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Cc cht hot ng b mt -08CDHH Mc lc Li gii thiu 1. CHT HOT NG B MT 1.1 nh ngha 1.2 S hnh thnh Micell 2. CC TNH CHT C BN 2.1 Tnh thm t 2.2 Kh nng to bt 2.3 Kh nng ha tan 2.4 Kh nng hot ng b mt 2.5 Kh nng nh ha 2.6 im Kraft im c 2.7 HLB

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3. PHN LOI CC CHT HOT NG B MT 3.1 Cc cht hot ng b mt khng sinh ion 3.2 Cc cht hot ng b mt anion 3.3 Cc cht hot ng b mt cation 3.4 Cc cht hot ng b mt lng tnh 4. MT S YU T NH HNG N TNH CHT CA CC CHT HOT NG B MT 4.1 Nhit 4.2 Loi phn t 4.3 Cht in ly 5. GII THIU MT S CHT HOT NG B MT 5.1 Cetylpyridinium clorua (CPC) 5.2 Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) 5.3 Natri lauryl ether sulfate (SLES)

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Cc cht hot ng b mt -08CDHH Li gii thiu

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cuc sng hin i, nhu cu v cc cht ty ra ngy cng c quan tm v tr thnh mt nhu cu khng th thiu c i vi con ngi. bt k u, bt k ai cng u s dng nhng sn phm nh kem nh rng, sa tm, x phng tm, x phng git Tt c hnh thnh nn ngnh cng nghip sn xut cc cht ty ra. Ngnh cng nghip ny t trn vic s dng v pht trin cc cht hot ng b mt v ph gia cho cc cht hot ng b mt. Cht hot ng b mt khng nhng c ng dng nhiu trong lnh vc ty ra m cn nhiu ng dng khc: Trong cng nghip dt nhum: Cht lm mm cho vi si, cht tr nhum Trong cng nghip thc phm: Cht nh ha cho bnh ko, b sa v hp Trong cng nghip m phm: Cht ty ra, nh ha, cht to bt Trong ngnh in: Cht tr ngm v phn tn mc in Trong nng nghip: Cht gia cng thuc bo v thc vt, Trong xy dng: Dng nh ha nha ng, tng cng ng rn ca b tng Trong du kh: Cht nh ha dung dch khoan Trong cng nghip khong sn: Lm thuc tuyn ni, cht nh ha, cht to bt lm giu khong sn y ch xin gii thiu s lc v cc cht hot ng b mt, tnh cht, phn loi v gii thiu mt s cht hot ng b mt c s dng ph bin.

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Cc cht hot ng b mt -08CDHH 1. CHT HOT NG B MT 1. 1 nh ngha:

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Cht hot ng b mt l cc cht c tc dng lm gim sc cng b mt ca cht lng. Phn t cht hot ng b mt gm hai phn: u k nc (Hydrophop) v u a nc (Hydrophyl). V tnh cht hot ng b mt ph thuc vo hai phn ny. u k nc phi di, mch Carbon t 8 21, ankyl thuc mch ankal, anken mch thng hay c gn vng cylo hoc vng benzene u a nc phi l mt nhm phn cc mnh nh cacboxyl (COO-), Hydroxyl (-OH), amin (-NH2), sulfat (-OSO3) 1.2 S hnh thnh Micelle: Cc phn t ca cht hot ng b mt gm mt phn k nc v mt phn a nc. Micell c hnh thnh khi mt nng nht inh, cc phn t cht hot ng b mt tp hp li vi nhau, u a nc c bao quanh bi cc phn t nc s hng ra ngoi v u k nc t vo bn trong hnh thnh cc Micelle c dng hnh cu, hnh tr hay mng. Nng ph hp vi vic hnh thnh cc Micell c gi l nng Micell ti hn (CMC)

Micell hnh cu i vi mt s hp cht hu c thc t khng tan trong nc nhng li ha tan trong Micelle ca cc cht hot ng b mt hay gi l s ha tan ha. Nh vy, cht hot ng b mt l cht trung gian ha tan gia cht hu c v nc. Cc Micelle hn hp hnh thnh khi cc cht hu c b ha tan vo trong micelle v c chia lm ba loi: phn t khng cc, phn t bn cc v phn t c cc. 3

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Cc cht hot ng b mt -08CDHH

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S ha tan cht hu c ca cc Micelle ph thuc vo s lng v kch thc ca cc Micelle. S lng cc Micelle cng nhiu, ha tan cng tt. kch thc Micelle cng ln, ha tan cc cht hu c cng d dng. 2. CC TNH CHT C BN 2.1 Tnh thm t: Tnh thm t to iu kin vt cn git ra, cc vt bn tip xc vi nc mt cch d dng nn ng vai tr rt quan trng. Vi si c kh nng thm t d dng nhng nc kh thm su vo bn trong cu trc v sc cng b mt rt ln, nht l khi vi si b dy bn bng du m. V th, dng x phng lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc v vi si nc. 2.2 Kh nng to bt: Bt c hnh thnh do s phn tn kh trong mi trng lng. Hin tng ny lm cho b mt dung dch cht ty ra tng ln. Kh nng to bt v bn bt ph thuc vo cu to ca chnh cht , nng , nhit ca dung dch, pH v hm lng ion Ca2+, Mg2+ trong dung dch cht ty ra. 2.3 Kh nng ha tan: Tnh ha tan ph thuc vo cc yu t: Bn cht v v tr ca nhm a nc. Nhm a nc u mch d ha tan hn nhm gia mch. Chiu di ca mch Hydrocacbon. Nhm k nc mch thng d ha tan hn mch nhnh. Nhit Bn cht ca ion kim loi: vi ion Na+, K+ d ha tan hn cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ 2.4 Kh nng hot ng b mt: Nc c sc cng b mt ln. Khi ha tan x phng vo nc, sc cng b mt ca nc gim. Mt lp hp th nh hng hnh thnh trn b mt nhm a nc hng vo nc, nhm k nc hng ra ngoi. Nh c lp hp th m sc cng b mt ca nc gim v b mt nc khng kh c thay bng k nc khng kh (gia cc pha)

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Cc cht hot ng b mt -08CDHH

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Kh nng hot ng b mt 2.5 Kh nng nh ha: Nh tng l h phn tn khng bn vng nn mun thu c h bn vng th phi cho thm cht nh ha. X phng thng c dng lm cht n nh nh tng. Tc dng ca chng l lm gim sc cng b mt ca hai hng du nc. sau , lm cho h nh tng d dng n nh. 2.6 im Kraft im c: Kh nng ha tan ca cc cht hot ng b mt anion tng ln theo nhit . Kh nng ha tan ny tng trng t ngt khi tc nhn b mt ha tan to thnh Micell. im Kraft l im m ti nhit cc Micell c th ha tan c. tan ca cc cht hot ng b mt NI ph thuc vo lien kt hydro trong nc vi chui polyoxyetylen. Nng lng ca lin kt hydro rt ln khi tng nhit v khi s mt nc lm gim tan. im c l im ti nhit cc cht hot ng b mt NI khng ha tan c. 2.7 HLB (tnh a nc tnh a du cn bng) HLB l mt n v o lng lng tnh i cc ca phn t Gi tr ca HLB 14 36 8 10 13 khng phn tn trong nc t phn tn phn tn c nhng n nh dung dch trong

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Cc cht hot ng b mt -08CDHH

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3. PHN LOI CC CHT HOT NG B MT C nhiu cch phn loi cht hot ng b mt nhng cch phn loi theo cu to ha hc l hp l nht. Phn loi theo cu to ha hc chia cht hot ng b mt ra lm 2 loi: cht sinh ra ion v cht khng sinh ra ion. Cht sinh ra ion c chia lm ba loi: hot tnh anion, hot tnh caction v lng tnh. 3.1 Cht hot ng b mt khng sinh ion (NI) Cc cht ty ra khi ha tan vo trong nc khng phn ly thnh ion gi l cht ty ra khng sinh ion. NI c kh nng hot ng b mt khng cao. m du vi da, ly du t. Lm bn bt, to nh tt. C kh nng phn gii sinh hc. t chu nh hng ca nc cng v pH ca mi trng, tuy nhin c kh nng to phc vi mt s ion kim loi nng trong nc.... Hin nay tng hp chng, phng php c dng ph bin nht l qu trnh etoxy ha t ru bo vi oxyt etylen. Cng thc chung: R-O-(CH2-CH2-O-)nH. Cc ru bo ny c ngun gc thin nhin nh du thc vt, m ng vt thng qua phn ng H2 ha cc axit bo tng ng. Hoc bng con ng t ru tng hp: bng cch cho olefin-1 phn ng vi H2SO4, ri thy phn (thu c ru bc 2). Trong thng mi, loi ny c tn gi: tecitol 15-s-7, union caride 15-s-9... Cht hot ng b mt khng sinh ion c phn loi thnh cc dng c bn sau: Copolimer c cng thc chung: HO-(OE)n-(OP)m-(OE)n-H, hoc HO(OP)n-(OE)m-(EP)n-H. T s PO/OE c th thay i: 4 - 1 hoc 9 - 1. Trng lng phn t thp nht: 2000vC, thng dng nht hin nay l loi n = 2 v m = 30, chng to bt km nn dng ph bin trong cc sn phm ty ra chuyn dng cho my: my ra chn, my git, khng gy hi cho mi trng, c tnh yu. Tuy nhin dng lng khng ln v kh nng phn hy sinh hc chm. Cc oxit amin, ankyl amin, ru amit, polyglycerol ete, polyglucosit (APG)... Nhm ny c tnh cht ni tri l rt n nh vi cht ty c clo, nc javel, cht oxy ha... thng dng lm tc nhn nn, tng tnh n nh bt, lm st, to nh nh x c cho sn phm ... c bit d b phn hy sinh hc, l oxit amin, ankyl amin, ankylmonoetanolamit, polyglycerol ete, ankyl polyglucosit (APG), sunfonat Betain, ankylaminopropylsunfo betain, betain etoxy ha. 3.2 Cht hot ng b mt anion Cht hot ng b mt m khi ha tan vo nc phn ly ra ion hot ng b mt m, chim phn ln kch thc ton b phn t hay chnh l mch Hidrocacbon kh di, v ion th hai khng c tnh hot ng b mt. l cht hot ng b mt anion C kh nng hot ng b mt mnh nht so vi cc loi khc. Lm tc ng ty ra chnh trong khi phi liu. Kh nng ly du cao. To bt to nhng km bn... B th ng ha hay mt kh nng ty ra trong nc cng, cng tm thi, cc ion kim loi nng (Fe3+, Cu2+...) 6

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Cc cht hot ng b mt -08CDHH

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Cht hot ng b mt anion rt a dng v t rt lu con ngi bit s dng trong cng vic git gi. Chia lm hai loi chnh. C ngun gc thin nhin: chnh l sn phm t phn ng x phng ha ca cc estec axit bo vi glyxerin (du c, du da, du nnh, du lc, du cao su... m heo, m cu, m b, m hi cu, m c voi...) C ngun gc t du m: Thng qua phn ng ankyl ha, sunfo ha cc dn xut anlkyl, aryl, ankylbenzen sunfonic. 3.3 Cht hot ng b mt cation Cht hot ng b mt m khi ha tan vo nc phn ly ra ion hot ng b mt dng, chim phn ln kch thc ton b phn t hay chnh l mch Hidrocacbon kh di, v ion th hai khng c tnh hot ng b mt. C kh nng hot ng b mt khng cao. Cht hot ng b mt cation c nhm i nc l ion dng, ion dng thng thng l cc dn xut ca mui amin bc bn ca clo. m du vi da, ty du t, khng dng vi mc ch to bt. Lm bn bt, to nh tt... C kh nng phn gii sinh hc km, hin nay ngi ta dng clorua ditearyl diamin amoni bc bn v kh nng phn gii sinh hc tt hn. Tng lai trn th trng, s c cc cation dng nhm chc este d phn gii sinh hc hn cho mi trng, v gim kh nng gy d ng khi s dng. Ch yu lm trit tiu tnh in cho tc, vi si... nn lng dng rt t. 3.4 Cht hot ng b mt lng tnh Nhng cht hot ng b mt m ty theo mi trng l axit hay bazo m c hot tnh cation vi axit hay anion vi bazo, hay ni cch khc l cht hot ng b mt c cc nhm lng cc va tch in m va tch in dng (amin, este). C kh nng hot ng b mt khng cao, pH thp chng l cht hot ng b mt cationic v l anionic pH cao. C kh nng phn hy sinh hc. Lng dng khong 0,2% -1% trong cc sn phm ty ra. Phn loi: Trong nhm cc cht hot ng b mt lng tnh, hin nay cc dn xut t betain c s dng rng ri nht. Chng gm cc nhm chnh sau: Ankylamino propyl betain. Khi R l gc lauryl th c tnh ty ra rt tt, kh nng to bt mnh, khng l kh da, du cho da... hin nay trn th trng thng thy phi trong: du gi, sa tm, nc ra chn... vi tn gi: cocoamino propyl betain (CAPB).

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Cc cht hot ng b mt -08CDHH

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4. MT S YU T NH HNG N CC TNH CHT CA CC CHT HOT NG B MT 4.1 Nhit : Nhit cng cao, ha tan ca cc cht hot ng b mt cng tt, nht ca cc cht bn dng lng cng gim, ha tan ca cht bn cng ln, phn ng trung ha cht bn c tnh axit v phn ng x phng ha cht bo xy ra cng d dng, lm tng hiu sut git ty. Tuy nhin, nhit cao cng lm gim hot tnh ca mt s cht hot ng b mt d ha tan, gim bn ca h nh. Mt s loi vi khng th chu c nhit dung dch cao. i vi cc cht hot ng b mt NI, s hp ph tng theo nhit v sau im c, sc cng b mt v giao din ca cc cht NI c thay i. 4.2 Loi phn t: Sc cng b mt hay giao din ph thuc vo loi phn t cu thnh nn cht hot ng b mt. i vi cht hot ng b mt Anion, khi thm gc CH2 vo trong dy cht bo, sc cng b mt gim i (gim nng ). C th lm gim hnh thnh Micell bng cch lm mt tnh i xng trong phn t bng cch phn nhnh hoc thay th hai nhnh ngn hn thnh mt nhnh di duy nht. hp ph cng tng ln theo di ca dy k nc. i vi cht hot ng b mt NI, khi tng dy bo C12 C14 sc cng b mt gim v khi kh nng phn cc ca u phn cc gim. S hp ph gim khi tng s oxyetylen a nc. 4.3 Cht in ly: S hp ph: thm cht in ly s lm gim ha tan ca cc tc nhn b mt dn n lm tng s hp ph cc giao din. Cc cht in ly s lm gim CMC v cc cht in ly trong dung dich cht ty ra s ngn cn kh nng hnh thnh cc Micell.

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Cc cht hot ng b mt -08CDHH

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5. GII THIU MT S CHT HOT NG B MT 5.1 Cetylpyridinium clorua (CPC) Cetylpyridinium clorua l mt hp cht cation amoni bc bn, c s dng trong mt s loi nc sc ming , kem nh rng , thuc xt hng, thuc kh mi, v thuc xt mi. N l mt cht kh trng dit vi khun v cc vi sinh vt khc. N c chng minh l c hiu qu trong vic ngn nga rng mng bm v gim vim nu. N cng c s dng nh l mt thnh phn trong mt s thuc tr su. Tuy nhin, CPC cng c cho l gy ra cc vt bn mu nu gia cc rng tng t nh chlorhexidine.

Cetylpyridinium clorua c cng thc phn t C21H38NCL v dng tinh khit ca n l trong trng thi rn nhit phng. N c im nng chy l 77C khi khan hoc 80-83C trong monohydrat ca n. N khng ha tan trong acetone, acetic acid, hoc ethanol. CPC c mi hi, d chy, c hi khi nut v rt c khi ht vo. Trong mt s sn phm, bromide cetylpyridinium c s dng thay th. Tnh cht ca chng hu nh ging ht nhau. CMC ca CPC l 0,00124M, tng ng vi 0,042% trong nc.
5.2 Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)

Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), laurilsulfate dodecyl sulfate natri hoc natri (SDS hoc NaDS) (C12H25SO4Na) l mt cht hot ng b mt anion c s dng trong nhiu sn phm v sinh lm sch. Phn t c mt ui 12 nguyn t carbon, gn lin vi mt nhm sulfate, c trng cho tnh cht cn thit ca mt cht ty ra . SLS l mt hot ng b mt hiu qu cao v c s dng trong bt k cng vic i hi phi c vic loi b cc vt bn v b nhn. V d, n c tm thy nng cao hn vi sn phm cng nghip bao gm cht ty ra sn nh, v x phng ra xe. N c s dng nng thp hn vi kem nh rng, du gi, v bt co ru. SLS cha c chng minh l gy ung th khi mt trong kch ng trc tip ln da hoc tiu ha. Tuy nhin, n c th gy kch ng da trn khun mt v nu dng lin tc hn mt gi i vi ngi trung nin.

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Cc cht hot ng b mt -08CDHH

5.3 Natri lauryl ether sulfate (SLES)

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Natri lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), hoc sodium laureth sulfate, l mt cht hot ng b mt anion, c tm thy trong nhiu sn phm chm sc c nhn (x phng, du gi, kem nh rng, vv.) SLES l mt cht to bt rt hiu qu. Cng thc ha hc ca n l CH3(CH2)10CH2(OCH2CH2)nOSO3Na. i khi s i din bi n c quy nh trong tn, cho sulfate laureth-2, v d: Cc sn phm thng mi l khng ng nht trong s nhm ethoxyl, trong n l c ngha. ph bin cho cc sn phm thng mi l n = 3. SLES, SLS v ALS l nhng cht hot ng b mt c s dng trong nhiu sn phm m phm ty ra. Chng c tnh cht tng t nh x phng .

Mc d SLES c xem l an ton khi nng c s dng trong cc sn phm m phm. N l mt cht kch thch tng t nh cc cht ty ra, vi s kch ng tng theo nng . Mt s sn phm c cha SLES c tm thy c cha nng thp ca cht gy ung th c bit n 1,4dioxane.

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