STANDARD PLUMBING ENGINEERING DESIGN SECOND EDITION Louis S. Nielsen, B.s., p.c. McGraw-Hil jook CompanyMATIONAL LIBRARY SINGAPORE 27 DEC1984 oI MSE Livary of Congres Catalog on Pablation Data Nieften, Lau 5 Standard plumbing engineering design Includes inde. 1 Pham. 1 Tite THGIZNS 1981 696.1 AACR ISBN O-07-O4b542-% Copyright © 1982 by McGraw-Hill, lnc Al igh Prinved in the United States of America, No publ ‘or transmited, in any form oF by any meats, electronic reserve. of this mechanical, photocopying, recording, of otherwise, without the prior writen permission of the publisher. 1234567K90 KPKP 8987654521 The editors for this book were Robert L Davidson, Frank J. Cera, Charles P. Ray, and Celis Knight, 1 Epstein, and the prodction supervisor was Sally less Iwas set in Baskerville by The Kingsport Press. Printed sod bon Hd by The Kingsport Press may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sytem, CONTENTS Preface HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PLUMBING ENGINEERING Hasory of Planbing, 1 Fisture Development, 13 Ancient Plumbing, 2 Standavds for Plumbing Materials, 20 Early merican Sanitation Standards, 4 Plunbing System Regulations and Plumbing Systems in Budings, 6 eaeemeeeee SYSTEMS, MATERIALS, AND FIXTURES FOR OccUPANCIES PeormanceRequved of Buldng Fists Required for Building Slee 7 Greipna t Pfrmance Regul of Materia fv Facies fo the Physically Palio tes, 1 Handojped 4 fun Ocpney Classitions, $8. Stanland Code Regulations, 44 FIXTURES, FIXTURE TRAPS, AND INTERCEPTING DEVICES Standards for Quality of Fistunes, 58 Sins and Laundry Trays, 97 Water Closets and Usinals, 54 lash Tavs and Flash Valves (Ehehometes), 35 Dishwashing Drinking Fountains, 58 Machines and Pastures, 5§ Lavatores, Bathtubs, and Skewers, 56 loor Drains, 60 37wi contents, Pratwe Overs and Steamers, 6X Spoon Uv Fastin, 61 Butserting Steamers, serine Po, G2 Helio, Ornamental, and Aquarnn Potne, 6 i Fignure bovallation, 6 Fixture Trap, 6 Ese of latercepting Fixture Trap 68) {pon Hell ps or oval ents fo Fevtures, 70 * b Standard Conde Regulations, 71 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS aI Grunt Veen Consderatons, 81 Muicone Water Supply Systems for Sane of Water Sup, Tawer Being, 9 Qual of Harr Supply for Pastres, eit acm Water Serewes unl Water Meters, #4 Piping Festallation, 100 Expansion and Contraction of Water Treatment for Corravan Coad ee © Pb, Protection of Potable Water Sug, so Saar Vite Thread, WOT Potato aginst Camaminaton by — IRE Caen, 108 Bachfo and Hack Siphonage, 89 Vatving, 110 Backflow Prevention Devices for Special Water Supply Mping Tests, WIZ Fastnes and kqupment, 98 Disinfection Methods, U2 Water Supply Requorement, 94 Slandard Code Rrgations, WS FLOW IN WATER SUPPLY PIPING 13 Prnaples of Hbastes, 28 Plyweal Properties of Water, 123 Steamtine and Turbulent Fle, Vidocy, 12% Quan Bete of How vngh Potentval and Kentee Enrygy. 129 State Heal, 130 Vetoaty Head, 131 Bervoult’s Theatem, 132 Frutvon Herd, 138 Forel’ coven, 134 Jot Fo, 134 Quantity Rate of Fa frome Ouatets, Quartets Rate of Flow: tvongh Sulimerged Ones, 138 Pressure Lass through Meer, 138 Pressure Laws Due ta Fraction in Piping, 138) Pipe Fraction Formulas far Various Sree Conditions AS Equivalent Length of Fitings ond alee as wh of Pw Pressure Last through Miscellaneous Equipment, 130 Divswon of Blo Gineuts, USL in Parallel Pye Water Hammer, 151 Velocity Efects in Piping, 155 Suction Lift of Pampa, 155, Work Doue i Pumping. 157 CONTENTS wi SIZING THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 139 Doge Objections, 150 Minium ctvaitale Pressure, 159 Denne at odividaal Water Onitets, 16O Estimating Demand, WO Premanary Information, 107 Lamtation of Fravtion, U69 lust Pipe Prtion Chars for Varo Sore Cont, 1S Lamation of Velocity, 176 Sizing Tables Based on Velaity Linntation, 181 HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS Obyctoes of Standard Design, 231 Swety Devers, 298 Wiate-Heating Methods and Heater Types, 238 Doves Heating Equipment Insallation, bso) Indavet Tankless Heater Jnstallations, 244 DRAINAGE AND VENT SYSTEMS Genrval Design Considerations, 288 Sewage Disposal, 284 Stony Water Disposal, 285, Building Severs, 285 Combine Systems in Buildings, 2865 Storm Water Drain, 287 Cantal Bose Storm Water Drainage Stem, 287 ixture and Eguypment Connections to ‘Sanitary Drainage System, 290 Feng of Sever Png Sem, 292 a Objectionable Wastes, 2938 Draninge Systems below Seer Level, 395 Siplied Method for Sicing Shalem, 1 Siepby- Stay Pred forthe Simpie Sg Meth Application of Simplified Method to isirtive Problems, 198, Deailed Method for Sizing Systems in Bualdngs of ny Height, 208 Application of Detaled Method to Tiesteatine Problems, 213. Standard Cade Regulations, Inisect Storage Vank Heater Tustallations, 248 Demand end Heater Capacities, 256 Return Cineation stems, 261 Procedure for Determining Cixculation ates ana Sing Return Piping, 275 Standard Code Regetations, 280 283, Subs Drainage, 296 Backwater Valves, 296 Bing Preps ane Foes tr Tes, 297 Connections to Sanitary Bualding Dinms, 301 Branch Connections to Dreanage Stack (Ofes, 302 Drnnage Stak Vent Bstensions aul Pent Starks, 302 fay Pressure Relief Viens, 304 Sinks Pesune Zones and Suds Presse otf Vents, 306 fay Pressurr Reb for Paenmati Ejector, 312 Prping Installation, 310 " wil CONTENTS Pynng, 316 a Chants Drainage Png, S19 tw Tap Vins 320 Wer Frum, 32 Stack Venn, $26 Gincut aud Loop Featng, 327 Combination Waste and Vent Stem, 320 FLOW OF WATER IN DRAINAGE Prmerples of Hydra, 355 Gravity Blox in Slop Drains, 355, edo of Flow for Searing teion, $599 Coats Blow m Vertcal Drains, $60 SIZING DRAINAGE SYSTEMS Se ng Jr tdoquacy of Peformance, 305 Paowere Drains, 365 Sanitary Dearnage Bstone Units, $66 Deagn Load Jor Santry Drainage Sytem, 309 Drange Stacks and Branches, 369 FLOW OF AIR IN VENT PIPING Pramcpies of Hlud Mrchanies and Prewmatis, S77 Physical Properts of ty, S17 let Static Hud of Water, te, ds 880) Canditions af Flow, 380 Poeamnate iets sm and Venting Degen Crier for Sanitary Drainage Sistems, 381 ‘Quantity Rate of Bowe jrom Outlets, 882 Pressure Lass Due to Prvction in Piping. 384 Epa cand’ § Andee Wate Piping, 330 ‘ Spel Wass 882 Tring of Prainage and at Srna A383 vara Sige Stack Drainage Svea 33 12 Standard Cade Regulations, $38 PIPING $85 Ayan at Bas of eral Drains, 362 a i atin feof How in Fate boned any ate of Ho Bach Bra 365 Santer Basing Drains, $70 Soom Drainage Sytem, 3 Cambie St and Santry Bring Drains, $73 ° Standard Cade Raganon, 373 877 Perisible Length of Vent Piping, 385 Equivalent Length of Putas in Vent Pang, 386 Value of Goren of Friction &, 387 Quantity Rate af Flow in Vent Stacks, 388 Puantity Hate of Flow in Individual Feats, 389 Quantity Kate of Flow in Branch Vents ad Vent Headers, 30 Grucity Circulation of cir by induced Head or Drajt, 391 SIZING VENT PIPING Seng for Adaguncy af Peformance in Extended Serre, 908 Vent Stach, 393, Vet Extensions and Terman of Stacks 304 Vent Heuders, Thor Vint Bstensions and Teaminas, 395, Individual Vents, 396 Branch Vent Dros to Lae Flas, 997 Index: CONTENTS x 393 Branch Vents, 399 Careuit and Loop Vents, 400 elif anu Yoke Vents fr Soil and Waste Stacks, 401 Suds Pressure Relief Vents, 401 Vio for Buildong Sewage Sumps and Receiving Tanks, 402 Standard Code Regulations, 402 405ABOUT THE AUTHOR Louis s, SttiseN holds a B.S. degree from Carnegie-Mellon Universi and licenses to practice engineering in the states of New York ssid New Jersey. From 1954 to 1970 he was plumbing technical editor of Plumbing Heatng-Coolng Business wagarine. In 1963 he participated with other leading plumbing engineers in founding the Plumbing Designers Educa- tional Foundation and served as its first executive vice president. former research fellow in plumbing at Virginia Polytechnic Institute he has taught at dhe New York University School of Continuing Educa tion. He is also the author of more than 300 articles on a variety of subjects relating to plumbing design and installation, Mr. Nielsen 1 cently retired from service with the State of New York, where he served as Director of the State Housing and Building Codes Bureau frou 1973 wo 1979, PREFACE This second edition of Standard Phonbing Engineering Design has be have become The changes tue relatively broad. They cover changes in design objectives, new stan- dards for materials, simplified methods for sizing water supply systems, design provisions for energy conservation, facilities for the physicall handicapped, application to tower-wype buildings with multizoned sys. teuts, new provisions for suds pressure relief in drainage systems, appli ion of innovative designs and methods in housing construction, and the introduction of metrication terminology {cu o present significant additions and modifications which necessary since dhe first edition was published in 1963. The updated content of this text is especially appropriate as it is the standard text used in the first year of the 2-year certificate course, Water Systems and Plumbing Design, given by New York University, School of Continuing Education, in New York City, Thi training plumbing designers has been sponsored by the Plumbing De- signers Educational Foundation, composed of recognized plumbing en. gineers from the olfices of registered architects, consulting engineers, government agencies, manufacturers, and the New York chapter of the American Society of Sanitary Engineering. “The plas training program was started in 1964 in New York iced for certified designers and has continued to date, Training pro- grams have also been conducted in a number of other large metropolitan ers of the American Society of Sanitary Engineer- ing and the American Society of Plumbing Engineers. Adequate performance and economical installation can be achieved in the design of plumbing systems for buildings by applying rational cugineering principles and generally aecepted standard code regulations. bing designers to meet the areas by various ¢xi PREFACE Lack of knowledge regarding the pertinent engineering principles and how to apply them in design has left most plumbing system designers with litle alternative other than t© rely upon and be guided by the specitic, detailed requirements of existing plumbing codes. Many such codes currently are recognized as being substandard, obsolete, inade- quate, or arbitratily and excessively restrictive and cannot be considered suit suide to satist Lory design of plumbing systems for modern Iulelings. The purpose of this text is to present modem, standardized engineer ing design of plumbing systems for buildings of all occupancy classifies tions in conformity with standard requirements of codes, noting specific items where significant variations may occur in numerous individual codes, so that sta dard design based upon recognized engineering prin ciples may be applied regardless of building location. A special stim is to pres economical arrangements and the theoretic sign standards and code requirements were developed. This book provides standard engineering methods to satisly the needs of plumbing designers, architects, engineers, contractors, builders, plumbing officials, and students of plumbing design. Ithas been arranged so as to be suitable as a reference buok, including charts, tables, and step-by-step procedures for sizing piping systems, and their applications, in numerous illustrative problems. A dear understanding of the theories involved in plumbing design. should permit then: to be extended and applied advantageously to new ideas of design and to better and simpler regulations. For this reason, the hydraulics and pneumatics of plumbing systems have been specially ueated in the text and have been written so as to be understandable to the average individual having a significant interest in plumbing design, The standard code regulations cited in this text have been excerpted from the parts of the New York State Building Construction Code appl cable to plumbing, the first perfo ype plumbing code enacted be recognized that almost all of these regulations usable i { illustrations on standard design and basis upon which the de into kaw. 1b show have been presented in the past in many model plumbing codes recom mended by authoritative standards-writing bodies, associations, societ- ies, and gow nt agencies. In addition, the same regulations are currently in effect in most up-to-date plumbing codes, although there may be some slight differences in wording, Standard plumbing engineering design mind, code committee, orga r ssult of advances in the held of designing and. rately is discussed in the text. Standard is uot the product of any one ization, oF oli latory body, but is ther the evolutionary installing plumbing systems in buildings over a period of approxi HHO years. Its historical developa PREFACE xii phunbing engineering design may be recognized ay being the best way we know of currently to protect the health, safety, and welfare of people Ghrough sanitary plumbing installations designed for adequate pertor- manice and suited to the needs of building occupants. When a better way is found to do this, the design standards should be changed accord ingly Recognition must be granted o sll who have had a hand in the devel opment of standard phunbing engineering design The National Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors (NAPHGG) has had a leading role in this work, as witnessed by its organi ational objectives, standardization committee activities, scholarship pro- grams, and research sponsorship. The United Association of fourneymen Plumbers and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada (UAJPAPPEI) collaborated very closely in dhis development and maintained taining programs for the people swe know it today. who had to install new plumbing designs and make the designs work satisfactorily in service, The American Society of Sanitary Engineering (ASSE) has been a leader in the evaluation of design methods, establish: ment of performance requirements for plumbing products, and discus sion of ways and means to improve performance of plumbing systems. During the 1960s, the newly formed American Society of Plumbing Engi- nicers (ASPE) assumed an active leadership role in dhis continuing devel- ‘opment, In 1973, they became cosponsors of the National Standard Plumbing Code, published by the National Association of Plumbing- Heating-Cooling Contractors (NAPHC The federal government has played a major role, The National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Deparunent of Commerce, provided a firm basis for establishing scientific data from research on plumbing systems and by advising how such data should be applied in order to formulate necessary regulations. During the 1970s, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) contributed greatly by developing the design criteria for residential building construction in its major experimental Operation Breakthrough housing construction program. HUD has been a leader in the introduction of innovative designs and methods of com: struction, has sponsored many new plumbing research programs includ- ing in-depth investigation of European single stack drainage systems at the Davidson Laboratory of Stevens Institute, and has been a driving force toward the objective of achieving national unilormity of code re- quirements, Recognition is due three regional associations of code enforce oflicials, the Building Ollicials and Code Administrators International (BOCA), the International Association of Phmbing and Mechanical Otf- cialy (APM), and the Southern Building Code Gi ess Internationaliv PREFACE (SBC), for the publication of model plumbing codes containing, plu bing requirements which have been deemed to meet generally accepted standard status. As a practical mm reached except for insignificant details. Health sand maintain effective regulations of plumbing installations to protect the health, salety, and wellare of the people within their jurisdictions. Manulactuters of plumbing equipment have kept pa ment, sometimes far in advance af codes anid practice These are but a few of the many groups to shor respectful acknowl cdyment should be accorded for their contributions to the development of standard plumbing engineering design. ‘To all of them, we express ‘our sincere appreciation, iformity nationally has been wes throughout the nation have collaborated tw set up ¢ with this develop- HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PLUMBING ENGINEERING HISTORY OF PLUMBING The history of plumbing hus special significance to all who are involved in the design and installation of plumbing systems. It provides depth of knowledge, broad objectivity, helpful guidance, needed cautions, and. informative records of plumbing performance and adverse experiences. Recognition of past mistakes and learning {rom them provides an ele vated basis for plumbing system design and installation, The progressive development of sanitary standards in America evolved trom very primitive and rude beginnings. Intolerable health conditions and epidemics of waterborne diseases caused strong health protection measures to be adopted in highly populated metropolitan areas. Extensive disastrous fires in congested city regions led to construc of large public waterworks systems used for both fire-fighting pur poxes and for potable water supply to buildings, Introduction of plumbing systems in buildings brought with it unique problems related to public health, personal hygiene. building design, plumbing materials, advanced techniques, and governmental regula. tions. As these problems evolved during a revolutionary period of indus- tty, the solutions developed were intimately related to new materials, micthods, standards, and standardizatio History provides a clear record of many mistakes, bad practices, shoddy materials, and insanitary installations which were made in the imtroduction of plumbing systems into buildings. In each case, appropri- ate corrections had (© be mude and precautions prescribed for the future. Performance required of building plumbing systems gradually became a recognized subject, and a long list of plumbing principles was devel: oped and published. The broad performance abjective is to provide