HYBRID VEHICLE MBB4123 SEPT 2011 LAB REPORT LECTURER: MR SYAIFUDDIN BIN MOHD

PREPARED BY: SITTI KHADIJAH BINTI SHAHUL HAMID SYAIDA HAZIRA BINTI RAMLI SYAKIR SANIY BIN JOHANI TAJUL SYAZWAN BIN TAJOR AMAR TENGKU IBRAHIM BIN TENGKU MUHAMMAD TENGKU NORHANISAH BT TENGKU KAMARUDDIN 10998 11000 11001 11006 11009 11010

Question 3 To run and compare results of different simulation models using different hybrid vehicles architecture and under different conditions. I. II. Run the "Honda Insight" hybrid vehicle model under the same drive cycle chosen. Save the results. Run the "Toyota Prius" hybrid vehicle model under the same drive cycle chosen. Save the results. Stimulation results save in attachment.

Question 4 I. What are the fuel consumption rates for Honda Insight and Toyota Prius? The fuel consumption for Honda Insight is 73.3 miles per gallon (mpg) and for Toyota Prius is 53.2 miles per gallon (mpg).

II.

What are the maximum power outputs required from the engine for Honda Insight and Toyota prius? The maximum power outputs required from the engine for Honda Insight is 363 kJ and for Toyota Prius is 2344 kJ.

III.

Compare the different system efficiencies for the different types of vehicle in tasks 3 above. Why do they differ? Honda Insight efficiency : 0.196 Toyota Prius efficiency : 0.169 Honda Insight efficiency is higher than toyota prius because of the parallel hybrid in Honda Insight. In a parallel hybrid, both the electric motor and the combustion engine work together to power the vehicle. The gasoline engine and the electric motor are both connected to the transmission. When fuel travels to the engine or when the electric motor is turned on, the power that is generated propels the car. A controller in the transmission determines when to operate the electric motor and when to switch to the gasoline engine. For Toyota Prius series hybrid, the electric motor is solely responsible for turning the vehicle's wheels. The electric motor is charged by the battery pack or by the generator, which is powered by the gasoline engine. The gasoline engine in a series

hybrid is not coupled to the wheels and does not directly power the car. A controller in the transmission determines how much power is needed to propel the vehicle and whether to pull it from the battery or the generator.

Parallel hybrid efficiency is higher because it has the motor and engine coupled together. This could have save energy losses from individual transmission of engine, motor and generator.

IV.

How much energy is recovered from regenerative braking for the different types of hybrid vehicles above? The energy recovered from regenerative braking for Honda Insight is 1006 kJ and for Toyota Prius is 3806 kJ.

V.

Do a parametric study on the effects of changing the vehicle mass (reduce by 10% at original mass and increase by 10%) and aerodynamic drag coefficient, Cd (reduce by 10% at original Cd and increase by 10%) on vehicle fuel economy for vehicle in task 3(ii). Discuss your findings The original mass that been used in this simulation is 1368 kg. However, for the parametric study, the mass is increased and decreased by 10%. In this study, we would like to see the effect of vehicles mass to the fuel economy. Based on the graph, the mass is inversely proportional to the fuel economy. It means that, as the mass of the vehicle is increased, the fuel economy will be decreased. When the mass is increased, the friction force and gradient force (if any) will also increase. The engine will have to deliver higher power for the car hence, increases the fuel consumption of the car. The second parametric study involved aerodynamic drag coefficient where it is increased and decreased by 10%. The original aerodynamic drag coefficient is 0.3. As in the graph, it shows that drag coefficient is inversely proportional to the fuel economy however as can be seen, the steep of the slope is changing at 0.3. The increment in the value of Cd will increase the value of aerodynamic force. Thus, the amount of tractive force will also increased as the car need to deliver the same amount of power and will definitely increase the amount of fuel consumption. That is why; the increase in drag coefficient affects the fuel economy of the car.

VI.

For the vehicle in task 3(ii), run a stimulation using a UDDS cycle and the HWFET cycle. Which cycle yield better fuel economy result? Explain why. After running the simulation the result shown is in the Table 1.1 below: Table 1.1 Fuel economy result comparison between two cycles Cycle Fuel Economy Results (mpg)

UDDS

48.4

HWFET

65.6

Compared to UDDS cycle, the HWFET cycle yield a better fuel economy of 65.6 mpg than UDDS with a fuel economy result of 48.4 mpg. This is because during the HWFET cycle, the high vehicle speed reduces the engine torque requirement and small amount of power is needed to maintain the speed and there are less aggressive speed change and the low regenerative braking. In contrary, to the UDDS cycle required high torque requirement to accelerate to the desired speed could not maintain it speed as there is necessities to decelerate and accelerate due to condition of the road. There are a lot of aggressive changes of speed and a lot of regenerative breaking occurs. This lead to the high fuel consumption and results in less fuel economy

VII.

For the vevicle in task 3 (ii), increase the engine maximum power output by 25%. Compare the fuel economy result with the original vehicle and explain the difference.

The initial maximum power output is = 43 KW Initial fuel economy = 53.2 mpg The increased maximum power output by 25 % = 54 KW Initial fuel economy = 49.8 mpg Therefore, by increasing the maximum power output by 25%, the fuel economy is reduced by 6.4 %.

The reason for this different is because Toyota Prius is designed to reduce emissions in urban areas which it has designed a parallel hybrid powertrain, called the Toyota Hybrid System (THS) that adds some of the benefits of a series hybrid. It is capable of accelerating the vehicle to speeds up to 15 mph (24 kph) on electric power alone. This contributes to the better city mileage than highway mileage. By making more torque in increasing the power output, the new engine can run at lower average rpm on the highway. When operating at lower rpm, the new engine uses less fuel. Use of an electric water pump and a new exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system also contribute to the engines efficiency. The 1.8-liter Prius engine is the first Toyota power plant that requires no belts under the hood for better fuel economy and less potential maintenance.

Attachment

Figure 1: Honda Insight Fuel rate and power consumption.

Figure 2: Honda Insight energy usage

Figure 3: Toyota Prius Fuel rate and power consumption.

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Figure 4: Toyoya Prius energy usage

Figure 5: Toyota Prius parametric study on Mass

Figure 5: Toyota Prius parametric study on Mass

Figure 6: Toyota Prius parametric study on Cd

INSIGHT FUEL ECON (UDDS)

Figure 7: Honda Insight UDDS Drive Cycle.

INSIGHT FUEL ECON (HWFET)

Figure 8: Honda Insight HWFET Drive Cycle.