hnai-\m-I ]T\kwLw

CRITICAL THINKING INITIATIVE

Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady
email : ssuscrtical@gmail.com, blog : ssuscritical.blogspot.com

To.
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kplrt
hnai-\m--I-]-T-\-kw-Lns B`n-ap-Jy-nep {]Xnamk {]_mhXc
Wns `mKambn 2012 P\phcn 7 (i\n) cmhnse 10 \v tUm. F APbIpam kmlnXy-cq-]
- ns kmwkvIm-cn-Ih
- n-h
- I
- : B-Y
- sb ap\nn Nne At\z-jW
-
-
F {]_w Ah-Xc
- nnpw. k-Ie
- m-ime-bnse skan-\m lmfn-emWv {]_m-hX
- cWw \S-p-I. Xm IrXyk-ab
- pXs FntcWw F`yn-p-p.
Imcy-]c
- n-]mSn
2012 P\phcn 7 i\n cmhnse 10 aWn
skan-\m lm
A[y-
{]_-m-hX
- c
- Ww
(50-- 60 an\nv)

:
:

tUm. kn. Fw. \oeIWvT

tUm. F. APbIpam

hnjbw

kmln-Xy-cq-]
- ns kmwkvIm-cn-Ih
- n-h-I:
B-Y
- sb ap\nn Nne At\z-jW
-
-

{]Xn-Ic
- W
-
-
(10- an\nv hoXw)
adp-]Sn
ImeSn
20.12.2011

:
:
:
:

{io. ctaiv h
{io. tl\N{
tUm. jn^ Fkv
{io. F. APbIpam
tUm. ]n.-hn. \mcm-b-W
tImUnt\

P.S: 1. ]T\kwLns hmjnI P\dt_mUntbmKw {]_mhXcWn\v tijw

Dbvv cpaWnv (2012 P\phcn 7 (i\n) 2 p.m) skan\m lmfn tNcpXmWv.
Xm hmjnItbmKnepw ]sSpWsav A`ynpp.
2. apgph {]Xn\n[nIpw D`Ww GmSv sNbvXnpv.

kmln-Xy-cq-]-ns kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-h--I
B--Ysb ap\nn Nne At\z-j-W-

{]_kw{Klw

kmlnXycq] (Literary Genres) tIhew DSs s]mXnp\nevphb

spw bmYmYys ]pXnb coXnbn a\nemm km[npXpXs cq]neqsS
bmsWpw bmYmYyw kev]\hXvIcnsSpXv cq]neqsSbmsWpap
_JvXns BibfpsS hnh kzoIcnpsImv BY F kmlnXycq]ns
kmwkvImcnIkmlNcyw hniIe\w sNm\p Hcp {iaamWv Cu {]_w. Fw
s]cpInb BYIsf DSns ASnm\n am{Xw t\mn AhbpsS
\nmcXzw sXfnbnpXmWv s]mXpth kmlnXyNcn{XfpsSbpw \ncq]WfpsSbpw
coXn. Fm aqp \mep \qmpI \op\nevp, Ctmgpw A]qhamsbnepw
XpScp, BYmcN\, AYmkmlnXyns s]cpw Fnh B cq]w A`n
kwt_m[\ sNbvX kmwkvImcnI kmlNcysfpdnv At\zjnm t{]cnnp
XmWv. hmNyXbnepw kvtXm`fnepw Dup `mjmcoXnbmWv s]mXphn BIYI
fnteXv. kmlnXynse [z\n]Xnsb kwibnpXpw hmNyXbnepw AXnitbmn
bnepw i_vZmbam\Xbnepw A`ncanpXpamb Hc`ncpNnhntijw, \mtSmSnkz`hn
thcpIfpXv, tIcfob`mhpIXzn XpSphXns\bmhmw Cu BYms]cpw
kqNnnpXv. \mtSmSnkz`mh \evIp DuPamhmw Cu cq]tmSp \nebv
m BIjWns Hcp ImcWw. AXp \psS ]pXnb kmlnXyt_m[tmSp \ncp
t]mImXpsImmhWw tIhem\pIcWsf \nebvv Chsbmw XsXpw.
As\ B[p\nIkmlnXyt_m[n\p \ncm AhbpsS DuPspdnv
At\zjnm\p Hcp {iaamWv Cu {]_w.

F.APbIpam
Atkmkntbv s{]m^k
aebmf hn`mKw
{ioicmNmcy kwkvIrX khIemime, ImeSn

kmln-Xy-cq-]-ns kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-h--I
B--Ysb ap\nn Nne At\z-j-W-
Hv
cq]-n Dun-bp kmln-Xy-]T
- \w Gsd-psd kmt-Xn-Is
- a-mWv Icp-Xn-h
- n1

cp-X
- v. cq]m-[n-jvTn-Xa
- mb kmln-Xy-ho-Ic
-W
--
- ns {]mY-an-It- c-JI
- Acn-tm-n-ens
t]mb-n-Ivkn Xs-bp-v. Ie-bnse A\p-Ic
- Ww am[y-aw, hkvXp, Ah-Xc
- W
- c
- oXn Fnh-bpsS ASn-m-\-n hyXym-k-s-Sp--Xmbn Atlw ]d-bpp (1981 :13). D]m-[n-I
amdp-p-s-nepw kmln-Xy-]T
- \
-
- n cq]m-[n-jvTn-Xh
- o-Ic
- W
-
- n-\p {ia- ]noSp-hn-Ik
- n-p-h
- p. Imev]\
- nI hn-ht- m-sS-bmWv Cu ]T-\c
- o-Xnv Imcy-amb a-te-X
- v.
cq]-kw-_--am-bn, ]c--cm-K-X-ambn \ne-\n-n-cp \nb-a- kp-Nn-X-am-sW ImgvNm-Sn Ah-bvs-Xnsc Iem]w \S-p-I-bm-W-h sNbvX-Xv. hyn-k--bn Dup-hcpw IrXnsb Ir-k
- b
- psS {]Im-i\
- a
- mbn Icp-Xp-h
- c
- p-amb Imev]\
- n-I2 , hyn]-ca
- mb hnIm-c
- p-ta B[n-]X
- y-ns N-eb
- n-Sp-h
- b
- mWv cq]-ns \nb-a
- sf \ne-bn Ahsb Ah-KW
- n-p. \mS-Iw, alm-Imhyw apX-embn kmln-Xys cq]-fpsS ASn-m-\
- n hn`-Pn-p-X
- ns\ kwi-bn-p-Ibpw Hmtcm IrXnbpw AXns
Hmtcm \qX-\c
- q-]a
- m-sW-p-hm-Zn-p-Ibpw sNp t{ImtN-bpsS hmZ-n-tev CXv ]noSv
hfp.
Cta-Pd- n, sa-^, ]mc-tUm-Ivkv, sFdWn apX-emb B-cnI ]mt-Wp-If
- psS ASnm-\
- n Ihn-Xsb kao-]n-p \h-hn-ai-Icpw3 A-ns B\-y-n hnizkn-p LS-\m-hm-Zm-\
- c
- N
- n-I
- cpw hymJym-\
- n cq]-n-\p-sp Icp-Xn-bn-cp B[nIm-cn-I-Xsb Hsms ssIsbm-gn-p.4
C-s\-sbmsbmsW-nepw kmln-Xy-]T
- \
-
- n cq]-n\v {]m[m-\y-an-sp hcpn-. cq]-s-p-dn-p \nh-N\
-
- v, kmln-Xy-kn-m-
- -\p-kc
- nv amw hcmsa-nepw Hcp ]mT-ns kmln-XyXzw \nW-bn-p--Xn AXn\p {][m-\-]-p-v. FgpXp-b
- m-fns sXc-s-Sp-n-s\bpw hmbn-p-b
- m-fns {]Xn-Ic
- W
- s
- bpw cq]-s-Sp-p-Xn AXn\v {][m-\-]-p-v. cq]s ap\nn-bp Hcp [mcW IqSn-bmWv hmb\sb km[y-am-p--sXp ]d-bmw. cq]-]-c-amb \nb-a- Adn-bp, hmbn-p--bm
B \nb-a--fpsS ASn-m-\-nepw IqSn-bmWv IrXnv A-ap-m-p--Xv.

cq]-]T
- \
- hpw anJm-bn _JvXn\pw
Cu ]m--e-n, cq]s kw_-nv \qX-\hpw {iml-hp-amb knm- Ah-Xc
- n-n anJm-bn _JvXns \nco-W
-
- ]cn-tim-[n-p-Xp {]k-a
- m-bncn-pw. _JvXns knm-
- am{X-a
- , ]n.-F. saZvshtZ-hns Nne Bi-b
- IqSn
ChnsS ]cn-K-Wn-t--Xp-v. cq]spdn-p saZvshtZ-hns Bi-b- _JvXn
Nnsb hfsc kzm[o-\n-n-p-v.5

saZvshtZ-hn-sbpw _JvXn-sbpw Nn-I ]eXpw t^ma-en-kt- m-Sp {]Xn-Ic-Wa

- m-bmWv hcp-X
- v6. t^ma-en-p-If
- psS kmln-Xy-ka
- o-]\w Hsms `mjm-im-kv{X-\njvTa-- m-sW-p-]-d-bmw. `mjm-L-S-I--fn\nmWv Ah ]T\w XpS-p--Xv. cq]w HSphnte h-cp-p-p. Awi-n \np- ]qW-n-te-v, Xmsg-\np apI-fn-tev FmWv
Ah kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bpsS cq]s kao-]n-X
- v. Ahsc kw_-nv Hcp IrXn-bpsS BsIbp Aw Awi-f
- psS kwtbm-P\
-
- n \nv, Awi- {]IrXym `mjm-imkv{X]cw, D]m-[n-I (devices) sImv Cu Awi- Iqn-t-s-Sp-p, D]m-[n-If
- psS taogv{Iaw hn\y-kn-p--Xn-\p amKw am{Xw cq]w (Morson & Emerson, 1990:273). Chbn s]mXpth ImWp bm{n-Ik
- a
- o-]\w saZvthtZ-hn\v kzoIm-cy-a
- .
kmln-Xy-cq-]spdn-p saZvshtZ-hn-sbpw _JvXn-sbpw ImgvN-mSv `mjmim-kv{X-n-e kmaq-lnIXbn-emWv Dun-bn-p-X
- v7 . kmln-Xy-tm-Sp km-aq-ln-Ii
- mkv{X-]c
- a
- mb GXp kao-]\
- hpw cq]m-[n-jvTn-Xa
- m-bn-cn-W
- s
- av saZvshtZ-hv. ImcWw Ah
hyn-Ip-thn kmaq-ln-Im-\p-`h
-
- sf B\-bn-p-Ibpw cq]-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpp
(Ibid, 271). t^ma-en-p-If
- psS `mjm-im-kv{X-\n-jvTa
- mb Bwin-Ik
- a
- o-]\
-
- n \jvSa
- m-IpXv Cu kmaq-ln-IX Xs-bm-Wv. IrXn Hcp kmaq-ln-I-k-Xy-am-sWpw AXv Bkzm-ZIv A`n-ap-Ja
- m-sWpw hcp-tm hmIy-f
- n \n ]T\w XpS-t-X
- v. Imhy-imkv{X-ns Bcw-`-_n-p-Xs kmln-Xy-cq-]-am-Wv. H-sbm LS-I--tfm-S-, cq]-tmSv
Hm-sI-bmWv Bkzm-ZI
- {]Xn-Ic
- n-p-X
- v.
saZvshtZ-hns\ kw_-nnStmfw Hcp IrXn temI-s-p-dn-p khn-ti-jamb k-ev]\
- c
- q-]o-Ic
- W
- a
- m-Wv. AXns cq-]
- n-eq-sS-bmWv B khn-tk-jk
-
- e
- v]\
- s
kzmwio-Ic
- n-p-X
- pw. bmYmy-ns Hcp Js Zriy-hX
- vIc
- n-p-X
- n-\p khnti-ja
- m-amWv kmln-Xy-cq]w Fp-Xs Atlw ]d-bpp (Ibid, 275). cq]-ns IneqsS t\mp-tm-gmWv bmYmys khn-ti-ja
- mbn Bhn-jI
v c
- n-m-\m-hp-X
- .v apIqn
Xm-dm-bn-cn-p Nnbvv cq]w sImSp-p-I-b GsXmcp {kjvSmhpw sNp-Xv.
]nstbm? Bhn-jvIm-c
- ns cq]-f
- n-eq-sS-bmWv bmYmy-ns ImgvNX
- s Icpn-Sn-p-X
- v. ImgvNbpw {]Xn-\n-[m-\hpw Cgp-In-t-cp-p-shp ]d-bmw. bmYmy-ns
]pXnb hi- ImWm \n_-n-p-Xv {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ns am- AXm-bXv
cq]w Xs-bm-Wv. apIqn Xm-dm-bn-cn-p bmYmys IrXn-bpsS D]-cn-X-e-ntev sRcp-n-smn-p-I-b {kjvSm-hv. \mw D]-cn-X-e-sap Icp-Xp B cq]w
XsbmWv bmYmys ImWm\pw a\-n-em-m\pw sXc-s-Sp-m\pw klm-bn-p-Xv. Iem-{k-jvSmhv bmYmys cq]-ns In-eqsS ImWm ]Tn-W
- s
- a-p-Xs
saZvshtZhv ]d-bpp (Ibid, 276).
]pXnb coXn-bn bmYmys a\-n-em-m cq]-amWv klm-bn-p--sX
saZvshtZ-hns Cu Bibw {][m-\-am-Wv. GXp ImgvNbpw GXp cq]-nepw km[y-a-.
]pXnb cq]--fpsS DZbw Cu \nebvv hfsc {]k--am-Wv. \ne-hn-ep cq]- Nne

ImgvNI
- sf, {]k-a
- mb ImgvNI
- sf XS-bp-p-sh tXm-emhmw ]pXnb cq]-p-thn-bp Bcm-be
- n-\p I
- m-cW
- w. AmsX t^ma-en-p-I ]d-bp-X
- p-t]mse cq]w ]g-Ip-Xp-sIm-p-am-{X-am-hn AXv. ImgvN-bpsS ]pXnb km[y-XI cq]-ns ]pXp--en-eqsStbm ]pXp-cq-]--fn-eq-sS-stbm BWv Xpd-p-In-p--Xv. ]pXnb ImgvN Bh-iy-amp kmaq-lnI kml-Nc
- yhpw ]cn-KW
-- n-t-X
- m-Wv. kmaq-lnI Pohn-X
- n hcp am Xs-bmWv ]pXp-cq-]--fn-eqsS {]Xn-^-en-p--Xv. Xncn-v, ]pXnb cq]- ]pXnb
bmYmy-sf ImWm-\pw, bmYmy-sf ]pXp-co-Xn-bn ImWm\pw Bkzm-ZIsc ]Tnnp-Ibpw sNp-p.
cq]w D-S
- s s]mXnp \nevp Hmbn a\-n-em-p-X
- ns ]cn-an-Xn-IfmWv Cu ho-W
- f
- n-semw D-Xv. cq]fneq-sS-bmWv bmYmyw Xs k-ev]\
- h-XvIc
- n-s
- -Sp-s
- X-p-hc
- p-tm a\p-jym-\p-`h
-
- Xs-bmWv cq-]
- n L\o-`h
- n-p\n-evp-s
- Xp a\-n-em-Ipw8. cq]- ]cn-]qW-Xb
- n-se-p-Xv hf-sc-mew sImmsWpw s]s-p-m-hp kmaq-lnI ]cn-h-\
- D]-cq-]
- f
- n-te-mWv \bn-p-sXpw _JvXn ]d-bp-pv (Ibid, 278)9 . s]s-p FSp-p-Nm---tf-m XpSbm-bn, ]Xp-s-X
- ps \S-p ]-cn-h-\
- f
- n-emWv _JvXn {in-p-X
- v. B ImgvN
\mtXm-dp-ap kKm--I-X-sbbpw (dialy creativity) km[m-c-W-Xz-ap D-c-hm-Zn-Xzsbpw A-]q-ambn Icp-Xp-p. AXm-bXv ssZ\w Zn\-Xz-nepw km[m-cW
- X
- z-nepw
AS-n-bn-cn-p km-IXsb Xncn-d- n-bp-p. cq]w Hm-bpsS {][m\ D]-Ic
- W
- hpw
Ncn-{X-ns hml-\h
- p-am-sW _JvXns kev]w km-I
- X
- s
- b-p-dn-p Cu ImgvNm-Sns IqSn ^e-am-Imw. (_-JvXns\ kw_-nv kmln-Xy-nse cq]- am{X-a
- , ]cnK-W-\m-hn-j-bw. ssZ\w-Zn\ `mj-W- apX kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I hsc hym]np-In-S-p-Xm-W-Xv. The Problem of Speach Genres F teJ\w {imlw).
Nn-bpsS cq]w
kmln-Xy-cq-]--sf-p-dn-p _JvXn Nn {][m-\-ambpw t\mh- F hnjbs tI{o-Ic
- n-mWv hnI-kn-p-X
- v. a\p-jym-\p-`h
-
- ns Ghpw hnI-kn-Xa
- mb kev]-\-h-XvI-cWw t\mh-en-emWv \S-p--sXv Atlw Icp-Xp-p. AXns ZkvXtb-hvkvIn-bpsS t\mh-ep-I-fmWv {][m-\w. XnIpw ]pXnb Iem-Nn Bhn-jvI-cn ZkvXtb-hvkvInsb temI-s-p-dnv Xn-Ipw ]pXnb k-ev]\w AhX-cn-n sFo-\p-ambmWv _JvXn D]-an-p-X
- v. t\mh-en-s\-p-dn-p Cu ]T-\
- f
- n-eqsS _JvXn Fnt-cp Hcm-ibw cq]-s
- f-Xv Nn-bpsS cq]-sa-Sp-e
- mWv Fm-W.v temI-ns _unI-Nc
- n-{X-n Xs cq]-v hfsc {]m[m-\y-ap-v. _un-IN
- c
- n-{X-sa-gp-Xp-h
- km[mcW Iem-km-ln-Xym-Zn-I ]cn-KW
- n-m-dn-. ]cn-KW
- n-ms D-S
- ta t\mq. ]t
Ie-bpsS cq]w Xs Nn-bpsS cq]-ambn ]cn-K-Wn--W-sa-mWv _JvXns ]w.
Ie-bn-sebpw kmln-Xy-n-sebpw cq]-s, ImgvNb
- psS amw Xs-bmbn a\-n-

em-p-tm, AXns\ km[m-cW

- m-n-ep tIh-ea
- mb _mly-cq-]s
- atm As-n
GXm\pw hn[n-hm-Iy--fn kw{K-ln-m-hp {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-satm hnh-cn-m-\m-hn-.
t\sc adnv AXv cq]w Icp-n-Sn-n-p {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-amWv (Form-shaping ideology).
{]tXyIXc-n A\p-`-h-kw-th-Z-n\p cq]w sImSp-p {]tXy-I-X-c-n-ep km-I{- ]-hr-n-bm-WX
- v (Ibid, 283).
cq]hpw {]Xy-bi
- m-k{v Xhpw Xn-ep Cu Cgpw {][m-\a
- m-W.v AXp-sImv _mlycq-]k
- h
- n-ti-jX
- I
- f
- psS \n-Po-hk
- a
- m-lm-ca
- kmln-Xy-cq]w. kmln-Xy-n-tep am{Xw Npcpm-sX, _JvXn cq]--sf-p-dnv ]d-bp-Xv AXv `qX-Im-es {]h-\--fp-sSbpw
s]cp-am-
- f
- p-sSbpw Ah-n-]X
v a
- m-sWmWv, ]gb CS-]m-Sp-If
- psS ]c-ep-If
- m-I (Ibid:290).
As\ t\mp-tm, cq]w D-Sw Xs-bm-Wv. ]cn-Nn-Xhpw kmam-\y-ambn a\-n-em-s-Sp-X
- p-amb ]gb temI-ho-W
- a
- m-WX
- .v L\o-`h
- n A\p-`h
-
- Fv Chsb a\nem-mw. As\ hcp-tm-gmWv cq]-tm-Sp km--I-amb CSs-]-S-embn IrXn-I
amdp-X
- .v
AXp-t]mse Hcp cq]hpw \nivN
- e
- a
-
- X
- m\pw. Hcp cq]w asm-n-tep kzoI-cn-s
- Spw. AXv cq]s ]pXp-p-Ibpw sNpw. ssien-bn cq]-ns khn-ti-j-X-I ASn-bn-p- smWv _JvXn ]d-bp-Xv (Ibid, 293). ssienI Dn-Sv cq]-hp-ap-v. Hcp
ssien Hcp cq]-n\nv asm-n-tev amp-tm, AXn\v A]-cn-Nn-Xa
- mb asmcp cq]n-tep amdp-tm AXv B cq]ss ]pXp-pw. Cs\ ]pXp-s
- -p-sIm-pamWv cq]w bmYmys ImWm ]cym-]vXa
- m-Ip-X
- v.

\yq\o-Ic
- W
-
- s-Xnsc
saZvshtZ-hn-sbpw _JvXn-sbpw cq]-\n-jvT-amb Nn-I `mjm-imkv{X]c-amb
\yq\o-I-c-Ws \ncm-I-cn-p-Xpw cq]-ns kmaqln-I-hn-h--I shfn-s-Sp-pXp-am-sWp \mw Ip-ht- m. ]t, AXv kmaq-ln-Ii
-- m-kv{X-]c
- a
- mb \yq\o-Ic
- W
-
- n-tev
hgpXn hogp-n FXpw {iml-am-Wv. Fp-am-{X-a
- , kmaq-ln-Ii
- m-kv{X-]c
- a
- mb \yq\oI-c-W-sbpw AXv \ncm-I-cn-p-p. al-mb IrXn-Isf Ah-bp-mb Ime-L--n
Xf-nv hymJym-\n-p kmam-\y-amIvknv/kmaq-ln-Ii
- m-kv{X-ho-Ws-Xn-cmWv
_JvXn Nn. henb IrXn-I Ime-n-eqsS hf-cp-p-s hmkvXh
- w, Cs\ DZv`h
- Im-eL
- -
- n am{Xw Xfn-Sp-tm Xncn-d- n-bm-\m-hn-. al-mb IrXn-I t]mb \qmp-If
- psS in Bhm-ln-p-h
- bpw AXv hcpw Xe-ap-dI
- v ]IpsIm-Sp-p-h
- b
- pam-Wv. IrXn-bpmb Imew a\-n-em-pXv ]T-\
- n\v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. ]t AXp-sIms-m-am-bn-. Ime-L-
- f
- n-eqsS hnI-kn-p-X
- mWv henb IrXn-If
- psS in. saZvshtZhv
]d-bp-p, al-mb IrXn-I ]e Xe-ap-dI
- sImv ]qo-Ic
- n-s
- -Sp-X
- mWv (Ibid,
297).
D-hI
- m-eL
- -
- n Xf-n-Sp-X
- p-t]m-se-Xsbp Xc-t-SmWv ka-Im-enI (hm-

bn-p Ime-s) XmXv]c

- y--\p-kc
- n-p-am{Xw IrXn hymJym-\n-p-X
- pw. BZys
coXn hm-bn-p--bmfpsS kKm---I-Xsb ]qPy-am-p-p-sh-n CXv Fgp-Xp--bm-fpsS
km-I
- X
- sb \ncm-Ic
- n-p-p. Cu AXn-hm-Z
- f
- n hoWp-t]m-Im-sX, IrXn-bn Aeo\-amb in Isn hnI-kn-n-p-sIm-p hmb-\-bmIpw ^e-{]-Z-am-Ip--Xv. AXn\v
AXp-mb Ime-ns khn-ti-jX
- I
- f
- d- n-bW
- w, ka-Im-en-Ia
- mb hnh-I
- f
- n-eqsS t\mpIbpw thWw. Hp-t]m-c. AtXm-sSmw IrXnv Ime-n-eqsS hf-cm-\p in, Xncn-d- nbp-Ibpw thWw.
kmln-Xy-cq-]s
- -- n-bp _JvXns Nn-I At-l
- ns _rl-mb t\mh
]T-\--fpsS `mK-am-bmWv apJy-ambpw hnI-kn-p--Xv. t\mh Dmbn hnI-kn-p-h
kmwkvIm-cn-I]
-
- m-e
-
- n\np XnIpw hyXy-kvXa
- mb Hcp kwkvIm-c
- n Dmbn
h kmln-Xy-cq-]-stbm Iem-cq-]-stbm a\-n-em-p--Xn\pw hni-I-e\w sNp-Xn\pw B Bi-b
- AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-p-X
- n ]n-tI-Sp-v. AXn-\nhnsS apXn-cp-pan-. ]t cq]s kw_-nv saZvshtZhpw _JvXn\pw Ah-X-cn-n-p auen-I-amb
Nne Bi-b
- GXp kmln-Xy-cq-]
- ns hni-Ie
- \
-
- n\pw sXfn-a
- p-m-m-Xn-cn-n-.
AXn Ghpw {][m\w cq]s tIh-ec
- q-]a
- mbn ImWm-Xn-cn-pp F-Xp-Xs
- -bm-Wv.
AXn kw`r-Xa
- m-bn-cn-p Ncn-{X-]c
- hpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ih
- p-amb hnh-I
- f
- psS {]m[m\yw
B ]T-\- FSp-p-]-d-bp-p. As\ hcp-tm cq]s D]-cn-Xew F \ne-bn
hI-p-am-n-sm-p Hcp ]T-\hpw {]k--a-m-Xm-bn-o-cp-p. am{X-a B hI-pam--ens ASn-m\wXs AXn-\-Sn-bn asm-n-\mepw _m[n--s-Sm IrXn-k
Hfn-n-cn-p-p-s k-ev]a-- m-W-tm. B kev]w Xs-bmWv _JvXn Nn tNmZyw
sNp-X
- v.

tIk-cn-bpsS kw`m-h\
ae-bm-f
- n kmln-Xy-hn-ai\w F imJ DS-se-Sp-p-Xv Gsd-psd Ccp-]Xmw
\qm-ns Bcw-`t- m-sS-bm-sW-p ]d-bmw. AXn-\p-ap-p IrXn-If
- nse Nne ]cm-ai-fn kmln-Xy-hn-ai-\-ns km[y-X-I Dsmp Nne kqN\I Anp
ImWm Ign-bp-sa-nepw10 Hcp m]-\-sa \ne-bn AXv hfphcp-Xv Ccp-]Xmw
\qm-tm-sS-bm-Wv. AXm-Is kmln-Xy-cq-]
- sf Kuchambn ]cn-KW
- n-n-cp-p-shp]dbm\pw hnj-aa
- m-Wv. an-hmdpw Bi-b\
- n-jvThpw IqsS cN-\m-]c
- a
- mb khn-ti-jX
- I
- {inp-X
- p-amb hnai-\c
- o-Xn-bmWv s]mXp-hn {]tbm-K
- n-ep-m-bn-cp-s
- Xp ]d-m
henb sXp--m-hn-. kwkvIr-X
- n\nv ISw sIm-hbpw ]mm-Xy-km-ln-Xy-am-Xr-II
- fn\np kzoI-cn-h
- b
- p-amb kmln-Xy-cq-]
- s
- f-n ]cn-Nm-bI
- c
- q-]
- n-se-gp-Xnb IrXn-Ifp-m-bn-cp-n-sv ChnsS A-am-p-n-. B {K-v {]k-n-bp-ap-v. ]t
cq]-s, hmb-\sb {]hn-n-p {]-[m-t\m-]m-[n-bm-p hnai-\
- FSp-p-]d- b-
- h
- n[w Cs-p-Xs tXmp-p.

Fm- tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW]

- n CXn-s\m-c]
- h
- m-Za
- m-Wv. At-l
- ns hnai-\ cq]-\njvTw Fp-am{Xw ]d-p-Iq-sS-nepw cq]-ns {]m-[m-\y-s-p-dnv Atlw
FSp-p-]-d-n-cp-p. Cu hnjbw Atlw BZy-ambn N sNp-Xv 1937 Cd-nb
cq]-aR
- vPcn F IrXn-bpsS apJ-hp-cb
- n-em-Wv. kmln-Xy-cq-]w, AYhm {]m\w (literary
genre) Fm-W-hnsS tIkcn {]tbm-Kn-p-Xv (1984:88). AXn-s\-p-dnv Atlw hni-ZoI-cn-p-X
- n-s
- \: Hcp Iem-Im-cs Bym-n-I\
- n-co-W
-
- n \nv P\n-p kucym-\p-`-h-ns Awi-v Xn Hcp sFIyw Dm-bn-cn-pw. Cu sFIy-s-bmWv
Abm Iem-cq]w sImv [z\n-n-p--Xv. Cs\ [z\n-n-p-Xv ]e kmt-Xn-I-am-sfbpw D]-tbm-Kn-m-hmw. Cu kmt-Xn-Ia
- m-f
- psS hyXymkw tlXp-hmbn kmln-Xycq-]-v Xn hyXymkw P\n-pp(Sn. 88). cq]-sf Bkv]-Z-amn Iem-kr-jvSnIsf thXncn-p-Xv Bim-ky-a-spw cq]-v Xn auen-I-hy-Xym-k-an-spw
D (Cu teJ-\
- ns BZy-`m-Kv kqNn-n-) t{ImtN-bpsS A`n-{]mbw tIkcn AwKoI-cn-p-n-. Iem-kr-jvSn-bpsS Bym-n-I\
- n-co-W
- mw-i
- n\v k-{]m-[m\yw \evIp
t{ImtNbvv Iem-cq-]
- Xn-ep hyXymkw Ah-KW
- n-m-sa-nepw hmb-\
- m-c\
- n
kvtXm`w P\n-n-p AXns tijn Awi-v {]mapJyw sImSp-n-cn-p \apv
AXv h Fp tIk-cn. am{X-a Ahbvv AXn-bmb {]m[m-\y-ap-p-Xm-\pw. Hcp t\mhen\pw Hcp \mSI-n\pw Xn, Hcp kmln-Xy-IrXn hmb-\
- m-cn AYhm t{]-Ic
- n,
kvtXm`w P\n-n-W
- s
- a ho-Wt- Im-Snsb Bkv]Z- nv kmc-amb hyXym-k
- f
- pv (Sn.
89).
kmln-Xy-cq-]-s-p-dn-p Nn tIkcn ]noSpw XpS-cp-p-v. cq]w AYhm
{]m\w Fv cq]-aRvP-cn-bn {]tbm-Kn-s-n, {]m\w F hmmWv ]nevmev Atlw hym]-Ia
- mbn D]tbmKn-p-X
- v. 1944- Fgp-Xnb ]ptcm-Ka
- \
- k
- m-lnXyw F
teJ-\
- n Cu Bibw hni-Za
- m-p-pv: kmln-Xy-nse ]ptcm-KXn AXns _mlycq-]
- f
- mb kmln-Xy-{]-m-\
- sf FSp-p- \n-jv]
- a
- mbn A]-{K-Yn-p-t\m-n-bm a\n-em-m-hp--Xm-Wv. Hcp kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bpsS ApL-S-I-, `mhw (F-Ivkv{]-j),
hnjbw (k-_vPIvSv AYhm sao-cn-bkv), D]-I-cWw (ao-Un-bw), kmt-Xn-I-amw (sSIv\n-Iv), cq]w (t^mw) Fn-h-bm-Ip-p. kap-Zm-b-n amdn-amdn hcp ho-W-tIm-SnbmWv `mhw F-Xv. `mhs Bkv]Z-- np P\n-p ]cn-h-\
- n-\mWv, AYhm kmlnXy-hn--h-n-\mWv {]m\w F t]cv \evtI--Xv. tijn LS-I-sf Bkv]-Znp
P\n-p ]cn-h-\-v D]-{]-m-\-sap t]cnSmw (Sn.393).
tIk-cn-bpsS {]m\w kmln-Xy-cq-]-n-\p- gm\- F A-n
{]m[m\yw Dd-n-p-p-spw tIhew D-S
-
- n Dun-bp kmln-Xym-]{- K-Y\
-
- ns
A]-cym-]vXX FSpp ]d-bp-p-spw a\-n-em-m hnj-aa
- n-. CXn-eS- n-bn-cn-p
km[y-X-I hnI-kn-n-m ae-bm-f-hn-ai\w ]noSv Imcy-ambn {ian-p-sh-p-tXm-pn-.

Cu teJ-\
- ns hnj-bs kw_-n-n-St- mfw {iml-amWv tIk-cn-bpsS
cmP-cm-Po-b-nse B--Y-I F ]T-\w. B--Y-I-fn km[m-c-W-ambn Btcm-]np-h-cp kmln-Xy-iq-\yX Hcp tIm-a-s-mWv AXn-sem-cnSv tIkcn ]d-bp-pXv.
{imhyImhy--fpsS am\-Zsf Zriy-Im-hy--fn {]tbm-Kn-p-Xv \ymb-a Fv
Atlw Fgp-Xp--Xnepw (Sn. 166) ap]-d {]m-\m--I-amb ho-W-ns LS-I AS-n-bn-p-m-hW
- w.
Cu \nco-W
-
- f
- psS IqSn shfn-
- n B-Y F kmln-Xy-cq-]s
- -p-dn-v,
AXns s]cp--s-p-dn-v, {]k-n-sb-p-dnv Nne At\z-j-W- \S-m-\mWv Cu
]T\w C\n ]cn-{i-an-p--Xv.

cv
khpw {`mp Hcp {Kma-n Hcp-h am{Xw nX-{]-\
- m-bn-cp-m-ep
Ah-b
- mWv B-Y
- m-km-ln-Xy-n \f-Nc
- n-X
- n-\p-s
- Xv IpnIrjvWa
- m-cmcv A`n{]m-bs
- -n-pv (1990:346). amcpw C{X IS-n-d-
n-n-s-nepw B-Y
- I
- s
- f-n \psS
kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]I
- pw kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-cN
- b
- n-Xm-pw Imcy-amb aXn-sm-p-an-. Dq
t]mepw Aev]-samcp ]cn-lm-k-tm-sS-bmWv B--Y-I-fnse CXnhrkwhn-[m-\-sn ]d-bp-X
- v. \mS-I
- n-se-t- ]mse IY-If
- n-bnepw CXn-hrw {]Jym-Xa
- m-bn-cn-W-samWv hbv]v Fpw CS-bvn-Sv bp-n\pw h[n\pw Ah-kc
- a
- n-s-n sImm-c
- c--p-cm tXmc-W-bp--n hm\-c-m-cpsS kzbw-{]-`m-Zi--\-n-\p-apv Hcp cm-ks\bpw tIm-bv Xp-cm Ime-tI-bh
- [
-
- n h{P-tIXp h{P-_m-lp-s
- fbpw krjvSn-Xp-t]mse Ihn kt`m-Nn-X-fmb L- Iqn-t-p-sapw ]d-bp-n-Sv ]cnlmkw kv^pcn-p-p-v. Iqw hen-p-d-p Ac-kn-I-msc DWm-\m-bn-cnmw
Cu Gp-sI-s
- e-p-]d- b
- p-tm AXv hy-hp-amWv (1972: 129). AXn-\p-ap-v, Ign \qmns Bcw-`-ns, Imm-c-Xm-cIw F \f-N-cn-X-hym-Jym-\-ns Ah-Xm-cn-Ibn F.-B. cmP-cm-Ph
- bpw \mS-Ih
- p-ambn Xmc-Xa
- y-s-Sp-n-bm IY-If
- n-p \yq\X
kqNn-n-p-p-.v \mS-I
- n-se-tmse IY-If
- n-bn Ime-tZ-i
- f
- psS sFIy-s-n \n_-an-spw Hmtcm Znh-ks IYbpw A-p- \-S
- X
- p-t]m-se-bmWv IY-If
- n-bnse `mh\-sbpw IYIfn ip-amb Hcp Zriy-Imhyw Am nXnv em-\p-cq-]y-s-n
Nnn-t--Xn-spw IY \S-p CSw ImSm-bmepw \mSm-bmepw hnf-n-\p-ap-n-ep
`mKw Acv Ft B-m [cn-n-pp Fpw sNdn-sbmcp ]cn-lm-kt- msS Atlw
Fgp-Xpp (1983:18-19). ]Xn-s\mw \qm-n-ep-mb B-Yscp-s kqNn-n-v, KXm\p-K-Xn-IXzw _m[n Ah-bn K-Wy-amb Iem-`wKn hfscbpsp ]d-bm h Fv
F. IrjvW-]n-bpw Fgp-Xp-pv (2002:181).
B-Y
- I
- s
- f-p-dnv B[p-\n-II
- m-ev cq]-s-p-h A`n-{]m-b
- s
- f \nebvv

Cu \nco--W-v {]k-n-bp-v. Ch-bmWv B--Y-I-sf-p-dnv s]mXpth \ne-hnen-cn-p \ne-hm-cs

- [mc-Ws
- bpw ]d-bmw. Dqcpw F.-Bdpw cwK-Ie F \nebvv
AXn\v imkvt{Xm-Nn-Xa
- mb sIp-dp t]mc Fpw Ac-kn-I
- msc A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNp-Xm-Wh Fpw hn[n-sb-gp-Xp-p. F.-Bd- ns \ncq-]W
-
- n, B Ime-tmsS hym]n-pXp-S
- nb ]mm-Xy-\m-SI
- k
- t- X-sfbpw \ne-hn-en-cp \mSy-im-k{v Xhn-[n-Is
- fbpw Hsms
ASn-m-\s
- -Spn IY-If
- nsb t\mnmWm {ian-p-pv. ew, Imew apX-em-bh-bnse sFIyw IY-I-fn-bn Zon-m-dn Fp-]-d-p-sIm-p-Xs B LS-I--sfp-dnv hni-Zo-Ic
- n-p-p. B {]_w Hn-s-Sp-p-t\m-p-tm, BZy-`mKw \mS-I
- ns
am\-Z
a
- \
- p-kc
- npw kmln-Xy-s-n ]d-bp `mKw apX IhnX F \ne-bn-ep-amWv
\fNcnXs hnebncppXv. aWn-{]-hm-fI
- h
- nX F \ne-bn-emWv B `mKs hnai\w.
kwKo-Xs
- -n ]d-bp-p-s-nepw hfsc {lkz-am-Wv. cwK-Ie
- m-cq-]a
- m-sW-nepw A`n-\b-s-n Acv ]nSn-n-s\--nbpw A{X-t]mepw ]d-bp-n-. \psS \ncq-]-W-ns
ASn-m-\mw-i--fmbn amdnb IrXn--hy-n hynXz_-hpw Xmc-X-ay-\n-co--Whpw
CXn-\n- S-bn {]hn-p-p-v11. As\ ae-bm-fk
- m-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]W
- N
- c
- n-{X-n kp{][m-\-hp-amWv Cu cN-\. ]t cwK-Ie F \ne-bn-ep t\mw Ipd-bpw.
hnim-em-n Dqcpw Cu ImgvN-m-Sp-I ]p-h-bvp-p-s-p-]-d-bmw.
IrjvW]
- n-b
- m-Is B ImgvN
- m-Sns in-W
- nsbmWv B-Y
- Isf hne-bncp-p-X
- pw. CXn Akzm-`m-hn-Ia
- m-sbm-p-an-. Ign \qm-m-Zy-tmsS cq]-s kmlnXy-\n-cq-]W
- t- _m-[a
- mWv Cu ImgvN
- m-Sns Duw. tIc-fo-ba
- mb Hcp cwK-Ie
- m-cq-]
- ns
hf-bpsS L-f
- n, AXn-\p-thn Fgp-Xs
- kmln-Xy-sa \nebvv Cu cq]s
ImWm Cu ]T-\
- , Cu hgnv FmSpw XpSp-h ]T-\
- fpw Gsd-sbmpw {iann-sp ]d-tb-n-h-cpw. {imhy-Im-hy-ns am\-Z-- Zriy-Im-hy-n-\p-tbm-Pn-ns-p-tI-kcn ]d-t- m cq]-s-p-dn-p-m-bn-cp t_m[w Ch-bn th{X hnp-n-spw ]d-tb-n-hc
- pw.
B-Y
- I
- ps]mXpth kmln-Xy-KpWw Ipd-bp-satm \mS-I
- s
- ftmse Ah
ckm-{i-ba
- s
- tm ]dv Ahsb H-Sw Xn-f
- b
- p-tm, FmWm kmln-Xy-KpWw
Fpw Fm Zriy-I-e-Ifpw \mS-I-s-tmse Hcp cks ]cn-t]m-jn-np ^en-n-t-Xptm Fpw tIc-f
- nse Zriy-Ie
- I
- f
- psS kz`mhw AXm-bn-cptm Fpw Ctm
tNmZn-t-n-hc
- pw. Fm-bmepw sImm-c
- c
-
-
- p-cms Imew apXntmv Aqdn-e[
- nIw BY-I cNn-s
- -n-p-m-Ipw12. an-a
- n-bm-sW-nepw Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns
Ay-]m-Z-nepw B--Ym-c-N\ XpSp-t]m-n-p-ap-v. Hcn-t]mepw Ac-t-dm-hbpw Cu B-Y
- m-ka
- p-b
-
- n Dm-tbmw. Htm ctm XhW Ac-
- p-h
- h
]e-Xp-m-hpw. aptXm Gdn-bm \mev]tXm B-Y
- I
- t hym]-Ia- mb Acp ku`mKyw
Inn hn-pp Fp-]-d-m AXn-i-tbm-n-bm-hn-13. Fn ]ns Fp-sImv
C{X-b[
- nIw B-Y
- I
- Fgp-Xs
- p? sImn-bnse hoc-tI-cf
- h
- alm-cm-Pmhv (1766-1828)

10

\qtdmfw B--Y-I cNn-n-p--t{X. 48 F-ns t]cv Dq sImSp-p-pv (1972:478). hf-sc-tbsd IY-I Fgp-Xp-p-shp am{X-a ]ecpw CX-cI
- h
- n-If
- psS B-Y
- m-hnj-b- Xs kzoI-cnv ]pXnb B--Y-I-sf-gp-Xp-p-ap-v. Cu hoc-tI-c-f-h Xs
Ieym-Wk
- u-K
- n-Ihpw Inao-ch
- [
- hpw \nhm-XI
- h
- N
- h
- [
- hpw B-Y
- b
- m-n-bn-p-v. tImbp Xp-cms AXm-Xp-I-Y-I-fn-cn-s--s. AizXn Xncp-\m-fns cpIvan-Wo-kz-bw-hchpw Aw_-co-j-N-cn-X-hp-ap-m-bnpw Ahbpw ]pXnb IY-I-fm-n. \f-N-cnXw Ap-Zn-hks IYbpw Fgp-Xn. Imn-I-Xn-cp-\m alm-cm-Pmhv Ieym-W-ku-K-nIw B--Ybm-n-bn-p-v. a-h-n Cn-cm-cn--ta-t\ms {]kn-amb cpIvamw-K-Z-N-cn-X-n-\p-apv
Hcp hS- cpIvamw-KZNcnXw Dm-bn-p-v.
Cs\ ]e-a- n, C{X-ta B-Y
- I
- Fgp-Xs
- SpXn\p ImcWw kaq-l
- ns
ta-n-eph-cpsS shdpw hnt\mZw am{X-am-bn-cn-ptam? BsW-ns B hnt\mZ-n\v Cu cq]w Fp-sImv sXc-s-Spp?

X\-Xp-km-ln-Xy-cq]w
]sm-Xmw \q-mhkm\w hsc-bp ae-bm-fk
- m-ln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-m,
IqSp-X Bhn--s-n-p cq]- Infn-mpw B--Ybpw Xp-ep-am-sWp
ImWmw.14 Cu aqp-cq-]-fpw ae-bm-f-ns X\-Xp-k--m-Wp-Xm-\pw. kt-i-Im-hyw,
Np apX-embn kwkvIr-X-n\np- ISw sIm cq]-tm ]mp-km-ln-Xy-cq-]-n\p-X-stbm ae-bm-f-n Cs\ ZoL-Po-hn-X-ap-m-bn-n-. tIk-cn-bpsS \nco--W-a\p-kc
- nv Ch-sbms D]-{]-m-\
- am{X-am-Wv. Infn-m-n-s\bpw Xp-en-s\bpw bYm{Iaw tXh hmgv
- n, tXh hogvn Fo t]cp-If
- n, Atlw {]m-\
- f
- mbn ]cn-KWn-pp (1984:394). ae-bm-f
- ns X\-Xp-cq-]s
- a \ne-bn Ch-tbm-sSmw B-Y
- bvpw
m\-ap-s-p-I-cp-Xmw. hopw hopw ]co-n--s-Sp cq]- khn-ti-j-{i
Aln-p-nt? ae-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sSbpw `mh-\-bp-sSbpw ASn-m-\-L-S-\-I-fp-ambn Ah
khn-tij-ambn kwh-Zn-p-p-m-hnt? {]Xn-`-bp Hsc-gp--, Hcp-mbn hmcn-b,
Hcp Ip \ym. _mn-sbms I-Yb
- n-m A\pI-cW
-
- Fv Cu Bhn-Xcq-]-sf C\nbpw \mw Xn--f-bp-Xp icn-bmtWm? D-S--n am{Xw {in-p
hne-bn-cp-e
- m-hnt AXv? Nne cq]- Bhn-s
- -Sp-p-sh-n AXn\p Imc-Wa
- pm-hW
- w.
Bhn-p Cu cq]-v s]mXp-hmbn Fs-n-ep-aptm? ]e \ne-If
- n-emsW-nepw kwKoXw Ch-bpsS s]mXp LS-Ia
- m-Wv. asmcp Xc-n CuW-{]m-[m-\yw Chbvp-sp ]d-bmw. B--Ybpw (cw-K-cq-]-amb IY-I-fn) Xpepw Xmfm-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amWv. BJym-\hpw hW-\bpw Ch-bn-se-m-ap-v. AX-mbXv Xmf-nepw CuW-nepw cq]s-Sp-nb BJym-\
- fpw h-\I
- f
- p-amWv s]mXpth Cu cq]-p-s
- X-p-]d- b
- mw.
Xmf-n\pw CuW-n-\p-ap {]m[m\yw \mtSmSn BJym-\--fp-sSbpw Ah-X-c-W--fp-

11

sSbpw kz`m-ha
- m-sWp ]d-bp-X
- n A]m-Ia
- n-. As\ t\mp-tm \mtSmSn Ah-Xc-W
- f
- psS Nne ASn-m-\k
- z-`m-h
- , `mj-bpsS hf-bnse {][m-\L
- -
- f
- n Dmbn-h Cu cq]- \ne-\nn-bn-p-sp a\-n-em-mw. \mtSm-Sn-cq-]
- f
- n\np hyXy-kvXa
- mbn CXn-lm-k]
- p-cm-W
- f
- psS \ne-hm-cs
- ]mT-s
- f-bmWv {]mtZ-in-Ik
- z-`m-h
-
Ism-gn-bmsX Ch BJym\w sNp-X
- v. `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-n-sbpw \ne-hm-cs
- S-en Ch ]e Xe-f
- n {]-[m\]v hln-n-p-v. Cu cq]-f
- psS hyXy-kvXX Ah-KW
- npsImv Cs\ s]mXp-LS- I
-
- hI-Xn-cn-p-X
- n ]cn-an-Xn-If
- p-s-p-hc
- mw. Fnepw
Ch-sbmw shtsd A\p-]m-X
- n Cu cq]-f
- n-ep-v.
Cu LS-I-, CXp-t]mse av Nne-Xpw, B--Y-I-fn Fs\ {]hn-p-shmWv ChnsS At\z-jn-p-X
- v.
ae-bm-f
- nse enJnX kmln-Xy-ns XpSw apX, {][m-\[
- mc CXn-lm-k]
- p-cmW-f
- psS {]mtZ-in-Ia
- mb BJym-\a
- m-Wv. Fgp-
- s Infn-mpI hsc cmam-bW
- w, alm`m-c-Xw, `mK-hXw (Z-iaw hnti-jn-v) Fn-hsb Ab an-se-nepw Hcp GI-I-am-sbSpv [mcmfw kw{K-ln-pw, {]mtZ-in-Ihpw Imtem-Nn-X-hp-amb Biy-h--\p-k-cnv
hnSnbpw BJym\w sNp-h
- b
- mWv apJy-Ir-Xn-Is
- fmw Xs. cmam-bW
- N
-
- p-Xsbpw
Hmtcm Jhpw kzX-{-sap Icp-Xm-hptm t]mepw cmam-b-Ws H bq\n-mbn
ImWp-p-s-p-tXm-p-p. ss\j[w Np-hm-bn-cn-Ww CXn-s\m-c]
- h
- m-Zw. J-v
kzX-{-amb \ne-\n-ev]v, Fm Ahsb Hn-n-p (A-b
) bpn-bmbn Hcp ]qWX-sb-- nb t_m[w. CXmWo IrXn-If
- psS kz`m-hs
- ap kmam-\y-ambn ]d-bmw.
Fm CXn-lm-k--fn-sebpw ]pcm-W--fn-sebpw Hmtcmtcm k`-fpw D]mJym-\
- fpw thdn-s-Spv ae-bm-f
- n BZy-ambn BJym\w sN-s-Sp-Xv B-Y
- I
- f
- net? H-sbm k`-sf H-sbm GI-I
- f
- mbn khn-ti-jm-n-ep ]qW-XtbmsS kzoI-cn-t- m Ah Ah-Xc
- W
-
- n-\p BJym-\
- f
- p-am-bn. Ah-Xc
- W
-
-- n-stbm
{]I-S\
-
- n-stbm In-eq-sS-bm-Wv H-sbm bq\n-p-If
- mbn Ahsb ]cn-Nc
- n-s
- X-w.
As\ t\mp-tm CXn-lm-k
- f
- nse Hmtcm k`hpw IqSp-X kvtXm`-]qW-ambn
{]mtZ-in-I-ambn hym]\w sNp--Xn B--Y-I khn-ti-j-]p hln-n-cn-pw. B-Ym-Ir-p- tIcfns hSpw \Sppw sXp-sams Dm-Ip-p-v. Ah-cpsS
cN-\-Ifpw Ah-bpsS Ah-X-c-W-fpw Cu IY-I-fpsS {]mtZ-in-I-kzo-Im-cy-Xbvv Iptdsbms Imc-Wa
- m-bn-p-m-Ipw.
B--Y-I am{Xta As\ sNbvXp-p-shv Dd-np ]d-bm\pw h. \mtSm-Snbmb BJym-\--fp-m-bn-cn-p-a-tm. ]t Ah hmsam-gn-bmbn {]N-cn--h. enJn-X-cq-]n hym]-I-am-bpmIp-Xv B--Y-I Fp \nK-a\w sNmw.

D-hI
- mew
]Xn-t\gmw \qm-n-emWv IrjvW\
- m-hpw cma-\m-hpw Dm-Ip--Xpw cma-\mw IY-

12

I-fn-bm-bn-o-cp-Xpw Fv kmam-\y-ambn hniz-kn-s

- -Sp-p. ]{mw \qm-n s]cpam hmgvNb
- psS ssiYn-ey-tmsS AXn\p Iogn-ep-m-bn-cp `c-W{- ]-hn-iy-I kzX-{cm-Py-f
- m-bn-op (\mcm-bW
- , 1996:67). ]pXnb A[n-Im-ct- I-{- tIc-f
- ns hnhn[-`m-K
- f
- n DZbw sImp-p-v AXn-s\-p-Sv. ]Xn-\mdmw \qm-nse sshtZ-in-Im{I-aWw DmIp-tm-tgv {]mtZ-in-Im-[n-Im-ct- I-{- in-{]m-]n \ne-bn Fn-gn-n-cp-p. kpw A[n-Im-chpw {]mtZ-in-Ia
- mbn hym]\w sNp-pv Cu Ime-sp
]d-bmw. CXn-t\m-sSmw ae-bm-f-n-\p -Xm-c-X-tay\ hn]p-e-amb {]m[m-\yhpw ssIh-cp-psv sNdp-t-cn-bp-sSbpw AXn-t\-m Fgpsbpw IrXnIpw e`nph
tan\np a\nemmw. ]pXnsbmcp A[nImchyhbntepw
`mjmt_m[ntepw hfcp kaqls ]cnanXambnsnepw ChnsS ImWmw. Fgp-t- Xp t]mep Kpcp-Ip-e
- Bcw-`n-p-X
- n-\p ]tcm-t- {]-cW
- , kmaq-Xncn kzw
sImm-c-n XpS-nb Fgp-p-]n Bbn-cn-m-sapw Acw Kpcp-Ip-e- ]pXpXmbn k-c
- mb a[y-h-n-\n-Sb
- n kmln-Xy-]c
- hpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ih
- p-amb B`n-apJyw
hf-n-bn-p-m-Ip-sapw Fw.-Pn.-F-kv. \mcm-b-W Fgp-Xp-pv (2006:186). Cu ]pXnb
h-n Nne-cp-sS-sb-nepw cpNn-hn-ti-j--fp-ambn AXm-bXv Am-e-k-aq-l-ns
Nne hi--fp-ambn Infn-m-p-Isf XpSp-h-cp B--Y-Ifpw Ah-bpsS Ah-X-c-Wfpw kwh-Zn-n-p-m-hmw.
Cs\ ]pXp-Xmbn hfp-h `mjm-t_m-[w, CXn-lm-k--fnse sNdnb J-sf-Spv kvtXm`-]qW-ambn hnI-kn-n-m Ign-bp BJym-\, hW-\m-t_m-[w, Xmft_m-[w, CuW-t_m[w Ch-bpsS IqSn-t-c B-Y F cq]s km[y-am-p-X
- n
\ ]p-h-ln-n-cn-m-\n-S-bp-v. `mjm-t_m-[-sa--Xn-s\-n Chn-sS-sbmcp hni-Zo-I-cWw
Bh-iy-am-sWp tXmp-p. B-Y
- I
- f
- nse `mj F{X-am{Xw ae-bm-fa
- mWv ? kwkvIr-Xns tXmXv AXn Ftmgpw Gdn-bn-cn-p-nt? icn-bm-Wv. ]t kwkvIrXw Ame-a-e-bm-f-n A{]-[m-\-am-bn-cpn. AXns ssIm-tmsS Nne khn-ti-j-k-`-sftbm hnIm-c
- s
- ftbm Bhn-jvIc
- n-p-X
- n-\p Nne coXn-I B-Y
- I
- fpw\evInbn-p-s-p-]d- b
- m-\m-tb-pw.

BJym-\k
- z-cq]w
B--Y-I-fpsS BJym-\-kz-cq-]-n, apv ae-bm-f-n-ep-m-bn-cp CXn-lm-k]p-cm-W]
- p-\c
- mJym-\]
- m-c
- c
- y-n-s Hcw-ia
- p-v. CXn-lmkw As-n ]pcmWw BJym\s Nen-n-p in-bmbn {]hn-p-tmgpw AXns N-q-Sn\v Hc-b kz`mh-ap-s-p \mw Ip-ht- m. AXn-\p-nse BJym-\b
- q-\n-p-Iv Xmc-Xt- ay\ ZmVy-app-Xm-\pw. CXp-t]mse B-Y
- I
- kzoI-cn-p k`- IY-I Hc-b Nq-Sm-bn-cnpw. Ah-bvp-n-ep BJym-\-bq-\n-p-I Xmc-X-tay\ ZrVhpw kzX-{-hpam-bn-cn-pw. Ah-X-c-W-n-em-WnXv IqSp-X hy-am-Ip--Xv. Nne bq\n-p-I Hgn-hmn

13

cwK--h-X-cn-nm Hc-`w-Knbpw tXmn-. Inao-c-h-[-n {ioIr-jvWs cwK-tm-SpIqSn Ah-km-\n-p [-]p-{Xs ]q-`m-K-n\v Hcp ]qW-X-bp-v. efn-X--]m-men
X\n-bmbpw h-tm-gp-sa-nepw BSm-dp-.v \nW-tm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw Cm-sXbpw ]Xn-hp-.v IeymW-ku-K
- nIw iucy-Kp-Wt- m-Sp-Iq-Snbpw AXn-m-sXbpw Ifn-m-dp-v. Cs\ Npcp-pXv Xmc-Xt- ay\ B[p-\n-II
- m-e
- m-sW-X
- p-ic
- n. ]pXnb Ime-ns ka-bt- _m[w AXn\p
Imc-W-hp-am-Wv. ]t ]e B--Y-I-fnepw Hcn-epw cwK--h-X-cn-n-m Nne `mKsfnep-ap-sv sI.-]n.-F-kv. tat\ms IY-I-fn-bm--{]-Im-c
- ns hnhn-[`- m-K
- f
- n
\n-dn-bmw. ]pXnb Ime-tmsS IYm-Jym-\
- p-S-sb-m angn-hp ]e Xe-f
- n
anI-hp `mK- am{Xw Ah-X-cn-n-p coXn IqSn. Fm-bmepw Ctm an IYIfpw apgp-h In-s-p-hv Hc-]qWX tXmn-. AXv AXmXv Ah-X-c-W-`m-K-ns
ZmVyw sImpw I-Ym-]qn-bpsS N-q-Sns Ab-hp-sIm-p-am-Imw. IqSn-bm-
- n-s
kzm[o\w CXn F{X-tm-fa
- p-spw At\z-jn-m-hp-X
- m-Wv.
]t IYm-]-c-amb ]qn, BJym-\-kz-`mhw B--Y-bn Xosc Ah-K-Wn-m\m-hn-X
- m-\pw. IYm-]c
- a
- mb Hcp N-q-Spv B-Y
- b
- vv. cma-\mw IY-If
- n AXv {]ISw
Xs-bm-Wv. ]ns A{X-tmfw ImWp-n-s-nepw tmI- XpS-bmbn {in-m
BJym-\
- p-S {]hn-p-p-sp a\-n-em-mw. Fnepw H k`-f
- psS HuPzey-n-tev Fsmcp ]cn-Wmaw Ah-Xc
- W
-
- n hcp-p-v. B ]cn-Wmaw km[y-ampw
hn[-amWv B-Y
- b
- psS Ab N-q-sSp ]d-bm-\m-hpw.

LS\
ae-bm-f-n enJn-X-km-ln-Xy-ns XpSw apX-ep-Xv CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-]p-\cm-Jym-\-am-sW-n B-Y F cq]w Ahsb Fs\ Ah-X-cn-np? Atp \nehm-c-s-p-h `mjm-km-ln-Xy-t_m-[s Xmfhpw kwKo-X-n-tep hnI-kn-m-hp
CuWhpw Zriy-t_m-[h
- p-ambn ka-\z--bn-n-p-Ib
- mWv B-Y
- I
- sNbvXs
- Xp kmam-\yambn ]d-bmw. tmIw, ]Zw, ZIw Fn-s
- \-bmWv B-Y
- b
- psS LS-\. cma-\mw IYI-fn ZIw ImWp-n-. tIm-bv Xp-cm apX D]-tbm-Kn-p-p-v. kwkvIr-Xkm-ln-Xy-n \nv kzoI-cn-Xpw ae-bm-f]
- m-c
- c
- y-n Dm-bn-cp-X
- p-amWv tmIhpw
Z-I-hpw. Ah B-Y kzoI-cn-p. shdpw hW-\-bv IYm-kq-N-\bvpw IYm-Jym\-n-\p-amWv Gsdbpw Ah D]-tbm-Kn-X
- v. Ah-bpsS [w {][m-\a
- mbpw AXm-sW-nepw
tIhew IY ]d-n-en-\p-]t- bm-Kn-p-Ib
-
- , \ne-hn-ep (m-knIv ? \ntbm-m-knIv?) kucy-k--ev]--\p-k-cnv tmI- DPz-e-am-m\pw B--Ym-Ir-p- {inp.
sImm-c
- c
- b
- vp-ti-ja
- p-ff
- Imev hnti-jnpw. Ime-tI-bh
- [
-
- nse Iev]{- Zp-Ie
- v]{- Zp]-tZ-{-]p-{Xo...., kpe-fnX ]Z-hn-\ym-km, \f-Nc
- n-X
- nse C\n-sbm-cSn \S-m....., kptZ-thmm-hm-Wo....., IoN-I-h[
-
- nse k`m-P\
- h
- n-tem-Ns
- s\....., cmh-Wh
- n-Pb
-
- nse AXn-ar-Zp-]Z-\ym-ssk.... Fn-s\ DZm-lc
- W
-
- F{X thW-sa-nepw D-cn-mw. C-c
- n-ep

14

tmI- \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp k-ev]-nse kmln-Xy-]-Z-hn-bn-tev B--Y-Isf

Dbm klm-bI
- a
- m-bn-p-v. B-Y
- I
- f
- psS tabpw Xmgvabpw \n-bn-p k`n Dq tmI-f
- n khn-tijw {in-pps-Xv Cm-cy-n\pw kqN-\b
- mbn
kzoI-cn-mw. B-Y
- m-cN
- \
- b
- vp-apv sImm-c
- c Xp-cm ap-Ic
- q-]
- n-se-nepw aWn{]-hm-f-tm-I--sf-gpXn ioen-n-cp-pthm Fp kwi-b-am-sWpw (1972:129) ]Wm-Z-\ptKm-[-\-hpw..... apX-emb \nPo-h-tm-I--fmWv kptZ-thm-m-hm-Wo.... apX-emb kPo-htm-I--sf-m \f-N-cn-X-n IqSp-X-sepw (1991 : 22) Atlw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-Xp
{in-p-I. Z-I-fpw Cu ImgvN-m-Sn-em-bn-cn-Ww t\mn---Xv.
tmIhpw Z-Ihpw ae-bm-f]
- m-c
- c
- y-n Dm-bncp-p-sh-nepw ]Z-km-lnXyw
B-Y
- I
- p-apv ae-bm-fk
- m-ln-Xy-n Dm-bn-cp-X
- mbn tXmp-n-. KoXtKm-hnw
tIc-f
- n {]N-cn-n-cp-p, AXns Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-s-gp-Xnb IrjvWK
- o-Xnbpw Dm-bn-cp-p.
]t cma-\mw IY-I apX ImWp Xc-n-ep ]Z-km-lnXyw B-Y
- I
- p-apv
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-n Dm-bn-cp--Xmbn tXmp-n-. Zn-tW-y-bn CX-c-tZ-i-fn cma-\m-
- n-\p-apv Dp-Xm-\pw. kwKo-X
- n\pw \r-n\pw XpSv A`n-\b
-
- n\pw
{]m[m\yw \evIp kmln-Xy-cq-]s
- a \ne-bn ]Z ae-bm-f
- n hcp-Xv B-Y
- I-fn-eq-sS-bm-sWp \nK-a\w sNmw.
kwKo-X
- n\pw A`n-\b
-
- n\pw thn-bp kmln-Xy-cq-]a
- m-bX
- p-sIm--p-Xs
- ,-tmI--sfbpw Z-I--sf-bpw-Im {im-lw ]Z--fm-Wv. ]-hnbpw A\p-]--hnbpw NcW--fp-am-bmWv Ch-bpsS LS-\. Nne ]Z-v A\p-]-hn Dm-hn; Nne-hbvv NcW-tf ImWq. F-nepw s]mXp-L-S\ BZyw ]d--Xp-X-s. kwKo-Xm--I-amb B ]Z-fmWv A`n-\b
-
- ns ASn-d- .
Ctm B--Ym-]p-kvX-I--fn ImWp cmK-\nt-i- GXp Ime-m-bncnpw hn-p-m-hpI? sImmc--c-mew XpSn Ftmtgm Cv {]Nm-c-ep-]vX-am-bh
AS--ap Nne cmK--fneqsS-sb-nepw B--Ym-]-Z- tIc-f-ns hnhn-[-`m-K-fn {]Ncn-n-cp-p-shp k-ev]n-m-\m-hpw15. CuW-n\nv kwKo-X-n-te-p
hf Fp app kqNn-n-Xv Cmcyw ap\nn-bp-am-Wv. tIc-f-ns kwKo-X-N-cn{X-n Chbvv khn-ti-j-m-\-ap-m-hmsX h. Ime-n-eqsS ]pXp--s-Sm-\p
tijnbpw ]e ]Z--fp-sSbpw kwKo-X-n-\p-v. Cu kwKo-X-kz-`m-hhpw B--Ym-cq]w
Bhnp ]co-n-p--Xn-\p Hcp Imc-W-ambn ]d-bp--Xn sXp-m-hn-.
tmI-fpsS {][m-\[
- w BJym-\a
- m-sW-n ]Z-f
- p-tSXv hW-\b
- m-Wv. kw`mj-W
- ns [w hln-p-h
- b
- mWv ]e ]Z-f
- p-sa-nepw ]eXpw hW-\I
- sImv
\n_n-Ua
- m-bn-cn-pw. Nne DZm-cl
- c
- W
-
- . : Ieym-Wk
- u-K
- n-I
- n `oa\pw ]mm-enbpw
IqSn-bp cwK-nse ]Zw :
]hn
]mm-ec
- P
- X
- \
- tb
]-tP-tW

15

]km-bI
- \
- n-etb
A\p]hn
XmsX hn]nt\ k-cn-o-Sp-I-bm
s\-Ia
- X
- n-eg- e
- c
- p-Xc
- p-Xbn tX
Nc-W
-
1.

]qtme tXmdpw \Sp

\ ]qaWw sas \pIp
NmmSn tamZw Iep \
Nmcp ]h-\ hcpp

2.

]-aI
- q-PnX kptIm-Inte
]c-an-lt- Zhn kpaw-Kte
In-\c
-
- p-a\
- m-Ipte
Infn-samgn hcnI inem-Xte
\nN-e-tem-N\ \nPn-X-a-[p-cna
kn-X`- b
- N
- e
- Z-
- n-XI
- a
- t- e.....
IoN--Ih-[
- n IoN-I ]mm-en-tbmSv {]W-bm-`y\ \S-p ]Zw:

]hn
amen\n! cpNn-c-Kp-W-im-en\n ! tI \o
amen\n ta hcm- X-h-am-\n-\n-am aute!
Nc-W
-
1.

Xmic-\nc sImp-sImp aa
sIm thWn! a\-Xm-cn C hf-cp-p.

2.

ao-i-c-hn-n-t\mSp an-Sp \ns

Nno-eX sImn-ss Xn-SmbvI [t\y!

3.

Ipw`n-Ipw`w sXmgpw IpN Ipw`-bpKw Xn

AtmSp tNp-sImI amw cwt`mcp sshIm-sX.....
Ch-cpw irwKm-c-{]-[m-\-am-W-tm. ]-bp-sSbpw In-bps-Sbpw. C\n Hcp t]mcn-

\p-hn-fn-Zw t\mp-I. _I--h[

- -nse `oa _Is\ t]mcn\p hnfn-p-p.
]hn
\nim-N-tc{m hmSm \nim-N-tc{m
\nim-N-tc{m hmSm hnc-shmSp
\nim-a-bm-Jnew aa `pP-hocyw
\ncm-Ir-Xm-ac \nim-Nc
- m-[a
Zp-cmi th \n\-n\n \nXyw

16

C\n `-n-`m-h{- ]-[m-\a

- mb Hcp ]Zw t\mmw. IptN-eh
- r--
- n IptN-e Zzmc-Ibn-tep t]mIp cwKw. CXn\p henb A`n-\-b-{]m-[m-\y-sam-p-an-.
Zm\-hmcn apIp-s\ km\w In-Sm hn{]
Xmt\ \So-Sn-\mt\ Nn sNbvXp
kq\-_mW kpj-a\mw B\-a
- qnsbsp
\q\w Rm Io-Sp-pp \n-tlw
\mfn-Im- Xs-sb-{X-\m-fm-bnp Imm Rm\pw
tafnX k-tm-jt- m-Sp-hm-Wo-Sp-p
apI-fn D-cn ]Z- B---Y-I-fnse ]Z-cq-]-ns Nne khn-ti-j-X-I
a\-n-em-m klm-bn-p-h
- b
- m-Wv. CXp-t]mse At\Iw DZm-lc
- W
-
- Nqn-m-Wnm-\m-hp-Ibpw sNpw. ckw F-Xn-s\-m kvtXm`--fmWv `mj-bn-eqsS cwKv
A`n-\-b-n-eq-sSbpw Bhn-jvI-cn--s-Sp--Xv. kvtXm`m-hn-jvImcw `mj-bn IqSp-X
hmNy-Xb
- n Dun-sm-m-Wp-Xm-\pw. hmNy-Xt- bm-sSmw `mj Ae-m-ck
- l
- n-Xh
- p-am-Wv.
Ae-m-c
- sImpw kmln-Xy-kt- -X
- sImpw \n_n-Ua
- mb `mj-bmWv ]e-tmgpw
D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. hnkvX-cn-p--h-bn {]tXy-In-pw. tIm-bp Xp-cm-sbpw Cc-bn Xn-bpsSbpw ]Z-f
- n I-Xp-t]mse kwKo-Xm-I
- X
- bvv klm-bI
- a
- mb i_vZmevm-chpw {][m-\a
- m-Wv. cpXc-nepw Aew-Ir-Xhpw hmNy-n Dup-X
- p-amb `mjbmWv B-Y
- m-]Z-
- f
- psS s]mXp-kz-`m-hs
- ap kmam-\y-ambn ]dbmw (\-fN
- c
- nXw Hcm-
- Y-bmbn am{Xw Im t]mcm--Xp-sImv Cu \nco-Ww AXn\p tbmPn-p-I-bn-).

aqv
Cu Aew-Ir-X-Xzhpw hmNy-Xbpw \psS B[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-t_m-[-n\v \nc-pt]m-Im-X
- p-sIm-mWv AXns `mK-am-bp-mb kmln-Xy-hn-ai\w B-Y
- I
- sf kmlnXy-iq-\y-ambn hne-bn-cp-n-bX
- v.
]t Aew-Ir-XX
- ztam hmNy-Xtbm B-Ym `mj-bn ]cn-an-Xntbm Zu_-eytam
BIp-n Fpw ]dbm\mtbpw. ImcWw CXv ipkmlnXya. AXns am\-Z- am{Xw sImv (AXv Bh-iy-sa-n-epw) Cu cq]s Af-p-Xv icn-bm-bn-cn-p-Ib
- n. B--Y-I-fn-eqsS `mj Xs Hc-n Ac-p-{]-XoXn \evIp-I-bmWv sNp--Xv.
Ch-bn-eqsS `mj \Sn-p-I-bm-sWpw ]d-bm ]n-tb-pw. Cu `mj-bp-sSbpw AXn-\pta kwKo-X
- n-sbpw AXn-\p-ta cwK-_nw-_
- f
- p-sSbpw hn\y-k\w km[y-am-Ip-tm
AXv tIhekmln-Xyms AXn-hn-p A\p-`h
- a
- m-bn-o-cmw. Cu A\p-`h
- t- mSp \ne-bvm BIj-Wa
- m-bn-cn-Ww B-Y
- m-cq-]
- n-tev A{X-tbsd Dp-Jc
- mIm Hcp Imev cN-bn-Xm-sf t{]cn-n--Xv. kmln-Xy-nse [z\n-]--Xnsb kwi-bnp-Xpw hmNy-Xb
- nepw hmNm-eX
- b
- nepw AXn-it- bm-n-bnepw i_vZm-ba
- m-\X
- b
- nepw Aem-c
- f
- nepw A`n-ca
- n-p-X
- p-amb Hc-`n-cp-Nn-hn-ti-jw, Hcp-]t \mtSm-Sn-kz-`m-h
- n thcp-

17

I-fp-X
- v, tIcfo-b`- m-hp-IX
- z-n XpSp-h
- X
- n-s\-qSn B-Y
- m-]Z-
- f
- psS Cu kz`mh- ]tcm--ambn kqNn-n-p-p-m-hmw. Fm-bmepw kwKo-X-n-sbpw cwK-_nw_-hn-\y-k-\-n-sbpw ]co--W-pw \oh-I-c-W-pw ]cym-]vX-amb B-cn-I_ew Cu ]Z-cq-]
- n\v Ds-p-Xs tXmp-p.
AXp-t]mse Infn-m-p-I-sftbm Xp-ep-I-sftbm A-t]-nv cq]s ]pXp-m\p tijnbpw B-Y
-- b
- vt IqSp-X? Fgp-
- \
- n\np- h-fsc hyXy-kvXtam anItXm Bb Infn-m-p-Itfm \ym-cn\nv hfsc hyXy-kvXtam anI-tXm Bb Xp-epItfm \ap-ptm? B-Y
- b
- psS nXn AX-t- m. sImm-c
- c
- bpw tIm-bhpw Xn
\ hyXym-kw, tImw hn tImbw IY-If
- n \nv hyXykvXw X-s-bm-Wtm \f-Nc
- n-Xw.
X\n A\p-Ic
- W
-
- f
- p-s-nepw AXn-\n-Sb
- nepw Nne hyXy-kvXX
- I
- ]pep-h
- b
- p-apv.
]pXnb IY kzoI-cn-p--Xp-sIm- Fm-bmepw Cu hyXy-kvX-X. AXv cq]s ]pXpm-\p {ia-n \np-Xs
- -bm-Wp-m-Ip-X
- .v ]pXnb Imev Hcp XmS-Im-h[
- tam IWi-]Y
- tam km[y-am-Ip-Xpw cq]-n Aeo-\a
- m-bn-cn-p-, kqvaa
- mb ]cn-h-\n-\p Duw sImm-hnt? cq]- Ime--fn-eqsS \ho-I-cn--s-Sp--Xn-s\-n
_JvXn\pw ]d-bp-p-t- m. cwK-Ie
- b
- m-bX
- p-sIm-p-Xs If-cn-I, k{-Zm-b
- , ]cnt]m-j-W- apX-embn ]eXpw Cu cq]-ns \ho-I-c-W-n ]p-h-ln-n-p-s-Xn\p kwi-ba
- n. Ah-tbm-sSmw Cu kmln-Xy-cq-]
- n AS-n-bn-p Ne-\t- i-jn-sbqSn ]cn-K-Wn-p--Xn A]m-I-ap-m-hn-.
cp aqp [mcIsfnepw BYmkmlnXynepw AXns cwKcq]nepw
{]_eambn \ne\nnpspw, Hcp ]cn[nhsc Cpw \ne\nevppspw ]dbm
km[ntpw. Hv tImbw IYIfneqsS hyh sNs mkn ZmVyap
kmlnXycq]hpw XnI Ifcnnbp AhbpsS cwKcq]hpamWv. `mjm]cambn
]Zfn kwkvIrXn\v Aev]w tassbp aebmfw, tmI AhnShnsS
Htm ctm HgnsI ]qWambpw kwkvIrXw, AhXs ]etmgpw i_vZmYmemc
\ndXv. Cs\ \nehnencp Db kmlnXyam\ZfmWv Ah ]nXpSXv.
IYIfnbpsS hymIcWw FXpXs ]dbmhp Ifcnnbpw Ahbvpmbn.
kmam\yambn ]dm Cu NnI hnIcmsf Xpdp hnSpIb, ssieohXvIcnv
[z\ymIampIbmWv sNpXv. Cu ssieohXvIcWn mkn BIpXns
\nb{WfpXmbn tXmmw.
]noSphcp Acp]nSnp ]e IYIfnepw Cu coXn XpScppv. XnbpsS
IYItfm cmhtWmZv`htam _menhnPbtam t]mephbnepw hnImcsf NnIfpsS
\nb{Wfn [zm\ymampIbmWv sNpXv. ]t Cu \nb{WnSbnepw
sshImcnIXbpsS DuPw \ndp \nevpXmbn \ap\p`hsSpIbpw sNpw. \nWw
t]me NneXv tImbw IYbn t]mepw \nb{Wfn \nv hnv ]pdtsmgpIp
\mtSmSnbmb DuPambn a\nemm\pw ]ntbpw.

18

kpZrVamb NnIfn \nv Aev]mev]w hnv \mtSmSn LSI sXfnphcp

XmWv asmcp [mc. ZbmKnse bmKimebpw bmKw apSepw kZneqsSbp
{]thi\fpw t]mse, Zptcym[\h[nse NqXpw cu{Z`oa\pw Zpmk\pwt]mse. Cu
\ncbn Ghpw {][m\amWv \ngpv. Cu IYIpw AhbptSXmb Acpw
Acp Ncn{Xhpapv. \mtSmSn LSIfpsS Duw Chbn \nb{Wp
hnt[bamhmsX Xpdp InSpXpt]mse tXmw. amfbvSp s]mbnse
IpSpw_nIfpsS IfntbmKw Cu \mtSmSn kz`mhns asmcp apJw hyampp. 16
CXnt\msSmw hnImc \nb{Wn\p]Icw AXnsshImcnIXbntep Nmbp
AhXcWpw {][m\m\apv. km\tKm]mew, cpIvamwKZNcnXw, IptNehrw
apXemb IYIfpsS ]cnNcWw anmhdpw B hgnmsWp ]dbmw. s]mXpth Cu
IYIfpsS kmlnXycq]tam Acpcq]tam mkn ZmVyw A\p`hsSpX.
\fNcnXns Nne AhXcWfn ImWp AXnsshImcnXbpw CXnt\mSp tNp
IWmw. CXs CbamWv IWi]Yw.
Cu [mcIfnsempw asmns\ \njv{]`amnsmp ISphcpXmsWp
tXmpn. Gsdpsd klhnp t]mcphbmWnh. BkzmZ\ns hnhn[Xcw
Bhiy IYIfn F cq]w BY F kmlnXycq]hpw \ndthntmpshv
CXn \nv a\nemnqsS ? Cs\ ]e [apw km[yXbp kmlnXy
cq]amWv BYbptSXv FXmhWw C{Xtbd IYI FgpXsSm\p ImcWfn
semv. Cu cq]ns hgw {intXpXsbmWv. Zptcym[\h[n 43 mw
]Zambn ImWp thXmfnIfpsS hmv GXmv ]m\anemWv. CXp cwKp ]Xnhpan.
Fnepw IrjvWs [akwcWw Cu hmpIfneqsS hmNyambn ]dbpp. Cu
ktin\v Zriy{]m[m\yansnepw BYmLS\bn CSw Ispp shYw.
sImmcn ipnbpsS {iocma]m`ntjIn Kpls ]Zw ]nmm bmWv.
Cs\ ]eXns\bpw kzoIcnm\p hgw (flexibility) XsbmhWw ]pXphnjb
kzoIcnv BYIsfgpXm ]escbpw t{]cnnpXv.
Cu hghpw kqNnnpXv Cu cq]ns \mtSmSnthcpI Xsbmhmw.
Fmbmepw \mtSmSnbmb Hcp Xcw h\yX NnIpn Aapw aphbn Xpdpw
\ne\nevppspw AXmbncnWw Cu cq]ns kzoImcyXbvpw AXn
sbp ]cnWmapw ImcWsap ]dbmw.

19

Ipdn-p-I
1.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

kmlnXycq]w Fpw Nnetm cq]w Fpw Cu teJ\n D]tbmKnpXv.

Literary Genre F AnemWv. P\pkv Fv gm\dn\v Xa Inpsnepw
{]NmcqSpX cq]n\mbXpsImv B hmv kzoIcnpp.
1798 thUvhpw tImfdnUvPpw endn _meUvkv {]knoIcntXmsSbmWv
Cwojn Imev]\nI ImeLw XpSpsXp IcpXsSpp. AXn\p 10 sImw
app \S {^p hnhhpambn _sSpn Imev]\nIXbpsS DZbs
a\nemphcpapv. endn _meUvkns cmw ]Xnn\v (1800) thUvkh
v v
FgpXnb BapJ]T\w Imev]\nI hoWns {][m\ tcJbmWv IhnXsb
ktX{][m\amb \hmknkn \np thXncnv ss\kKnI hnImcfpsS
kzmhnjvImcambn a\nempXmWv Imev]n\nIXbpsS ASnm\w. \h
mknknkw ap a\pjyscpdnmsWn Imev]\nIIhnX Xspdnp Xs
bp Bem]\fmWv. sshbnIXbpw sshImcnIXbpw ]ca{][m\amIpXv
Cu ImetmsSbmWv.
1940 Ifn Atacnbn hnIknph hnai\coXnbmWv \hhnai\w. 1941
]pdndnb, tPm t{Im dmkans Zv \yq{Innknkw F ]pkvXIw BZyIme
s {][m\ tcJ. AetSv, A.]n. mIvaq, hneyw sI hnwkmv Pq\nb apXembh
av {]apJ. Cwn F^v. B. eohnkpw. kzmyn IhnXbvv
AXmbns \ne\nevm\p tijnbn BWv Ch DupXv. Imhns
Dtiyw apXembhbm hmb\ _m[nsScpsXXmWnhcpsS coXn. kmlnXys
ASnm\]cambn khntijcoXnbnep `mjbmbn ImWpp. cq] Xnep
hyXymkw AhKWnpp.
amIvknv hnai\w s]mXpth cq]ns {]m[m\yw AhKWnpXmWv. Fm
s{^UdnIv sPbnwks CSs]SepI hyXykvXamWv. cq]w FXv AXns
{]Xybimkv{Xambncnm AhImiapXmsWv sPbnwk (1981 : 141).
anJmbn _JvXn, ]n. F. taZvshtZhv, hn. F. shmtfmjnt\mhv FnhcpsS
cN\I Hcp s]mXp ]cnt{]yw ]phbvppv. ap t]cpIfn FgpXnbXpw
_JvXn XsbmsWpw hmZapv. Chsc tNv _JvXnhrw (Bukhtin Circle)
Fp]dbpp. Fmbmepw Cu hrns BibmhenI cq]sSpXn
_JvXn\v \nmbIamb ]pv.
djy t^ma-enkw. 1914 HmsS djy-bn cq]w sIm kmln-Xy-{]-m\w 1914
hntm jvtmhvkvIn-bpsS ^ypp-dn-p-Ih
- n-Xs
- b-- n-bp {]_-t- msS Bcw-`sap Icp-Xs
- -Sp-p. t_mdnkv FbvJ _mw, bqdn Xn\n-bt- \m-hv, Hmknkv {_nIv XpSn-b-hcpw {][m\ hm--fm-bn-cp-p. 1930 HmsS djy-bn Cu {]m\w GXm-kvXa
- n-s-nepw ]noSv t{]Kv `mjm-im-kv{X-ka
- q-l
- n henb kzm[o\w sNep-n.
`mjm-im-kv{X-n-eq-nb kmln-Xy-ka
- o-]\
- s
- ap s]mXpth ]d-bmw.
_JvXns `mjm kev] tIhe`mjmimkv{Xns hgn. Xs `mjm
knmsf AXn`mjmimkv{Xw (Meta linguistics) Ftlw hnfnpp.
DudnqSnb DSamWv cq]sav s{^UdnIv sPbnwk\pw.
tIkcn _meIrjvW]n kmlnXynse {]m\sfbpw D]{]m\sfbpw
\nWbnpXv ChnsS Hmmw. AXv Cu teJ\n XpSp N sNpw.
14 mw \qmnepmb eoemXneItam 19 mw \qmns ]IpXntbmsS Dmb
Aemcimkv{X{Ktfm Cu Imen\nSbnpmb Nne hymJym\tfm
B[p\nImYn kmlnXyhnai\sap ]dpIqS. kwkv I rXnse

20

11.

12.
13.

14.

15.

16.

BemcnI {KfpsS NphSp ]nSnp NIfn kmlnXyhnai\ntev

\bnp Nne kqN\I Itmsap am{Xw. AXpt]mse kKmI
IrXnIfpsS Bcw`fnep Nne ]camaifnepw.
Dmbnhmcy aebmfnse {iolj AYhm anWpw Ip\ym
ImfnZmk AYhm sjbvIvkv]nbdpw BsWp ]dbpXneqsS B
_rlXv]mccyfpambn XmcXaysSpn aebmfnse AXmXp IhnIfpsS
m\w Ddnpp. am{Xa, ImXn, \Xmfn IYbpsS hniZocWneqsS Ihn
hynXzhpw Imhy{]tbmKhpw Xnep _hpw At\zjnpp. Chsbms
]nevme aebmfhnai\n ]e \neIfn hnIknphp.
Aqtdm ]t Bbn-ctam IY-I Ac-p-Im-WmsX AWn-b-d-bv-Ip s]phoWp Np-a-e
-- n-p-v Fkv.sI \mb, Ah-Xm-cn-I, 101 B--Y-I 1.
koXmkzbwhcw, tXmcWbpw, _menh[w (sImmcc) _Ih[w,
IeymWkuKnIw, Inaoch[w, \nhmXIhNImetIbh[w (tImbw) \fNcnXw
\mepZnhkw (Dmbn), \cImkpch[w (ImnIXncp\m) cpIvanWnkzbwhcw,
]qX\mtamw, Aw_cojNcnXw (AizXnXncp\m), cmhtWmZv`hw( Itpfd
cmLhnjmcSn, _menhnPbw (Iq \qXncnmSv ) km\tKm]mew,
cpIvamwKZNcnXw ( ahn Cncmcntat\m), _mWbpw (_meIhn AarX
imkv{XoI), ehWmkpch[w (]memSv AarXimkv{XnI), kp`{ZmlcWw
(at{Sp \qXncn), IoNIh[w, Dcmkzbwhcw, ZbmKw (Ccbn Xn),
cmhWhnPbw (Ico{ Xpcm), Zptcym[\h[w (hbc Bcy \mcmbW
aqkv), IptNehrw (apcnq ict]mn) \ngpv (]ntcn \mWp]n)
apXembhbmWv kmam\yambn ]dm km[mcW Actdp IYI.
]nevmev IWi]Yn\pw (amen) Cu ku`mKyapmbn. Ccbn XnbpsS
Imen\ptijw [mcmfw BYIfpmIppWsnepw Ahbn Acp
]nSnph XmcXtay\ IpdhmsWp tXmpp.
sImm-c
- c
- , tImbw IY-Iptijw A[nIw sshImsX \f-Nc
- n-Xhpw cNn-s
- p 18-mw \qm-v. CXn-\p-ti-j-amWv B--Y-I-fpsS s]cpw ImWp--Xv. kmam-\yambn ]d-m Ip \ym-cpsS Imew apX sh-Wn-mew hsc 20mw \qmm-cw-`w. 104 B---Y-I cNn--snpv (Cu IWv Dq-cns tIc-f-km-ln-XyN-cn{Xw 34 thmfy-sf Bkv]-Z-amn Xm-dm-n-b-Xv). 20-mw \qm-n-ep-mb B-Y-Ifpw Xosc Ipd-h-. \ym apX shWn hsc 31 Infn-m-p-Ifpw 12 Xp-epI-fp-am-Wpmbn-p-s
- Xpw kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-n \n-dn-bmw. kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-nse
hnh-c
- A\p-kc
- nv IW-s-Sp-p-X
- n kqvaX
-
- p-dh
- p-m-Ip-sa-nepw cN-\I-fpsS tXmXv Gsd-psd Adn-bm CXv D]-I-cn-pw. ]c-am-h[n IrXn-I ]cm-ainp-t]m-Ip kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{X-ka
- o-]\
- a
- mWv Dq-cn-t-sX-Xpw B kmln-Xy-Nc
- n-{Xs
Bkv]Z- a
- mn Cu IWv cq]-s-Sp-p-X
- n\v Imc-Wa
- m-Wv.
Npcpndm, ]pcmX\{ZmhnUkwKoXnepmbncp Nne cmK,
BcykwKoXns kapmbnpw hynXzw \inmsX, BcycmKfpsS
bnSbns IYIfnkwKoXn ]cncnsncnpp Fp
kwibnmhpXt? CXmWv (Sn) eva]nbpsS knmw (amen, 1989 :82)
sI. kn. kn Fw. IfntbmKw Fpt] . INtZhbm\n, IWi]Yw apXembhbmWp
km[mcW IfnpXv. Hpw Nn{][m\a. CXns\nbp hnhc hn. A\q]n
\np enXv

21

{K-kqNn
Ipn-Ir-jvWa
- m-cm-cv, 1990, sXc-s-Sp {]_-
- , tIc-fk
- m-lnXy Am-Za
- n, Xriq.
Ir-jvW-]n-, F., 2002, ssIc-fn-bpsS IY, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm-bw
]c-ta-iz-c
- , Dq Fkv., 1972, tIc-fk
- m-ln-Xy-Nc
- n{Xw (thmfyw 3), tIc-fk
- -Ie
- m-im-e,
Xncp-h\
-
- ]
- p-cw.
]c-ta-iz-c
- , Dq Fkv. 1991, Ah-Xm-cn-I, \f-Nc
- nXw (c-kn-II
- u-XpIw 1 Fw.-F
- .v imkv{Xn),
tIc-fk
- m-lnXy Am-Za
- n, Xriq.
_me-Ir-jvW-]n-, tIk-cn, F., 1984, tIk-cn-bpsS kmln-Xy-hn-ai-\-, kmln-Xy-{]h-Ik
- l
- I
- c
- W
- k
- w-Lw, tIm-bw.
amen, 1989 : tIcfkwKoXw, kmlnXy{]hI klIcWkwLw, tImbw.
tat\m, sI.-]n.-F-kv. 1963, IY-I-fn-bm--{]-Imcw (thmfyw 1 &2), Z-W, Al--Zm-_m-Zv.
\mb Fkv.s
- I, (F-Un), 1979, 101 B-
- Y
- I
- , kmln-Xy-{]-h-Ik
- l
- I
- c
- W
- k
- w-Lw, tIm-bw.
cmP-cm-Ph
- F.-B., 1983, Ah-Xm-cn-I, \f-Nc
- nXw Imm-cX
- m-cI
- w, kmln-Xy-{]-h-Ik
- l-Ic
- W
- k
- w-Lw, tIm-bw.
Aristotle, 1981, Poetics in S.H. Butchers Aristotles theory of Poetry and Fine Art, Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 1986, Speech Genres and other late Essays, University of Taxas Press,
Austin.
Jameson, Frederic, 191 , The Political Unconscious, Narrative as a Social symbolic Art,
Routledge, London.
Morson, Gary Saul & Emerson, Caryl, 1990, Mikhail Bakhtin, Creation of a Prosaics,
Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Narayanan, M.G.S., 1996, Perumals of Kerala, Printex India, Ferock.
Narayanan, M.G.S., 2006, Calicut : The city of Truth Revisited, University of Calicut,
Calicut.

22