Trng i hc Ngoi thng Khoa Kinh t v Kinh doanh quc t Chuyn ngnh Kinh t i ngoi ====== ======

TIU LUN
ti: Phn tch cc quy nh v hp ng bo him hng hi theo MIA 1906
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 9 1. Phm Trung Kin-Trng nhm 2. Phm Tun Anh 3. Phm Minh Quang 4. Mai Qu Hanh 5. Nguyn Vn Hun Lp: TMA 402.7_LT Gio vin hng dn: Ts. Trn S Lm

H Ni - 11/2011

MC LC Trang 1 2 3 3 4

- Mc lc - M u - Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v Lut bo him hng hi Anh-MIA 1906 1.1. Lch s ra i ca Lut bo him hng hi Anh-MIA 1906 1.2. ngha ca s ra i ca Lut bo him hng hi Anh-MIA 1906 - Chng 2: Phn tch cc quy nh v hp ng bo him hng hi theo MIA 1906 2.1. Khi nim v ni dung cc cam kt trong hp ng bo him hng hi 2.2. Qu trnh thit lp hp ng bo him 2.3. Cc loi hp ng bo him 2.4. Vic chuyn nhng hp ng bo him 2.5. S v hiu ca hp ng bo him - Chng 3: Mt s vn cn ch khi p dng cc quy nh v hp ng bo him hng hi theo MIA 1906 - Kt lun - Ti liu tham kho

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M U Hin nay th trng hng hi Vit Nam ang rt pht trin, tng bc hi nhp su rng vo th trng hng hi quc t, nhng vic p dng php lut trong lnh vc bo him hng hi lun tim n nhng tranh chp v nhng ri ro kh lng. Trong khi , Lut bo him hng hi Anh (MIA) nm 1906 lun c coi
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l chun mc cho vic gii quyt cc tranh chp trong bo him hng hi v trng vic xy dng cc Lut bo him hng hi ca cc nc trn th gii. Do , vic nghin cu MIA, c bit l cc quy nh lin quan n hp ng bo him theo MIA 1906, l rt cn thit trong qu trnh hi nhp v gia nhp WTO ca Vit Nam, to thun li trong qu trnh thng thng v knh vn chuyn hng hi quc t vn l knh ch yu trong qu trnh xut nhp khu hng ha ca Vit Nam, trong khi B lut hng hi Vit Nam nm 2005 cng cn nhiu bt cp. Xut pht t thc tin trn v trn c s kin thc c hc v bo him hng hi, nhm chng ti mnh dn quyt nh la chn ti: Phn tch cc quy nh v hp ng bo him hng hi theo MIA 1906 lm bi tiu lun mn Bo him trong kinh doanh. Ngoi phn m u, kt lun, mc lc v danh mc ti liu tham kho, tiu lun c chia lm 3 chng vi kt cu nh sau: - Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v Lut bo him hng hi Anh-MIA 1906. - Chng 2: Phn tch cc quy nh v hp ng bo him hng hi theo MIA 1906. - Chng 3: Mt s vn cn ch khi p dng cc quy nh v hp ng bo him hng hi theo MIA 1906. Nhm chng ti xin trn trng cm n thy gio Tin s Trn S Lm tn tnh hng dn, gip chng ti hon thnh bi tiu lun ny.

Chng 1 Gii thiu chung v Lut bo him hng hi Anh - MIA 1906 1.1. Lch s ra i ca Lut bo him hng hi Anh - MIA 1906

Ngnh thng mi hng hi c coi l mt trong nhng phng thc vn ti u tin trong lch s nhn loi, to s thng thng hng ha gia cc chu lc. Nhng tng ng vi mc li nhun mang li l mc v s lng ri ro phi ng ph, dn n s ra i ca bo him hng hi. Nhng hnh thc s khai ca ngnh bo him bt u t kh sm, khong th k th 5 trc Cng nguyn, vi hnh thc cho vay mo him kinh doanh. n th k XIV, cc hp ng bo him hng hi u tin xut hin . n th k XV, cc vn bn php lut v bo him u tin xut hin Ty Ban Nha. Tuy nhin, phi n th k XVI - XVII, cng vi s ra i ca phng thc sn xut t bn ch ngha, th hot ng bo him mi pht trin rng ri v ngy cng i su vo nhiu lnh vc ca i sng kinh t - x hi. M ng cho s pht trin ny l Lut bo him nm 1601 ca Anh thi N hong Elisabeth. Sau l Chiu d 1681 ca Php do Vua Louis XIV ban hnh, l nhng o lut m ng cho lnh vc bo him hng hi. Vn bn php lut u tin trong h thng php lut v bo him hng hi ca Anh th hin s cn thit phi iu chnh cc quan h pht sinh trong lnh vc bo him hng hi l Lut bo him hng hi nm 1745. Lut ny ph v nhng thi quen lc hu trc v php in ha mt s tp qun, n l thnh lut. Tip theo l o lut v bo him hng hi nm 1788, tha nhn tt c hp ng bo him phi trng, iu ny b coi l v hiu trong quy nh ca Lut sa i nm 1795, yu cu tt c cc hp ng bo him hng hi phi bng vn bn v c ng du. Nm 1894, D tho Lut bo him hng hi c a ra tho lun ti Ngh vin Anh, l nn tng sau ny cho s ra i ca Lut bo him hng hi Anh 1906. Ngy 21.12.1906, Lut bo him hng hi Anh (Marine Insurance Act-MIA 1906) c thng qua v ban hnh ch yu da trn phn quyt ca ta n trong vng 200 nm trc , c hiu lc t 01/01/1907 v cho n ngy nay vn c p dng mt cch rng ri. MIA 1906 bao gm 93 iu, chia lm 14 phn, vi cc ni dung c bn sau: Li ch bo him; Gi tr bo him; Vic khai bo v li khai; Hp ng bo him, Bo him trng, Cc bo m, Hnh trnh, Vic chuyn

nhng hp ng bo him; Tn tht v s t b; Hn mc bi thng; Quyn ca ngi bo him i vi vic thanh ton; Bo him tng h, Phn b sung. 1.2. ngha ca s ra i Lut bo him hng hi Anh-MIA 1906 Lut bo him hng hi Anh - MIA 1906 ra i tr thnh bin php hu hiu iu chnh cc quan h php l pht sinh trong lnh vc bo him hng hi, n gip cho vic tp hp cc n l thnh h thng cc quy nh, to cho cc quy phm ca bo him hng hi c p dng mang tnh h thng, d dng gii quyt cc tranh chp, bo v li ch hp php ca cc bn. MIA th hin y v c h thng cc nguyn tc c bn ca bo him hng hi hin i nh: nguyn tc trung thc tuyt i, nguyn tc c li ch thc s, nguyn tc bi thng, nguyn tc th quyn. Cc iu khon trong MIA cng a ra cc nh ngha, khi nim c bn, nhng nguyn tc c th p dng trong bo him hng hi v lm c s cho vic ban hnh cc vn bn php lut sau , gip cho h thng php lut v hng hi ni chung v h thng php lut bo him hng hi ni ring c hon chnh. Cc n l c c kt th hin trong cc iu khon ca MIA, kt tinh nhng kinh nghim v s sng to trong gii quyt cc tranh chp t hn mt th k trc. iu ny to cho MIA c th tn ti v tr thnh Lut mu cho nhiu nc hc tp, cng nh thng l quc t v bo him hng hi cho vic thit lp hp ng bo him, gii quyt tranh chp ca cc bn trong thng mi quc t v lnh vc ny. MIA cng m ra cho cc bn la chn vic p dng MIA hoc cc quy nh trong hp ng. Nhng cng ng thi c nhng quy nh mang tnh bt buc nu cc bn khng c tha thun khc.

Chng 2 Phn tch cc quy nh v hp ng bo him hng hi theo MIA 1906

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2.1. Khi nim v ni dung cc cam kt trong hp ng bo him hng hi Cc cam kt (warranties) c coi l van an ton cho ngi bo him. Cng vi cc cam kt ny v tt c khai bo trung thc th ngi bo him c th khng nh ri ro ny l ri ro h c nh bo him. iu 33 - MIA (Bn cht ca cam kt) nu nh ngha cam kt nh sau: Mt cam kt v nhng iu khon sau y lin quan n cam kt, c ngha l mt ha hn ca ngi bo him vi ngi c bo him, thng thng l v bo v v ci tin ri ro. Do , cc hp ng bo him hng hi lun c bo v v ci tin ri ro bng cc cam kt cho ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t cng nh s pht trin ca ngnh hng hi. Mt cam kt l mt iu kin phi tun theo mt cch chnh xc, d iu kin ny c cn thit cho ri ro ny hay khng. Nu khng tun theo iu kin c quy nh trong hp ng, ngi bo him c min tr trch nhim t ngy vi phm cam kt . Tuy nhin, iu ny khng c bt c tc ng no n trch nhim m ngi bo him phi gnh chu trc ngy ny. C th so snh gia khai bo v cam kt: khai bo l ng nu c th l ng, ngha l nu khc bit gia khai bo v s tht l khng quan trng, nhng cam kt th phi thi hnh ng tng t. Cc cam kt trong hp ng bo him hng hi: * Cn c vo tnh cht c quy nh trong hp ng hoc mc nhin c cng nhn trong lut chia ra hai loi cam kt l: cam kt minh th v cam kt mc nhin. - Cam kt minh th (Express Warranties): iu 35 MIA quy nh: Mt cam kt minh th c th bng bt k hnh thc t ng no m c th xut pht t mc ch ca cam kt c suy lun ra. Mt cam kt minh th l mt cam kt c trong hp ng bo him hay st nhp vo hp ng bo him. Mt cam kt minh th khng bao gm mt cam kt mc nhin, tr khi n mu thun vi cam kt mc nhin . - Cam kt mc nhin (Implied warranty): Cc cam kt mc nhin khng c nu trong hp ng bo him, song theo pht lut th c hiu l mc nhin rng buc. C hai cam kt mc nhin: tu c kh nng i bin v hnh trnh hp php.

+ Cam kt kh nng i bin: Khon 4, iu 39-MIA nh ngha v kh nng i bin ca tu l khi tu thch nghi hp l v mi mt c th chu ng nhng him ha thng thng ca hnh trnh c bo him. Trong hp ng bo him chuyn: tu phi c kh nng i bin vo lc bt u hnh trnh v trong mi on hnh trnh. Nu l trong cng th tu phi thch nghi hp l i vi cc him ha trong cng. Khon 1, iu 39-MIA quy nh: Trong hp ng bo him chuyn lun c mt cam kt mc nhin l khi bt u hnh trnh tu phi c kh nng i bin theo ng yu cu ca hnh trnh c bo him. i vi hp ng bo him thi gian: khng mc nhin phi c kh nng i bin trong bt c giai on no ca hnh trnh, song nu ngi c bo him c hoc ng la a tu ra bin trong tnh trng khng c kh nng i bin th mi tn tht v khng c kh nng i bin u b loi tr, ngi bo him s khng chu trch nhim v bt k tn tht no (Khon 5, iu 39-MIA). i vi hp ng bo him bao: theo quy nh ti Khon 3, iu 39-MIA: hnh trnh c thc hin trong nhiu khong thi gian khc nhau, trong tng khong thi gian tu c yu cu phi c s chun b v trang b thm p ng, s c mt cam kt mc nhin l khi bt u mi hnh trnh tu phi c kh nng i bin v s chun b v trang thit b p ng hnh trnh. + Cam kt v s hp php: Cam kt mc nhin v s hp php l hnh trnh khng c vi phm php lut ca nc y. Ngoi ra hnh trnh phi c din ra hp php trong phm vi kim sot c ca ngi c bo him. V d, khi hnh trnh hp php th mt hnh vi bt hp php ca thuyn trng khng lm v hiu hp ng bo him, tr khi ngi c bo him ng la; hoc: mt hnh trnh vi phm lut hi quan ca nc ny l phi php, song mt hnh trnh kinh doanh vi phm lut hi quan nc khc vn c th bo him hp php ti y. iu 41-MIA quy nh cam kt v s hp php: Khi c cam kt mc nhin rng hnh trnh c bo him l hp php, cho n khi ngi c bo him c th kim sot c vn , th hnh trnh s c tin hnh theo cch thc hp php. - Khng c cam kt mc nhin v tnh trng i bin c ca hng ha.
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iu 40-MIA quy nh rng khng c cam kt mc nhin v tnh trng i bin c ca hng ha: + Trong mt hp ng bo him v hng ha hoc ng sn khc, s khng c cam kt mc nhin v tnh trng i bin c ca hng ha hay ng sn . + Trong mt hp ng bo him bao i vi hng ha hay ng sn khc, s c mt cam kt mc nhin rng vo thi im bt u hnh trnh, tu ch hng khng ch c kh nng i bin m n cn c kh nng ph hp ch hng ha v ng sn n ni d tnh theo nh hp ng. Ngoi ra, MIA cng nu ln mt s loi cam kt thng hay c s dng nh: Cam kt trung lp (iu 36), Cam kt mc nhin v quc tch (iu 37), Cam kt v tnh trng an ton (iu 38). Cam kt trung lp quy nh tu v hng ha (ty trng hp) phi l trung lp vo lc bt u v trong sut thi gian bo him, trong phm vi ngi c bo him c th kim sot c. i vi tu: phi c y ti liu chng minh s trung lp , nu khng ngi bo him c quyn t chi n bo him. iu 36 MIA quy nh: Nhng c tnh trung lp vo thi im bt u ri ro, cho n khi ngi c bo him c th kim sot c ri ro, c tnh trung lp ca ti sn vn tn ti trong qu trnh ri ro. Cam kt mc nhin v quc tch quy nh: Quc tch ca tu khng c chi phi bi mt cam kt mc nhin, hay quc tch s khng b thay i trong qu trnh xy ra ri ro (iu 37). Cam kt v tnh trng an ton quy nh: Khi i tng bo him c cam kt v tnh trng an ton trong mt ngy nht nh, th iu ny l nu n an ton trong sut ngy (iu 38). Cam kt khng c min th k c khi ngi c bo him c sa sai vi phm, th cng khng phc hi trch nhim ca ngi bo him c. Tuy nhin, MIA cng quy nh cc trng hp vi phm cc cam kt nhng ngi c bo him

c min th v vi phm ny xy ra ngoi mun v mang tnh cht bt kh khng. Trng hp vi phm cc cam kt c min th c quy nh ti iu 34-MIA: - Khi c l do thay i tnh trng, cam kt c hy b p dng hon cnh ny theo hp ng. - Vic thi hnh cam kt l vi phm php lut mi. Khi mt cam kt b vi phm, ngi c bo him khng th li dng bin h vi phm c sa sai v cam kt c thc him trc khi tn tht xy ra. Mt vi phm cam kt c th l l do hy b bi ngi bo him. 2.2. Qu trnh thit lp hp ng 2.2.1. Hiu lc php l giy nhn bo him

Theo thng l v thc t ca th trng bo him hng hi Anh, ngi mi gii l mt chuyn vin nm vng php lut v thc hnh v bo him hng hi. H l i l cho ngi c bo him ch khng phi cho ngi bo him hay cng ty bo him. iu ny c quy nh ti iu 21-MIA: Mt hp ng bo him hng hi c kt lp khi ngi bo him k giy nhn bo him. Giy nhn bo him l ghi nhn tt ca hp ng. Giy chng nhn bo him do mi gii cp cho ngi c bo him (hoc do cng ty, nu c bo him) trong khi ch cp n bo him c giy nhn bo him ln giy chng nhn bo him u khng c gi tr php l (ngoi tr chng minh khi no hp ng bo him c kt lp hay l bng chng sa li hp ng); n ch rng buc trn danh d m thi. Ngi bo him khng bt buc phi cp pht n bo him khi c giy nhn bo him. iu 89 quy nh: Sau khi hp ng bo him c k kt, giy nhn bo him c coi nh chng c c gi tr trong bt k v kin php l no. Hp ng bo him mi l ti liu php l th hin cho hp ng, song khi hp ng bo him c k kt, giy nhn bo him s tr thnh chng c php l c s dng sa i mt n bo him khi c nhm ln thng thng hoc trong cc v kin tranh chp php l.

Thi im hp ng c coi l c hiu lc (iu 21) khi s ngh ca ngi c bo him c chp thun ca ngi bo him, bt k hp ng sau c c son tho hay khng, v s ngh c chp thun c th di hnh thc l n, giy nhn bo him hoc cc hnh thc khc theo tp qun m khng cn ng du. 2.2.2. Hnh thc ca hp ng bo him. iu 22 quy nh: Hp ng khng th c gi tr chng c nu hp ng khng tun theo hnh thc ca hp ng bo him hng hi c quy nh trong Lut ny. Tuy nhin, hp ng bo him c th c son tho v c cp cng vo thi im hp ng c k kt hoc sau . MIA quy nh nhng ni dung cn thit, phi c trong hp ng bo him. Nu khng tun th, hp ng s khng c gi tr php l v khng th dng khi kin c. Nhng ni dung ch yu ca hp ng (iu 23) bao gm: (1) Tn ca ngi c bo him, hoc ngi thay mt ngi th hng; (2) i tng bo him v cc ri ro cn bo him; (3) Chuyn hng hoc khong thi gian hoc c hai; (4) Khon tin bo him; (5) Tn ca ngi bo him. Hp ng bo him hng hi phi c k bi ngi bo him hoc nhn danh ngi . Ch cn ch k ca ngi bo him, du ca cng ty cng cn thit, nhng khng bt buc. Khi mt hp ng bo him do nhiu ngi bo him nhn bo him, c coi l tng hp ng ring r vi nhng ngi c bo him, tr khi hp ng c quy nh khc (iu 24). 2.2.3. Vic gii thch cc iu khon trong hp ng iu 30 quy nh: Theo quy nh ca lut ny, tr khi hp ng c quy nh khc, cc t ng v din t cp trong hp ng mu ca Lut ny s c hiu trong phm vi v theo ngha m hp ng xc nh. Ngoi ra cn quy nh hp ng bo him c th theo mu trong ph bn 1 ca Lut ny.

2.2.4. i tng c bo him trong hp ng iu 26 quy nh i tng phi tun theo cc yu cu sau:
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- Phi c biu th trong hp ng bo him mt cch r rng, hp l. - Khng cn thit phi ghi bn cht v gii hn quyn li ca ngi c bo him trong hp ng bo him. - Khi hp ng biu th i tng bo him trong iu khon chung, th n s hiu p dng cho nhng li ch ca ngi c bo him cha c nu r. * Gi tr bo him trong hp ng: Tr gi ghi trn hp ng bo him nh th tr thnh mt gii hn bi thng, v tr gi ny c gi l tr gi c th bo him v c xc nh theo iu 16. iu ny ni v cc n bo him m khng c tha thun v tr gi quyn li trn n bo him y, ngha l cc n bo him khng tr gi. Gi tr ca hng ha c s xc nh khc nhau, khi m ngi c bo him c t vo cng v tr nh trc khi c tn tht, v i vi tu, khi m tr gi lc bt u bo him biu th tr gi thc ca ch tu. Gi tr ca i tng bo him: c quy nh trong cam kt minh th hoc nh gi trong hp ng, c xc nh theo nhng quy nh sau (iu 16): + Trong bo him tu, gi tr c th c bo him l gi tr ca tu xc nh vo thi im bt u ca tn tht, bao gm c trang thit b, lng thc d tr v d tr cho nhn vin v thy th on, tin lng ng trc cho thy th on v cc khon chi tiu khc (nu c) trong hnh trnh bin hoc hnh trnh d nh theo hp ng, cng c ph bo him cho ton b. + Bo him i vi cc ph, k c khi cc ph c tr trc hay tr sau, gi tr c th c bo him bao gm tng khon ch v cc ph i vi ri ra m ngi c bo him gp phi cng thm ph bo him. + Bo him i vi ti sn v hng ha, gi tr bo him ca hng ha l gi ti sn bo him lc ban u (gi gc) cng vi nhng chi ph v vic xp hng v nhng chi ph v bo him i vi ton b ti sn.

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+ Bo him i vi cc i tng bo him khc, gi tr c th c bo him l tng s chi ph i vi ri ro ca ngi c bo him khi hp ng bo him c hiu lc cng vi ph bo him. * Ph bo him trong hp ng: iu 31 quy nh: Khi mt bo him c hiu lc, ph bo him cn c theo tha thun, nu khng c tha thun ph bo him cn c theo khon ph bo him hp l phi tr. Khi mt bo him c hiu lc theo cc iu khon l khon ph ph thu s theo tha thun trong mt s kin nht nh, thi khi s kin xy ra nhng cha c tha thun v khon ph , th khon ph ph thu l khon hp l phi tr. 2.3. Cc loi hp ng bo him hng hi - Cn c vo thi im bt u v kt thc hiu lc ca bo him, c th chia ra l hp ng bo him theo chuyn v hp ng bo him theo nh hn: Hp ng bo him theo chuyn l hp ng bo him cho i tng bo him t ch ny n ch khc (iu 25). Khi mt hp ng bo him cho i tng bo him trong mt thi gian xc nh trong hp ng c gi l hp ng nh hn (iu 26). Mt hp ng c th bao gm c bo him theo chuyn v bo him theo thi gian xc nh. - Cn c vo xc nh gi tr ca i tng c bo him trong hp ng c th chia thnh hp ng nh gi v hp ng khng nh gi: + Hp ng nh gi l mt hp ng xc nh r theo tha thun gi tr ca i tng bo him (iu 27). i tng bo him c xc nh theo quy nh ca Lut ny, khng c s gian ln, gi tr c n nh trong hp ng gia ngi bo him v ngi c bo him, nhm xc nh gi tr c th bo him ca i tng c d tnh bo him k c khi b tn tht ton b hay b phn. Tr khi hp ng c quy nh khc, gi tr c n nh trong hp ng khng dng xc nh trong trng hp l tn tht ton b c tnh.

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+ Hp ng khng nh gi l mt hp ng khng xc nh r gi tr ca i tng bo him, song b chi phi n gii hn ca s tin c bo him, gi tr c th bo him ca i tng s c xc nh theo cch thc n nh trc . - Cn c vo s lng tu c bo him c th chia thnh hp ng bo him bao cho mt tu hoc nhiu tu. Hp ng bao l mt hp ng c th hin theo nhng thut ng bo him chung, vic xc nh tn tu hoc nhiu tu v cc chi tit khc c xc nh theo thng bo ca ngi c bo him v sau (iu 29). 2.4. Vic chuyn nhng hp ng bo him - Hiu lc ca vic chuyn nhng Hp ng bo him: Tc dng ca iu khon chuyn nhng th hin iu 15-Vic chuyn nhng quyn li, iu 50Hp ng bo him c th c chuyn nhng khi no v nh th no v iu 51-Ngi c bo him khng c quyn li khng th chuyn nhng. Trong MIA, vic phn bit gia chuyn nhng quyn li v chuyn nhng hp ng l rt quan trng. Chuyn nhng hp ng l chuyn nhng quyn hng li ch trn hp ng, cn chuyn nhng quyn li l chuyn nhng quyn li trn i tng bo him. iu 50 quy nh: Hp ng bo him c th chuyn nhng tr khi n c nhng iu khon quy nh khng c chuyn nhng. Vic chuyn nhng c th trc hoc sau tn tht. Mt hp ng bo him hng hi c th c chuyn nhng cho bt k ai cng vi quyn li trn i tng, ch tr cho k th nc ngoi, hoc khi hp ng cm chuyn nhng. iu ny khc hn vi cch thc ca cc ngnh bo him khc, song trong nghip v bo him hng hi th cn thit v ti sn thng xuyn thay i ch s hu nhiu ln trong mt hnh trnh. Tr khi tha thun chuyn nhng hp ng bo him trc lc chm dt quyn li ca ngi c bo him trn i tng bo him, nu khng mi chuyn nhng u v hiu. Trng hp khng th chuyn nhng hp ng bo him khi ngi c bo him khng c quyn li (iu 51): Khi ngi c bo him t b hoc b

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mt quyn li i vi i tng bo him, m khng c tho thun r rng hoc mc nhin chuyn nhng hp ng vo trc hoc cng thi im t b hoc b mt quyn li, th bt k s chuyn nhng hp ng v sau u khng c hiu lc. Khng c quy nh no trong iu ny nh hng n vic chuyn nhng hp ng sau khi c tn tht xy ra. Khi khng c tha thun trc chuyn nhng hp ng bo him th hp ng chm dt cng vi s chm dt quyn li ca ngi c bo him trn i tng bo him. 2.5. S v hiu hp ng bo him Mc d, MIA khng c iu khon ring quy nh v hp ng bo him hng hi v hiu. Nhng c th tng kt cc iu khon theo quy nh ca Lut bo him hng hi Anh nm 1906, hp ng bo him c th v hiu trong cc trng hp sau: - Do vi phm nguyn tc trung thc tuyt i, cc bn khai sai hoc khng khai nhng s kin c coi l cn thit. - Do cc bn k kt hp ng m khng c quyn li c bo him hoc hp ng mang tnh cht nh cuc. - Do vi phm cc cam kt k c cam kt mc nhin hoc cam kt minh th. Mc d bn vi phm sa sai vi phm nhng hp ng vn c th b hy b. - Do vi phm hnh thc ca hp ng c quy nh trong Lut. C th thy vic v hiu trong hp ng c quy nh trong MIA c m rng bng vic cho php bn b thit hi c th la chn hy b hp ng hoc tip tc thc hin hp ng. V d trong trng hp vi phm nguyn tc trung thc khng ti mc man tr th ngi bo him nu l bn thit hi c th b qua vi phm hoc c th hy b hp ng theo cch la chn ca mnh. Ngi bo him khi hu b hp ng c coi l ng ngoi hp ng v hp ng cha tng c chp nhn trc . Tc l s hy b bao gi cng l t lc bt u. Tuy nhin hp ng vn l ti liu c gi tr php l ngi c bo him s dng hp ng nh mt vn bn trc to n yu cu bc b quyn hy b hp ng ca bn bo him. Tuy nhin, cng c ngoi l khi c thay i
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hnh trnh, ngi bo him khng phi chu trch nhim t thi im quyt nh thay i hnh trnh c biu l. Nhng tn tht trc ngi bo him vn phi chu trch nhim. Chng 3 Mt s vn cn ch khi p dng cc quy nh v hp ng bo him hng hi theo MIA 1906 Anh, Lut bo him hng hi MIA 1906 c xem l son tho ch yu cn c theo cc n l thi by gi. Ngy nay, theo nh gi ca mt s ngi, Lut bo him hng hi Anh lc hu. Song, c th thy trn thc t, Lut bo him hng hi Anh nm 1906 c cc Ta n, cc Hip hi bo him v cc bn trong quan h bo him hng hi m rng iu chnh nhiu vn phc tp v a dng ca hot ng bo him hng hi, p ng yu cu iu chnh cc quan h php lut pht sinh trong bo him hng hi quc t hin i. Tuy nhin, khi nghin cu p dng cc vn lin quan n hp ng bo him theo Lut bo him hng hi Anh nm 1906 trong thc tin, cn phi ch mt s vn sau y: 3.1. Mu hp ng (Lloyds S.G. policy): iu 30 cng quy nh hp ng bo him c th theo mu trong ph lc 1 ca MIA. Song trn thc t cc bn trong hp ng bo him c th p dng bt k mu no. Tuy nhin, y l mu hp ng chun m cc quy nh trong hp ng u tng thch vi cc iu khon trong MIA. 3.2. Cc quy tc xy dng hp ng (Rules for Construction of Policy): bao gm 17 quy tc gii thch v cc t ng thng dng trong hp ng theo mt ngha thng nht. Cc bn trong hp ng bo him hng hi Anh c th t xy dng cc iu khon trong hp ng, tuy nhin cc Quy tc trn mang tnh cht bt buc nu hp ng khng mun mu thun vi cc quy nh trong MIA. 3.3. Cc cam kt: Trong quy nh ca MIA, cc cam kt bao gm rt nhiu ni dung nu ngi c bo him vi phm cam kt, ngi bo him c th t chi. Tuy nhin trn thc t, to n Anh x mt s trng hp ngoi l, v d: V Thamas chng Tyne and Near Steamship Fright Insurance Association nm 1917: Tu c bo him theo hp ng bo him thi gian bt u mt hnh trnh trong iu kin hnh trnh ny trong tnh trng tu khng thy th, trong
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hnh trnh tu va phi hn khng ghi trn hi v b chm. Ta x l ngi bo him phi chu trch nhim, v tn tht khng quy c cho s kin khng c kh nng i bin. Tuy nhin trong mt hp ng bo him chuyn, trong c cam kt tuyt i v kh nng i bin th ngi bo him s c gii trch v vi phm cam kt . 3.4. Hiu lc php l giy nhn bo him: Trong MIA ch nu ln giy nhn bo him nhng khng quy nh r v gi tr php l ca giy ny, n ch rng buc trn danh d m thi. Trong v Home Marine Ins.Co. chng Smith nm 1808 ta x mt giy nhn bo him khng phi t n bo him: Nu mt tha thun n thun ti bo him nhng ri ro vt qu mt s tin n nh, khng c th hin bng mt n bo him, th s khng c hiu lc php lut. 3.5. Chuyn nhng hp ng bo him hng hi: Vn chuyn nhng hp ng bo him (iu 51) khng cn ph hp trong thanh ton quc t hin nay. C th l khi ngi mua hng theo iu kin F.O.B khng th c hp ng bo him ca ngi bn v nhng tn tht xy ra trc khi hng ha ln tu, v cho ti thi im ny ngi mua cha c quyn li trn hng ha. Nh vy, s vi phm quy nh trong MIA v quyn li bo him v khng th chuyn nhng hp ng bo him v cc quyn li km theo. Ngy nay trong trng hp ny ngi mua c th hon ton yn tm nhn hng ha b tn tht trc khi mnh c quyn li trn hng ha v c bo v bi hp ng bo him, vi iu kin l vo lc bn phi chuyn nhng quyn hng li ch trn hp ng bo him. iu ny c quyt nh trong v J.Aron and Co.(Inc) chng Miall nm 1928. Mt l cacao c bo him t nh my Ty Phi giao ti Boston. tha thun chuyn nhng hp ng bo him cng vi hng ha. Ht cacao b tn tht trn x lan trc lc ln tu. Ngi bo him khng kin l tn tht xy ra trc khi ngi c nhng quyn cha c chuyn nhng hp ng bo him hng quyn li ca mnh. Ta x: ngi hng quyn c c quyn li v mi khiu ni m ch s hu gc c c trn hp ng bo him, d tn tht xy ra trc khi ngi

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c nhng quyn c chuyn nhng hp ng bo him hng quyn li ca mnh.

KT LUN MIA 1906 l mt tp hp tng i hon chnh cc khi nim, cc nguyn tc c bn trong lnh vc bo him hng hi nh: hnh trnh hng hi, nguyn tc trung thc tuyt i nguyn tc c li ch c bo him... N ph hp vi cc iu khon bo him c th ca cc Hip hi bo him v cc o lut lin quan nh Lut bo him hng hi (hp ng c cc) nm 1909, Cc iu khon bo him hng ha (A), (B), (C), Cc iu khon bo him thn tu. Tuy c mt s quy nh c xem l li thi, nhng cho n nay cc quy nh ca MIA vn p ng c nhng yu cu hin ti v cha to ra nhng cn tr ng k i vi cc quan h pht sinh trong lnh vc bo him hng hi. MIA vn c s dng lm khun mu cho vic xy dng php lut v bo him hng hi ca mt s nc trn th gii. C c kt qu v sc tn ti nh hin nay phi k n s tch ly tp hp kin thc, kinh nghim v tnh cng bng trong vic gii quyt tranh chp trong lnh vc bo him hng hi ca cc lut gia, thm phn trong vi th k trc . V hin nay MIA vn c cc ta n vn dng mt cch sng to gii quyt cc tranh chp v bo him hng hi. Lut bo him hng hi Anh nm 1906 to nn mt sn chi bnh ng gia ngi bo him v ngi c bo him cng nh cc bn lin quan trong lnh vc bo him hng hi vn c xem l phc tp v mang tnh ri ro cao.

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Trng i hc Ngoi thng (2006), Gio trnh Bo him trong kinh doanh, Nh xut bn Lao ng x hi, H Ni. 2. GS.TS Hong Vn Chu, Hu Vinh (2003), T in kinh t bo him Anh - Vit, Nh xut bn Thanh nin, H Ni. 3. Lut bo him hng hi Anh-MIA nm 1906 (Marine Insurance Act 1906) 4. Cc website: - http:// www.baominh.com.vn - http:// www.ntu.edu.vn - http:// www.baohiem.pro.vn - http:// www.webbaohiem.net

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