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Sketch: Brief Scenic Prakrit
Sketch: Brief Scenic Prakrit
Sketch: Brief Scenic Prakrit
SANSKRIT GRAMMAR,
original, natural,
vulgar ')
is
the collective
name
of
all
By
scenic or
made
Except in the Mrcchakatika and the 4th act of the Vikramorva9i, rarely more than two dialects, the closely- united
Malidrdsfrl and ^auraseni, occur in Sanskrit dramas.
rastri
is
Maha-
by a more
dialect.
and by
is
the prose-
Grammar.
1.
Introductory.
The
is
I,
I.
di,
all
justified sounds,
loss or assimi-
lation
made
words
far
;
more
to
weak and
end
in
II. the
noun-stems are
a vowel,
all
;
by abbreviation
or extension,
;
made
III. the
pronouns
in the du.
a,
157
I.
ELEMENTARY SOUNDS.
Vowels
2- Ti f)
^^>
^^^
They
i ; I
are supplied as
a,
follows
initial r
by
or
;
medial f by
li ;
or
i,
by
ai
by
e, ai,
or,
and au by
sponding to Skr.
4.
is
u.
is
A long
is
vowel
it
vowel
to one.
lengthened
if
Consonants
5.
6. 5, s,
h are wanting,
Consonants.
5, s
being supplied by
Prakrit
s.
Initial
No
word
begins
with
reduced acc'g to
7, is retained.
is
repren.
sented
by
j,
and Skr.
initial
mutes, by
In
some words, an
consonant
is
a=Skr.
7.
ca).
Medial Consonants.
Single Consonants.
Sanskrit
gutt.
t,
are
generally lost in
t,
the Prakrit
(esp'ly in
d, are often so
poetry)
usually supplied hy h;
SANSKRIT GRAMMAR.
158
sonantized
initial
(p^v
ov b)
is
supplied
by
I,
and n, as when
by
n.
Other
Conjunct Consonants.
Where
if
by the
are
loss of
a semivowel,
less
there be one).
Two
consonants
more or
fully assimilated
in such a
way that
(in
over semivowels.
r
is
and
always changed.
Double consonants
;
(of
Ik, kl,
j'l.,
kn;
gg = dg, dg,
aspirates, rr,
and i^)
tt = r
Pkr. kk =
;
become
Ip, kin;
dd)
dd =
jj
=hj,
rt
tt=kt, pt,
bb=d6, = (rarely)
;
ll
or rarely rd nn =/, mm, nn, ny, ny, nv, nr dd = M, dt; W=tp> PS> fi br inm=n?n, nm, nm, my, rm, Im; 77=Ty, rj = ry); 77=vy, TV; fm, fm,
rn,
;
yy (rarely);
gn,
gm
cc =
'T'l pl^
(which alBO
dr, rd,
vr,
SB
r,
b.
tkh, khy,
(akh),
skh,
ts,
kkh;
gg'il = dgh,
cch = (A^,
fth;
kam,
tsy,
pa, 5c;
sth;
tp
jjb=dAy,
hy;
tth =
8f,
lh=Ai.
ni = nd
h, or a
and
with h
;
.-
(in prose)
mh = $m, kam,
Pkr. fikll=Skr.
ttkf ;
;
atn, Jim
= ns=rf,
nli
8.
Final Sounds.
Prakrit
(of. 9,
allows
no other
finals
than
10, etc.).
BRIEF SKETCH OP SCENIC PRAKEIT.
159
II,
NOUNS.
9.
Formation of Stems.
The
nominal steins
all
end
in
a vowel.
lost
The
final
(ara
= Skr.
which
case,
vowel-ending (bhava
by
an added a or a [sarada
occur in Prakrit.
Skr. garad
'
autumn ').
ilia,
such
as ulla,
etc
10. Inflection.
inflection
The
essential
features
in
of the Sanskrit
It
is
are
also
recognizable
Prakrit.
to
be
stems are
some pronominal
cattsalis,
bhis
+ tas),
Abl.
sunto
(fr.
su
+ tas),
is
ease
At
the end of a
case-form, anusvara
or dropped at option.
11.
L.
pi.)
added
a-Stems
n.,
ajja
(Skr. arya)
'honored person';
vana
(Skr. vdna),
Sing.
:
'forest'.
u. PI.
m.
m.
n.
N.
160
12.
SANSKRIT 6RAMMAB.
IGl
tum,
They
are
(of.
Pers. ahain,
Dem.
ta, eda,
ima
(ef.
Skr. iddm)
ta,
amu
Int. ha.
Instead of
ya,
lea,
the forms
ji, hi also
occur
inflected alike
(almost
like
= t(is7Bat,
Shortened
or irregular forma
like nam,
{=enam, enum),
etc.)
to
or
ello
etdsmdt), le {=tdsya,
is
tasyas),
are
not
Personal Pronouns
N.
'
]62
Plur.;
SANSKRIT GRAMMAR.
m.
jehiim)
jdhinto, jisunto
n.
i.
N.A.
I.
jm{n)
jdhim,jlhim
juhinto, jasunto, Jihinto, jisunto
Ab.
G.
L.
jdna{m) , jeiUm]
jesu(m)
jdna{m), jdtim,jina{m),jitm
}dsu{th), jisa[m]
IV.
19.
VERB.
all
With
(or,
end in a
stems,
by contraction of ay a or
a(ya-) stems
ava, in e or o).
Root-
and
preserved
changes.
20.
The verbs
is
number
wanting.
:
used.
Example
Sing.
1
:
Aas
'
smile
Imperat.
Fut.
hasiasatii,
Pres.
hatimi, 'am(li)i
hasasi
hasamu
hasalsu), sdhij osassa
"stdmi
hasissaii
hasa[d)i
haiissa(d)i
Plur.:
1
hasdmo, m(a),
"in{u},
<>ma, simn,
iitka
hasdmo, ma,
hasissdmo
"ma, "samJw,
hasamha
hasalia, 'sadha(iii)
hatissalta, "asadha
hasanti
hasantu
tlie
hcmtsanti
ss
Sometimes
of Sid [has-i-hi-ini)^
21.
Of
as
'he' the
following forms
occur:
Pres. sing.
163
2. ttha,
2.
{a)si,
3.
{a)tfM
pi.
I.
{^a)mho, ka,
3. santi.
22. Passive.
The
suffix
yd becomes
ta or ijja, or
is
is
assimilated
with the
inflected as in Act.:
preceding consonant.
The stem
'recite');
gam.ma{d)i=^kx. gamydie
Verbal Nouns.
2:i.
in the Acf.
end
in
anta or enta
or it
is
and
in the
Midd. in mana
ni or na).
Thus:
padhanta
B^x. pdtkant
recite
')
rakkhiamana
Skr.
raksydmdna {raks
'
guard')
').
observing
usual
phonetic laws:
luddha
= labdhd
{\/Labli 'take').
ya usually assimilates y
to the pre:
= S\ir.
kop-ya
s/ kiqi
repres/jjuj
^a;j'a=Skr. hurya)
or
anijja
is
:
sented
'
by ania
{puanla=Skr. pvjaniya
honour'; karanifJa
= S^T. karanlya).
or, rarely,
is
dna (Skr.
trd),
and in
ia (Skr. ya).
The
; '
latter
in
simple verbs.
Thus
kama
(kadua)
= SkT. hrtvu
fr.
gerihia
164
27. Causativks.
I
SANSKRIT GRAMMAR.
me
in e
= Skr.
The
= Skr.
apa/yd):
V.
28.
'ilio ;
INDECLINABLES.
a=St. ca
(6); am}/io=
Among more
avi, vi, biy
una=punar ;
evra, va,
jema,
niitit
= nanu
ca
= zd.