Concept Paper in Management 22

Darlene C. Magpantay BS.BM2-5 irreg (1-1) Mr. Antonio Papa Instructor

Table of Contents: I. Introduction y Human y Behavior y Organization y Human Behavior y Organizational Behavior II. Synthesis III. References y Books y websites

I. Introduction
umans (known taxonomically as Homo sapiens, Latin for "wise man" or "knowing man") are the only living species in the Homo genus. Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago, reaching full behavioural modernity around 50,000 years ago. Humans have a highly developed brain and are capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and problem solving. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the hands for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other living species on Earth. Other higher-level thought processes of humans, such as self-awareness, rationality, and sapience, are considered to be defining features of what constitutes a "person". Humans are uniquely adept at utilizing systems of communication for self-expression, the exchange of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families to nations. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which together form the basis of human society. With individuals widespread in every continent except Antarctica, humans are a cosmopolitan species. As of November 2011, the human population was estimated by the United Nations Population Division to be about 7 billion, and by the United States Census Bureau to be about 6.97 billion. Humans are noted for their desire to understand and influence their environment, seeking to explain and manipulate phenomena through science, philosophy, mythology, and religion. This natural curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills, which are passed down culturally; humans are the only species known to build fires, cook their food, clothe themselves, create art, and use numerous other technologies. The study of humans is the scientific discipline of anthropology. The Nature of People With regards to people, there are six basic concepts: individual differences, a whole person, motivated behavior, desire for involvement, perception, and value of the person (ethical treatment). y Individual differences- all people are different. This is the fact supported by science. The idea of individual differences comes originally from psychology. From the day of birth, each person is unique, and individual experiences after birth tend to make people even more different. Individual differences mean that management can get greatest motivation among employees by treating them differently. It requires that managers approach to employee be individual, not statistical. Perception- People look at the world and see things differently. Their view of their objective environment is filtered by perception, which is unique way in which each person sees, organizes, and interprets things. - Employees see their work world differently for a variety of reasons. They may differ in their personalities, needs, demographic factors, and past experiences, or they may find themselves in different physical settings,

time periods, or social surroundings. Whatever the reasons, they tend to act on the basis of their perception. A Whole person- Although some organizations may wish they could employ only a persons skill or brain, they actually employ a whole person, rather than certain characteristics. Different human traits may be separately studied, but in the final analysis they are all part of one system making up a whole person. Skill does not exist apart from background or knowledge. Home life is not totally separable from work life, and the emotional conditions are not separate from physical conditions. People function as total human beings. Motivated Behavior- In the case of needs, people are motivated not by what we think they ought to have but by what they want. To an outside observer a persons needs may be unrealistic but they are still controlling. This fact leaves management with two basic ways to motivate people. It can show them how certain action will increase their fulfilment, or it can threaten decreased need fulfilment if they follow an undesirable course of action. Clearly a path toward increase need fulfilment is the better approach. Desire for involvement- People wish to feel good about themselves. This is reflected in their drive for self-efficacy, or the belief that one has the necessary capabilities to perform a task, fulfil role expectations, make a meaning contribution, or meet a challenging situation successfully. Value of the Person (ethical treatment) - People deserve to be treated differently than other factors of production (land, capital, technology) because they are of a higher order in the universe. Because of this distinction, they want to treat with respect and dignity, and increasingly they demand it from their employers. They refuse to accept the old idea that they are simply economic tools. They want to be valued for their skills and abilities and to be provided with opportunities to develop themselves.

ehavior or behaviour refers to the actions and mannerisms made by organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with its environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the physical environment. It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious orsubconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. In humans, behavior is believed to be controlled primarily by the endocrine system and the nervous system. It is most commonly believed that complexity in the behavior of an organism is correlated to the complexity of its nervous system. Generally, organisms with more complex nervous systems have a greater capacity to learn new responses and thus adjust their behavior. Behaviors can be either innate or learned, however, current research in the Human Micro biome Project points towards a possibility that human behavior may be controlled by the composition of the microbe population within a human body. Behavior can be regarded as any action of an organism that changes its relationship to its environment. Behavior provides outputs from the organism to the environment.

An rganization is a social group which distributes tasks for a collective goal. The word itself is derived from the Greek word organon, itself derived from the better-known word ergon - as we know `organ` - and it means a compartment for a particular job. There are a variety of legal types of organizations, including: corporations, governments, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, armed forces, charities, not-for-profit corporations, partnerships, cooperatives, and universities. A hybrid organization is a body that operates in both the public sector and the private sector, simultaneously fulfilling public duties and developing commercial market activities. As a result the hybrid organization becomes a mixture of a government and a corporate organization. In the social sciences, organizations are the object of analysis for a number of disciplines, such as sociology, economics, political science, psychology, management, and organizational communication. The broader analysis of organizations is commonly referred to as organizational structure, organizational studies, organizational behavior, or organization analysis. A number of different perspectives exist, some of which are compatible:
  

From a process-related perspective, an organization is viewed as an entity is being (re)organized, and the focus is on the organization as a set of tasks or actions. From a functional perspective, the focus is on how entities like businesses or state authorities are used. From an institutional perspective, an organization is viewed as a purposeful structure within a social context.

The Nature of Organization With regard to organizations, the two key concepts are that they are social systems and that they are formed on the basis of mutual interest. y Social System- From sociology we learn that organizations are social system; consequently, activities therein are governed by social laws as well as psychological laws. Just as people have psychological needs, they also have social roles and status. Their behavior is influenced by their group as well as by their individual drives. In fact, two types of social systems exist side by side in organizations. One is the formal (official) social system, and the other is the informal social system. Mutual Interest- Organizations need people, and people also need organizations. Organizations have a human purpose. They are formed and maintained on the basis of some mutuality of interest among their participants. People see organizations as a means of helping them reach organizational objectives. If mutuality is lacking, it makes no sense to try to assemble a group and develop corporation, because there is no common base on which to build. Mutual interest provides a superordinate goal-one that can only be attained through the integrated efforts of individuals and their employees.

uman Behavior Aims to understand others To determine how and why people behave the way they do. Is a complicated phenomenon influenced by many factors. A collection of activities influenced by culture, attitude, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion and coercion. Classifications of Human Behavior Conscious - State of awareness of thoughts, feelings, perception and what is going on in the environment. Unconscious Overt -Open to public observation Covert - Unseen objects such as thoughts, feelings or responses which are not easily seen. Rational - Pertaining to reason, influenced or guided by reason rather than emotion. Irrational - Illogical Voluntary - Intentional Involuntary Doing something against your will, action made without intent or carried out despite an attempt to prevent them. Simple ex. What you see is what you get. Complex - compound complicated behavior. ex. Drinking alcohol DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR Human behavior is motivated motivation driving force behind all action of an organism Human behavior has multiple causes. -Influenced by culture Human behavior can be adaptive and maladaptive Human are social beings Any person depend upon each other for survival People need interaction People play an integral part in creating their experience Human lives are continuous process of change. Every person is different yet the same. Individual is a unique person.

RGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

Organizational behavior is a misnomer. It is not the study of how organizations behave, but rather the study of individual behavior in an organizational setting. This includes the study of how individuals behave alone, as well as how individuals behave in groups. The purpose of organizational behavior is to gain a greater understanding of those factors that influence individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting so that individuals and the groups and organizations to which they belong may become more efficient and effective. The field also includes the analysis of organizational factors that may have an influence upon individual and group behavior. Much of organizational behavior research is ultimately aimed at providing human resource management professionals with the information and tools they need to select, train, and retain employees in a fashion that yields maximum benefit for the individual employee as well as for the organization. Organizational behavior is a relatively new, interdisciplinary field of study. Although it draws most heavily from the psychological and sociological sciences, it also looks to other scientific fields of study for insights. One of the main reasons for this interdisciplinary approach is because the field of organizational behavior involves multiple levels of analysis, which are necessary to understand behavior within organizations because people do not act in isolation. That is, workers influence their environment and are also influenced by their environment. The purpose of organizational behavior is to gain a greater understanding of those factors that influence individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting so that individuals and the groups and organizations to which they belong may become more efficient and effective. The field also includes the analysis of organizational factors that may have an influence upon individual and group behavior. Much of organizational behavior research is ultimately aimed at providing human resource management professionals with the information and tools they need to select, train, and retain employees in a fashion that yields maximum benefit for the individual employee as well as for the organization. Organizational behavior is a relatively new, interdisciplinary field of study. Although it draws most heavily from the psychological and sociological sciences, it also looks to other scientific fields of study for insights. One of the main reasons for this interdisciplinary approach is because the field of organizational behavior involves multiple levels of analysis, which are necessary to understand behavior within organizations because people do not act in isolation. That is, workers influence their environment and are also influenced by their environment. At the organization level of analysis, organizational behavior involves the study of topics such as organizational culture, organizational structure, cultural diversity, inter-organizational cooperation and conflict, change, technology, and external environmental forces. At this level of analysis, organizational behavior draws upon anthropology and political science. Other fields of study that are of interest to organizational behavior are ergonomics, statistics,and psychometrics. A number of important trends in the study of organizational behavior are the focus of research efforts. First, a variety of research studies have examined topics at the group level of analysis rather than exclusively at the individual level of analysis. For example, while empowerment has largely been investigated as an individual-level motivation construct, researchers have begun to

study team empowerment as a means of understanding differences in group performance. Similar research has focused on elevating the level of analysis for personality characteristics and cooperative behavior from the individual level to the group level. Another research trend is an increasing focus on personality as a factor in individualand group-level performance. This stems from the movement toward more organic organization designs, increased supervisory span of control, and more autonomous work designs. All of these factors serve to increase the role that personality plays as a determinant of outcomes such as stress,cooperative or deviant behavior, and performance. Organizational behavior provides a useful set of tools at many levels of analysis. For example, it helps managers look at the behavior of an individual within an organization. It also aids their understanding of the complexities involved in intrapersonal relations, when two people (two co-workers or a superior-subordinate pair) interact. At the next level, organizational behavior is valuable for examining the dynamics of relationships within small groups, both formal teams and informal groups. When two or more groups need to coordinate their efforts, such as engineering and sales, managers become interested in the intergroup relations that emerge. Examples include two culturally different groups, or labor and management. Finally, organizations can also be viewed, and managed, as whole systems that have interorganizational relationships (e.g., mergers and joint ventures).

The key elements in organizational behavior are people, structure, technology, and the environment in which the organization operates. When people join together in an organization to accomplish an objective, some kind of structure is required. People also use technology to help get the job done, so there is an interaction of people, structure, and technology. In addition, these elements are influenced by the external environment, and they influenced it.

II. Synthesis
Humans have a highly developed brain and are capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and problem solving. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the hands for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other living species on Earth. They are noted for their desire to understand and influence their environment, seeking to explain and manipulate phenomena through science, philosophy, mythology, and religion. This natural curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills. Human behavior is a collection of activities influenced by culture, attitude, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion and coercion. Organizational behavior is a study and application of knowledge about how peopleas individual and groupsact in organizations. Its goal are to make managers more effective at describing, understanding, predicting, and controlling human bahavior. Key elements to consider are people, structure, technology and external environment. Previously known as human relations, organizational behavior has emerged as an interdisciplinary field of value to managers. Fundamental concepts of organizational behavior relate to the nature of people (individual differences, a whole person, and motivated behavior, desire for involvement, perception, and value of the person) and to the nature of organization (social system and mutual interest). Managerial actions should be oriented holistically to attain superordinate goals of interest of employees, the organization, and society.

III. References:
Book: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR human behavior at work ninth edition John W. Newstrom/ Keith Davis

Websites:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization http://www.scribd.com/doc/3815664/Introduction-to-Human-Behavior http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ob-Or/Organizational-Behavior.html#b http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ob-Or/Organizational-Behavior.html#b