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SDH
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) SDH is more than just a Multiplexing Technique
SDH is a full set of standards dealing with transport networks and their operation, administration and maintenance (OAM): The standards include: Network elements (types, functions, structure, ...) Tributary interfaces (Zubringer): PDH (E1, E3, E4), SDH (STM-N) Line interfaces: SDH (STM-N) Network-wide functions such as:
Network management (monitoring, alarming, [re-]configuration, performance management, statistics collection...) Re-routing und recovery (automatic establishment of an alternative path in case of failure) Protection switching (fast switch to a reserved path in case of failure) Clock distribution
Relevant Standards: ITU-T G.703 Physical/electrical Characteristics of Digital Interfaces Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) ITU-T G.732/G.744/G.751 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) ITU-T G.707 Network Node Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ITU-T G.783 Characteristics of SDH Equipment Functional Blocks ITU-T G.784 SDH Management ITU-T G.957 Optical Interfaces for Equipment ans Systems relating to SDH ETS 300 147 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Multiplexing Structure ETS 300 417 Generic functional requirements for SDH equipment
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Comparison of PDH and SDH Clocking Scheme
139264 kHz 139264 kHz 34368 kHz 2048 kHz 8448 kHz
PDH
1
Clk
Clk
Clk
Clk
Clk
transmission network
31
Clk f1
SDH STM-N
transmission network
STM-N
SDH
SDH
Advantages of SDH Worldwide standard First standard for bitrates higher than 45/140 Mbps Standardised optical interfaces simple coding of the electrical signal into the line signal (scrambling) Integration of multiplexer and line equipment Huge overhead capacity for error monitoring and for management purposes (TMN) Direct access to tributary channels Only small buffers required --> small group delay figures Provides concept for clock/synchronization, protection switching etc. Suitable as the physical layer of ATM networks
RSOH
Regenerator Section Overhead
4 H1 H2 H3 5 6 7 8 9 Pointer
MSOH
Multiplex Section Overhead
SDH Frame Structure A single SDH frame is called a Synchronous Transmission Module (STM-1). Transmitted over a duration of 125 s, the frame consists of 2430 octets organized as 9 rows of 270 octets each. A single octet in an SDH frame represents a 64 kbps channel (8 bits every 125 s), several octets can be aggregated to form containers for larger data rates. SDH Section Overhead (SOH) A relatively large number of 72 octets in an STM-1 frame have been reserved for various management and monitoring purposes. This so-called section overhead (SOH) is further divided into a regenerator section overhead (RSOH) and multiplex section overhead (MSOH). Administrative Unit (AU-4) and Virtual Container (VC-4) The actual payload carried in an STM-1 frame is encapsulated in an administrative unit (AU-4). The AU-4 consists of a VC-4 virtual container comprising 261 columns plus a 9 octet wide AU-4 pointer that points to the first octet of the VC-4 payload container. AU-4 Pointer The SDH pointer mechanism is a very elegant way of multiplexing multiple data containers without the need to align the containers to a common frame start. Thus the frame buffers in SDH multiplexing equipment can be kept small and the transmission delay due to buffering is minimized. The VC-4 container is allowed to float freely within the AU-4. The H1 and H2 pointer bytes form a word with a range of 0 to 782 which indicates the offset, in three byte increments, between the pointer and the first byte of the VC-4.
140 Mbit/s
45 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s
TUG-2 x3
TU-12
VC-12
C-12 2 Mbit/s
VC-11
ADM1
155M
SLT
SRT
SRT1, SRT1,2 SRT1CC, 2CC
155/140M, 622M, 2.5G 2M, 34M, 140M, 155M 622M 622M 2.5G
SLR16
2.5G
ADM4
2M, 34M, 140M, 155M 2.5G
ADM16
2.5G
SRA
SRA1, SRA1S
WL16
160G
140 Mbit
34 Mbit
STM-1
2 Mbit
ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 9
Tributaries
SXC
Long Distance Network
SL T SR T
P WL
SXC
ADM
T WL
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
Sync. Cross Connect Add/Drop Multiplexer Sync. Line Terminal Sync. Line Regenerator Sync. Radio Terminal WDM Terminal WDM Line Amplifier
13000 km in 2001
PTE PTE
Path Termination
REG REG
RS Termination
ADM ADM
MS Termination
REG REG
RS Termination
PTE PTE
Path Termination
Path Terminating Element (Terminal Multiplexer) Regenerator Add/Drop Multiplexer Regenerator Section Multiplex Section
ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 13
A1 B1 D1
A1
A1
A2 E1 D2
A2
A2
J0 F1 D3
RSOH
MS bit interleaved parity (BIP-24) - parity computed over previous frame MS orderwire 64 kbit/s voice connection for operators MS data communications channel (DCC) 576 kbit/s OAM channel (Operations, Administration and Maintenance) MS remote error indication (REI) number of errored BIP-24 blocks received at the remote end Automatic protection switching (APS) MS protection / alarm indication signal (AIS) / remode defect indication (RDI) Synchronisation status Quality of STM-1 signal when used as synchronisation and timing source
Path bit interleaved parity (BIP-8) - parity computed over previous container Path signal label mapping type in VC-n Path status monitoring of bidirectional path status Path user channel 64 kbit/s user channel for operators Tributary unit multiframe indicator - start of multiframe Path user channel 64 kbit/s user channel for operators Automatic Protection Switching (APS) path protection Network operator byte higher order tandem connection overhead (TCOH)
ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 17
J3
N2
K4
The lower order POH is a single overhead octet per VC-2/1 organized as a multiframe of 4 frames.
Defects
Persistent anomalies beyond a maximum time limit Loss of Signal (LOS) Loss of Frame Alignment (LOF) Loss of Pointer (LOP) Alarm Indication Signal (AIS), Remote Defect Indication (RDI)
Failures
Persistent defects beyond a maximum time limit
Alarms
Maintenance signals to alert downstream equipment that a defect or equipment failure has been detected
LO PTE
RS TE RS TE RS TE Alarm Transmission
MS TE
HO PTE
LO PTE
Provisioning of extra hardware in a node to prevent against equipment failures -> Fast recovery (some bits .... some ms)
MSP 1:1
low priority traffic high priority traffic
TX
Protection Line
TX
Working Line
TX
Protection Line
TX
Working Line
RX
RX
RX
RX
Das Bild zeigt nur eine Richtung; das selbe Prinzip ist in der Gegenrichtung implementiert. Bei 1:1-Protection mssen die Switches koordiniert und synchron bettigt werden -> dies wird durch das Automatic Protection Switching-Protokoll gewhrleistet
Node F
Node E
Node D
ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 24
Node F
Node E
Node D
ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 25
Boston
Amsterdam
Zurich
ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 26
Short cuts
Boston
Amsterdam
Zurich
ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 27
Node F
Node E
Node D
ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 28
Node F
Node E
Node D
ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 29
ADM
protection path
working path
STM-N Ring
Line IF Line IF Line IF
ADM
Line IF
Trib IF Trib
Trib IF
IF
ADM
2/34/140/STM-N
2/34/140/STM-N
ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 30
Das Bild zeigt nur eine Richtung; das selbe Prinzip ist in der Gegenrichtung analog implementiert.
STM-16 Ring
LAN / WAN
(Bridge/Router Network)
Communication path
Bridge/Router Network
SDH Ring
Q Q
The answers
Virtual Concatenation (VC): Allows the bandwidth to be adapted to the service requirements Link Capacity Access Scheme (LCAS): A signalling protocol to adjust the transport bandwidth dynamically Generic Framing Procedure (GFP): Adapts a frame or cell oriented service to a byte stream service.
For a 10 Mbps Ethernet, a full VC-3 is wasted (20% utilization) For a 1 Gbps Fibre Channel, 4 concatenated VC-4 are wasted (33% utilization)
The Link Capacity Access Scheme (LCAS) allows a dynamic adaptation of the bandwidth
Members of a group can be added or deleted according to the demands without interruption
ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 34
GFP enables the SDH infrastructure to evolve to a Multiservice Switching Platform supporting TDM, Cell and Frame transport.