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UPSC Civil Services Main 1983 - Mathematics

Complex Analysis
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics Panjab University Chandigarh

July 19, 2010

Question 1(a) Obtain the Taylor and Laurent series expansions which represent the function (z + z2 2)(z 1 + 3) in the regions (i) |z| < 2 (ii) 2 < |z| < 3 (iii) |z| > 3. Solution. The only singularities of the function are at z = 2 and z = 3. 1. |z| < 2. In this region f(z) is analytic and therefore will have Taylor series. It can be checked easily using partial fractions that f(z) = 1 + z+3 2 8 z+3 Therefore f(z) = 1 + ( 1+ )
1

( 1+ )
1

=1+ 3 2 z 2 8 3

z ( z 3 2 )
n

( z 3 )
n

= 3 2
n=0

(1)n 8 3
n=0

(1)n 1 6 +
n=1

(1)n [ 3 2n+1 3n+1 8 ] zn is the required Taylor series valid in |z| < 2. 1

2. 2 < |z| < 3: In this case we shall have a Laurent series.

f(z) = 1 + )
1

=1+ 3 z ( 1+ 2 z )
1

8 3 ( 1+ z 3 )
n

=3
n=1

2n zn+1
n=1

zn 3n This is valid in 2 < |z| < 3. 3. |z| > 3. We have a Taylor series around given by f(z) = 1 + 3 z
n=0

(1)n ( 2 z )

8 3
n=0

(1)n ( z 3 (1)n 5 3 8 3 (1)n 3 z ( 1+ 2 z )

1

z 8 ( 1+ z 3 )
1

=1+
n=0

(1)n zn+1 (3 2n 8 3n) Question 1(b) Use the method of contour integration to evaluate

1 xa1 + x2 dx, 0 < a < 2 Solution. C as We shown take f(z) in the = gure. 1+z2
za1

and the contour We choose the branch on the real of za1 axis. which The results only pole in f(x) of f(z) = 1+x2
xa1

inside C is at z = i. The residue at z = i is lim

zi

(z i)za1 1 + z2 A(R,0) B(r,0) C(r,0) D(R,0) Now ia1 1 2i 1 2i

i 2

)a1 = 2i = = (e ( cos (a 2

 1) + isin (a 2 1) ) .

1 za1 + z2 dz
0

R2 Ra1 1 Rd R2 Ra 1 0 as R 0 < a < 2 and

1 za1 + z2 dz

1 ra1 r2 r d r2 ra 1 0 as r 0 a > 0 2

Here we use |1 + z2| 1 |z|2 = 1 r2. Thus

R r0

lim
C

f(xei)(dx) +
0

f(x)dx =
0

xa1ei(a1) 1 + x2
0

1 xa1 + x2 dx = dx +
0

f(z)dz = = 2i 1 2i xa1 1 +( x2 cos ( 1 (a + 2 cos(a 1) 1) + isin(a 1) ) dx

(a 1) ) 2 Equating the real parts on both sides, ( 1 + cos(a 1) + isin )

xa1
0

1 + x2 (a 1) 2 or
0

dx = cos xa1 1 + x2 (a 1) 2 Equating the imaginary parts also gives us the same answer. Alternate solution: In 1984, question 1(b), we obtained 2sin2 dx = sec a

ta1 logt

ta1 2 2
0

1 + t2
0

1 + t2 2 a

2 sina dt + sina dt = cos

0

ta1 logt

1 + t2
0

ta1 1 + t2 2 2 a 2 Multiplying the rst by cos a

2

dt cosa dt = sin and the second by sin a

2

and adding gives us ( sinacos a 2 = cosasin sin ( a a a 2 2 )

ta1
0

1 + t2 ( dt = 2 2 cos2 a 2 + sin2 a 2 ) )

ta1
0

1 + t2 2 2 = dt =
0

1 ta1 + t2 dt = 1 2 sin a
2

2 as calculated before. Note: In this solution the advantage is that we avoid the use of the multiple valued function logz, however it is much longer. 3 =

2cos (

a
2

)= 2 sec(a 1)