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Imaging Visible and Infrared Radiometers Multi-Spectral Analysis Active/Passive
Imaging Visible and Infrared Radiometers Multi-Spectral Analysis Active/Passive
Imaging Visible and Infrared Radiometers Multi-Spectral Analysis Active/Passive
Ash Plume across the North Atlantic April 15, 2010 MODIS
Elevated MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth near Iceland volcanic eruption Giovanni AOD images and time-series show increase near location of eruption, coinciding with eruption onset
I I
m
j =1
Ic + 0 .0 1
L
w here I
c
+ (1 ) I
then compute optical depth from aerosol model and mode ratio.
r r z/ r ,
dz'
Substitute and integrate, z zt oF r r 1 P( )[1 exp( ext zt m)] I (z, ) = 4m where ext zt = *, m = 1/ + 1/
Cloud or aerosol
Surface
Land retrievals Select dark pixels in near IR, assume it applies to red and blue bands. Using the continental aerosol model, derive optical depth from the red and blue bands (LUT approach including multiple scattering. Determine aerosol model using single-scattering relationship Adjust the optical depth according to the new aerosol model.
The key to both ocean and land retrievals is that the surface reflection is small.
Pushbroom Imaging
Whiskbroom Imaging
Accuracy Requirement: Signal/Noise = 1 at minimum signal error or resolution (watts orT brightness temperature ). Noise is the combination of signal shot noise and detector noise (as seen before). Signal S at detector in watts:
S () = Ipix() A [(IFOV)2/4] Ts
Ipix() Spectral Intensity of pixel Ts System optical transmission A System effective aperture area - Spectral Band pass requirement
Calculated Aperture Requirement : Area calculated from Smin signal noise and Ipix,min measurement requirement
Ar = Smin/(Imin A [(IFOV)2/4] Ts )
Higher spatial or spectral resolution requires larger apertures Higher spatial resolution also requires faster scan rate and signal bandwidth, increasing noise. But, multi element detectors increase through put by N the number of detectors, reducing the aperture requirement correspondingly.
IR
Spatial Resolution: 20 m
0.75392 m
0.76045 m
0.76346 m
1.64 m
2.16 m
10.7 m
Multispectral Analysis of Cloud Particles Lidar and IR Radiance Technique Active/Passive Sensing
SPINHIRNE ET AL.: CONTRAIL CIRRUS FROM AIRBORNE REMOTE SENSING, GRL 1998
Data Mining
Forty-three years after the Nimbus II satellite collected these data, a team from NSIDC and NASA recovered a global image from September 23, 1966. In this view over Antarctica, overlaid on Google Earth, the Ross Ice Shelf appears clearly at left.
Early NASA Experimental Meteorological Satellite Nimbus I VII Launched (1964 1978) Data Operations through 1994
Some instruments: Nimbus II Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) (4.6-6.9 micron, 10-11 micron, 14-16 micron, 5-30 micron, 0.2-4.0 micron) Nimbus II High Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) (3.5 to 4.1 micron) Nimbus III single-channel dual band-pass High Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) (3.4 4.2 micron at nighttime, 0.7-1.3 micron at daytime) Nimbus III Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) (4.5-7.0 micron, 10-11 micron, 14.5-15.5 micron, 20-23 micron, 0.2-4.0 micron) Nimbus IV Temperature and Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) at 11.5 micron channel Nimbus IV Temperature and Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) at 6.7 micron channel
HRIR
The single-channel dual-band pass scanning radiometer uses a PBSe photoconductive detector cell and provides measurements of blackbody temperatures 210K 330K. The Scan mirror is inclined to 45 degrees with a scan rate of 44.7 revolutions per minute. The Instantaneous field of view is 8.8 milliradians and the scan line separation is 8.3 km. The ground resolution is 8 km at 1110 km. The Nimbus III HRIR was designed to allow nighttime and daytime cloud cover mapping by use of dual band-pass filter which transmits 0.7 to 1.3 micron, and 3.4 to 4.2 micron emitted radiation. The improvement of detector temperature control and electronics compensation has eliminated the multiple calibrations of previous instruments.
NOAA-19 Characteristics Main body: 4.2m (13.75 ft) long, 1.88m (6.2 ft) diameter Solar array: 2.73m (8.96 ft) by 6.14m (20.16 ft) Weight at liftoff: 1419.8 kg (3130 pounds) including 4.1 kg of gaseous nitrogen Launch vehicle: Delta-II 7320-10 Space Launch Vehicle Launch date: February 06, 2009 Vandenburg Air Force Base, CA Orbital information: Type: sun synchronous Altitude: 870 km Period: 102.14 minutes Inclination: 98.730 degrees Sensors: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR/3) Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS/4) Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectral radiometer (SBUV/2) Space Environment Monitor (SEM/2) Search and Rescue (SAR) Repeater and Processor Advance Data Collection System (ADCS)
Terra Satellite
MODIS
Aqua EOS main platform with six imagers and sounders, UV microwave Aura EOS main stratospheric platform with 4 sounding instruments Parasol CNES polarization imager Cloudsat Cloud Radar Calipso Cloud Lidar OCO Orbiting Carbon Observatory GLORY- NASA Aerosol Polarization Imager
Reflection
A-band 1 nm
The key is to make measurements at high spectral resolution (0.01- 0.1 nm). Actual aircraft data from OBrien et al (1998)
Wavelength index
This is actual satellite data from MOS. With better resolution (such as PABSI), profiling of layers becomes even more capable
wavenumber cm-1 Simulation of PABSI measurement for thin aerosol layer overlying land surface
Red wavelengths respond mostly to surface albedo changes (reflecting the capabilities of most existing instruments) Yellow wavelengths respond mostly to aerosol changes.
Key point: The ability to see into the absorption lines provides a way of discriminating surface from atmosphere. Thus surface reflection as well as optical depth is obtained from PABSI.
Retrieval simulation
absolute error
relative error
Best case scenario (assume we know asymmetry parameter, single-scattering albedo, and location of aerosol layer).