RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current but relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil.

Protection diodes for relays:

Transistors and ICs must be protected from the brief high voltage produced when a relay coil is switched off. The diagram shows how a signal diode (e.g. 1N4007) is connected 'backwards' across the relay coil to provide this protection. Current flowing through a relay coil creates a magnetic field which collapses suddenly when the current is switched off. The sudden collapse of the magnetic field induces a brief high voltage across the relay coil which is very likely to damage transistors and ICs. The protection diode allows the induced voltage to drive a brief current through the coil (and diode) so the magnetic field dies away quickly rather than instantly. This prevents the induced voltage becoming high enough to cause damage to transistors and ICs.

IC CA3130:
This IC is a 15 MHz BiMOS Operational amplifier with MOSFET inputs and bipolar output. The inputs contain MOSFET transistors to provide very high input impedance and very low input current as low as 10pA. It has high speed of performance and suitable for low input current applications. This op-amp combines the advantage of both CMOS and bipolar transistors. Gateprotected P-Channel MOSFET (PMOS) transistors are used in the input circuit to provide very-high-input impedance, very-low-input current and exceptional speed performance. The 1

use of PMOS transistors in the input stage results in common-mode input-voltage capability down to0.5V below the negative-supply terminal, an important attribute in single-supply applications. A CMOS transistor-pair, capable of swinging the output voltage to within 10mV of either supply-voltage terminal (at very high values of load impedance), is employed as the output circuit. The CA3130 Series circuit operates at supply voltages ranging from 5V to 16V.

Pin diagram :
The single power supply operation schematic above outlines terminal 2 and 3 (the input terminal bias), the output terminal (terminal 6), and ground. It is assumed that a load resistance of nominal value is connected between terminal 6 and ground in this circuit.

Featur es : MOSF ET Input Sta ge Pr ovides : y y y y Ver y High input impeda nce Ver y Low curr ent =5pA at 15V Operati on Idea l for S ingl e-S uppl y Appli cat ions Common-M ode Input-Voltage Range Includes Negat ive S uppl y Rail; Input y T er mi na ls ca n be S wu ng 0.5 VBelo w N egat ive S uppl y Rail

CMOS Out put Stage P er mit s S igna l S wi ng t o Eit her (or bot h) S uppl y Rails

IC TL071:
y The JFET-input operational amplifiers in the TL071 is series are designed as low-noise versions of the TL08x series amplifiers with low input bias and offset currents and fast slew rate. The low harmonic distortion and low noise make the TL071 series ideally suited for high-fidelity and audio preamplifier applications. Each amplifier features JFET inputs (for high input impedance) coupled with bipolar output stages integrated on a single monolithic chip.