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Defects in Crystal-Lecture 7
Defects in Crystal-Lecture 7
DefectsinCrystal
Oneortwoatomicdiametersisthetypicalsize. Vacancy:atomicsitefromwheretheatomismissing. y g SymbolV Substitutional impurity:Foreignatomthatsubstituteor replacesaparentatominthecrystal. Example:AlandPdopedinSilicon. Interstitialimpurity:smallsizedatomoccupyingthevoid spaceintheparentcrystal. Inclosedpackedstructures,thelargestatomthatcanfit theoctahedralandtetrahedralvoidshaveradii0.414rand 0.225r,respectively,whereristheradiusoftheparent atom.
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>whenanionis replacedbyforeignionthe parentionsitsinthe interstitialposition. >whenapairofcation andanionismissing and anion is missing Inionicdefectsoverall electricalneutralityshould bemaintained.
KrogerVink Notation:
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Incaseofacrystalwithdefectweshouldnote thefollowing: the following: MassBalance:Cantcreateordestroymatterin reactiontoformdefect ChargeBalance:Cantcreateordestroymatterin reactiontoformdefect reaction to form defect SiteBalance:Sitesmustappearincorrectratiofor stoichiometriccrystaloneithersideofreaction
min
Fromthiscurveweseethatforfreeenergytobeminimumtherehastobecertain concentrationofpointdefects.Thuspointdefectscomenaturallyinmaterials.
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SignificanceofDefects
Dopants areintentionallyaddedimpurities(tomakealloys oraffectchangesinproperties).Alloyformationmostlikely whendopant anionsandcations arecloseinsizetooriginal h d i d i l i i i i l material. Isovalent dopants:substitutionspecieshavethesame charge.
NaCl:AgCl Na1xAgxCl(alloyoncation site) AgBr:AgCl AgBr1xClx (alloyonanionsite)
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DislocationsorLineDefects.
dislocationsarelinedefects;insteadof thelossofatoms(aswithpointdefects), theycanbelookedatasanextrapartial lineorplaneofatoms. line or plane of atoms lookslikeaperfectcrystal,butifyoulook atthefigurefromalowangle,youseean extrapartialline.
Burgersvectortodefinedislocation
Waytodescribedislocation.
4 33 33 4 4 4
Above:Burgerscircuitfordislocationfreematerial.
notecompressedbondsandelongatedbonds.
ToRight:Dosamewithdislocationandenduppaststartingpoint. Vectorb=distancetogetbacktocircuit.
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ScrewDislocations
bisparallel
PartialDislocations
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