMBER: 01 2009 05 0973. LECTURER: Dr Mohanad DATE: 8/ 07 / 2011.

INTRODUCTION:
Pathohistology of gastrointestinal given us the larger view of the disease. A patient suffering from muscle atrophy or cancer might have a biopsy removed and the affected tissues can be visualized histologically. If the pathologist wants to visualize the cells and tissue, the biopsy will be stained to help visualize the nuclei and proteins. For this staining, most biopsies are labeled with hematoxylin (stains proteins red) and eosin (stains nuclei dark blue/purple) which makes the tissue easier to see. Decreases in gastric cancer have been attributed in part to widespread use of refrigeration, which has had several beneficial effects: increased consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables; decreased intake of salt, which had been used as a food preservative; and decreased contamination of food by carcinogenic compounds arising from the decay of unrefrigerated meat products. Salt and salted foods may damage the gastric mucosa, leading to inflammation and an associated increase in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Other factors likely contributing to the decline in stomach cancer rates include lower rates of chronic Helicobacter pylori infection, thanks to improved sanitation and use of antibiotics, and increased screening in some countries. Nevertheless, gastric cancer is still the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the world, and it remains difficult to cure in Western countries, primarily because most patients present with advanced disease. Even patients who present in the most favorable condition and who undergo curative surgical resection often die of recurrent disease.

OBJECTIVES:
Students able to distinguish the normal cell and abnormal ones. They also get to identify the structure of abnormalities on each slides.

MATERIALS/ CHEMICALS:
Microscope Slide of Intestinal metaplasia goblet cell, Chronic atrophic gastritis, Oral papillacarcinoma & Esophagus Squamocellular cancer

METHODOLOGY:
1. Under low magnification, observe the slide be given first. 2. Then, watch the overall of the specimen and choose the right magnification that can be see clearly. starts from the lowest magnification to the highest. Used the emulsion oils to see the 100 X magnification. 3. While observe take the pencils and draw what can be see in A4 paper. 4. After draw all the specimen with details on the cells, discuss further about the slide to lecturer.

DISCUSSION:
Intestinal metaplasia, goblet cell In Intestinal metaplasia, there is a change in the cells of the surface and pit epithelium so that morphologically and histochemically they come to resemble the cells of either the small or large bowel; Intestinal Metaplasia may be complete (type I) or incomplete (type II) . In complete small bowel Intestinal Metaplasia, the gastric mucosa changes to resemble normal small bowel epithelium, characterized by fully developed goblet cells and enterocytes with a brush border. In advanced cases, the contour of the mucosa changes with the development of villi and crypts. Paneth's cells may be present in the base of the crypts. In incomplete metaplasia, recognizable absorptive cells are not seen. The epithelium consists of a mixture of intestinal-type goblet cells and columnar mucus-secreting cells, morphologically resembling those of the normal gastric epithelium. chronic atrophic gastritis Atrophic gastritis is a histopathologic entity characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa with loss of gastric glandular cells and replacement by intestinal-type epithelium, pyloric-type glands, and fibrous tissue. Atrophy of the gastric mucosa is the endpoint of chronic processes, such as chronic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, other unidentified environmental factors, and autoimmunity directed against gastric glandular cells. oral papillacarcinoma Papillary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a poorly described variant of squamous cell carcinoma, and may be confused with verrucous carcinoma of the head and neck. We describe two cases of PSCC arising in the oral mucosa. The lesions were composed of exophytic proliferation of atypical to overtly malignant cells similar to those of conventional squamous cell carcinoma, and invasion into the superficial region of the underlying fibrous tissue was seen in the form of islands and cords of malignant cells. Esophagus Squamocellular cancer Squamocellular carcinoma, originating from epithelial pavement cells, located in the third lower, medium and upper esophagus. The most important risk factor is the association smoking and alcohol. Adenocarcinoma, mostly present in the terminal esophagus and derives from the cylindrical epithelium. The most important risk factors for the development of this carcinoma are gastroesophageal reflux disease, (especially when associated with the presence of Barretts esophagus), obesity, sclerodermia, for the association with esophagitis.