Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Android Architecture
Michael Y. Morckos
German Univeristy in Cairo

May 13, 2009

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

What is Android

What is Android

Android is an operating system for mobile devices Its an integrated open source software stack for mobile device
Operating system Middleware Key mobile applications

Went open source in late 2008. Released under the Apache v2 license

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

What is Android

History

Google acquired Android Inc. in July 2005

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

What is Android

History

Google acquired Android Inc. in July 2005 The Android team, led by Andy Rubin, developed a mobile device platform powered by Linux operating system

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

What is Android

History

Google acquired Android Inc. in July 2005 The Android team, led by Andy Rubin, developed a mobile device platform powered by Linux operating system This signaled Googles entry into the mobile-phone market

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

What is Android

Open Handset Alliance

A consortium established by Google in November 2007

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

What is Android

Open Handset Alliance

A consortium established by Google in November 2007 34 members including key companies in mobile handsets, application developments and mobile chips industries.

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

What is Android

Open Handset Alliance

A consortium established by Google in November 2007 34 members including key companies in mobile handsets, application developments and mobile chips industries. The consortium aim at providing open standards for mobile devices for richer capabilities and reduced cost

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

What is Android

Open Handset Alliance

A consortium established by Google in November 2007 34 members including key companies in mobile handsets, application developments and mobile chips industries. The consortium aim at providing open standards for mobile devices for richer capabilities and reduced cost On the same month Android was unveilled, marking it the agship product of the OHA consortium

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

What is Android

Open Handset Alliance

A consortium established by Google in November 2007 34 members including key companies in mobile handsets, application developments and mobile chips industries. The consortium aim at providing open standards for mobile devices for richer capabilities and reduced cost On the same month Android was unveilled, marking it the agship product of the OHA consortium The T-Mobile G1 (HTC Dream) was the rst mobile device powered by Android. Released on October 2008

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

What is Android

Innovative Features
Linux kernel Open system Component based Java programming language for applications development Enable mobile applications to exploit full advantage of all a handset has to oer No boundaries Fast & easy development

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Contents

Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Android Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Android Stack

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Android Architecture

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Kernel

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Overview

Android uses a heavily modied GNU/Linux kernel version 2.6 for handling core system infrastructure services as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model The kernel provides an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack Include many enhancements and modications

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Android Power Management

A light-weight power managemenr driver built atop the standard linux power management Constrainted power management policy
CPU shouldnt consume power if no applications or services require power Components make requests to keep the power on through Wake Locks

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Binder

An OpenBinder-based driver to facilitate inter-process communication (IPC) on the Android platform OpenBinder provides:
High performance through shared memory Per-process thread pool for processing requests Synchronous calls between processes

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Memory Management

Low Memory Killer: based on feedbacks from user applications, the low memory killer can kill processes to free up memory as necessary Provides more exibility than the Out Of Memory (OOM) killer in the standard kernel Android PMEM: the PMEM (physical memory) driver is used to provide contiguous physical memory regions to userspace libraries that interact with the processor and other hardware

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Other Components
Logger: A light weight logging device used to capture system, radio, logdata, etc. Android Alarm: A driver which provides timers that can wake the device up from sleep and a monotonic timebase that runs while the device is asleep M-Systems: for memory cards and other ash media storage Other conventional drivers:
Bluetooth Display Keypad Audio ...
Michael Y. Morckos Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Runtime

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Overview

A vital component in the Android stack

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Overview

A vital component in the Android stack Composed of two major parts:

The Dalvik virtual machine Core libraries

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Dalvik Virual Machine

One of the most important components in Android

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Dalvik Virual Machine

One of the most important components in Android Developed by Dan Bornstein, and named after the Dalvik village in Iceland

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Dalvik Virual Machine

One of the most important components in Android Developed by Dan Bornstein, and named after the Dalvik village in Iceland Three main design targets:
runs on a limited CPU and RAM (250-500MHz) (20-40 MB) runs atop an OS with no swap space runs on a device with limited power

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

From .class to .dex

Dalvik replaces the JVM in providing the runtime environment to Java platform applications

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

From .class to .dex

Dalvik replaces the JVM in providing the runtime environment to Java platform applications The VM runs Java applications which have been converted to the Dalvik Executable format .dex

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

From .class to .dex

Dalvik replaces the JVM in providing the runtime environment to Java platform applications The VM runs Java applications which have been converted to the Dalvik Executable format .dex The dx tool available in the SDK converts Java bytcode to DVM bytcode at build time

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

From .class to .dex

Dalvik replaces the JVM in providing the runtime environment to Java platform applications The VM runs Java applications which have been converted to the Dalvik Executable format .dex The dx tool available in the SDK converts Java bytcode to DVM bytcode at build time The dx format is a highly ecient and compact bytecode

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

From .class to .dex

Dalvik replaces the JVM in providing the runtime environment to Java platform applications The VM runs Java applications which have been converted to the Dalvik Executable format .dex The dx tool available in the SDK converts Java bytcode to DVM bytcode at build time The dx format is a highly ecient and compact bytecode dx les can be installed on dierent devices and can be further modied after being installed to increase eciency

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Dalvik Features

Highly CPU optimized interpreter No just-in-time compiling Shared constants pool and data structures Static linking Bytes reordering

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Core Libraries

Androids core libraries provide most of the functionality available in the core libraries of Java needed for applications development:
I/O functionalities Collections File access ...

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Native Libraries

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Overview

This layer houses the core libraries providing the bulk of Android functionalities Implemented in C/C++ Developers can exploit the full capabilities of these libs through the application framework layer

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Bionic (libC)

A BSD-based implementation of the standard C library, tuned for embedded Linux-based devices 200 KB in size, roughly half the size of the standard GNU C library libc Bionic includes a very fast and small custom POSIX-thread implementation Compatability issue with GNU libc

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

SQLite
A powerful lightweight embedded relational database management system contained in a relatively small ( 500 kb) C library The engine is not a standalone entity. Instead, a SQLite database is just another program linked in and thus becomes an integral part of the program The database is stored as a single cross-platform le on the host machine Application access SQLite through conventional simple function calls
Michael Y. Morckos Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Surface Manager

Responsible for composing dierent drawing surfaces on the mobile screen Manages access for dierent processes to the underlying display subsystem and composites 2D and 3D graphic layers from multiple applications Layers passed as buers via Binder IPC calls Use OpenGL/ES and 2D hardware accelerator for its compositions

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

OpenGL/ES & SGL

Subset of the OpenGL 3D graphics API designed for embedded devices Dened and promoted by the Khronos Group, a graphics hardware and software industry consortium Can use either hardware 3D acceleration (hardware dependent) or the included highly optimized 3D software rasterize SGL is Androids specialized 2D graphics library

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Media Framework

Provided by PacketVideos multimedia package OpenCore The OpenCore provides a universal structure for mobile multimedia applications Support for standard video, audio, still-frame formats (MPEG4, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, and PNG, H.264) Support for codec plug-ins

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

FreeType

Implements a font rasterization engine Written in C It is used to rasterize characters into bitmaps and provides support for other font-related operations

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

LibWebCore (WebKit)

A framework providing the basis for building a web browser based on the open source WebKit browser Written in C++ Rendering of pages in full (desktop) view Support for modern web technologies; CSS, JavaScript, DOM, AJAX

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Audio Manager (Audio Flinger)

Processing multiple audio streams into PCM audio out paths

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Framework Overview

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Overview

A general purpose toolkit that all applications use Written in Java Enable reuse and replacement of components

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

View System

Enabling applications to access data from other applications or to share their own data

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Resource Manager

Providing access to non-code resources (localized string, graphics, and layout les)

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Notication Manager

Enabling all applications to display customer alerts in the status bar

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Activity Manager

Managing the lifecycle of applications and providing a common navigation backstack

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Telephony Manager

Provides core telephoning functionalities

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

XMPP Service

An Open, XML-based protocol originally aimed at near-real-time, extensible instant messaging Largely extended. VoIP Aims to:
Send simple P2P message between handsets Send and receive IMs using Googles Talk

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Location Manager

Allows applications to obtain periodic updates

devices geographical location triggers an application-specied event when the device enters the proximity of a given geographical location

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Window Manager

The window manager creates display surfaces for the application Responsible for organizing the screen and display of dierent layers of application

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Contents Overview Linux Kernel Android Runtime Native Libraries Application Framework Applications

Applications
Android comes with a bundle of core applications: email client SMS program calendar maps browser contacts ...

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Overview

Written in Java (as you know)

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Overview

Written in Java (as you know) The compiled application is bundled by the aapt tool into an Android package .apk

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Overview

Written in Java (as you know) The compiled application is bundled by the aapt tool into an Android package .apk Like .jad & .jar in J2ME, .apk les are distributed and installed on Android powered devices

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Basic Facts

Every application: is a single Linux process has its own VM instance is assigned a unique Linux user ID

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Basic Facts

A key feature of Android is that applications can publish their functionalities An application can use other functionalities provided by other applications Android applications dont have a single entry point

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Application Diagram

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Activities
Class in the API An activity presents the user with a visual UI for a specic functionality Application can have several activities Each activity is given a default window to draw in The visual content of the window is provided by a hierarchy of views User interacts with activities through the views Android provides several built-in views:
Buttons Menus Text elds ...
Michael Y. Morckos Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Services

Background functionalities Run in the applicationss thread

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Content Provider

Provides applications with required applications data Data stored in a SQLite DB Applications talk to content provider through a content resolver

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Broadcast Receiver

Receive and react to broadcast announcements Many originate from system level Persistent

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Activation

Content providers are activated when targeted by applications (implicit activation) Broadcast receivers are activated when receiving Services and activities are activated by intent msgs Intent messages contains ID of component to be activated + URI of data to be used Intent lters

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Deactivation

Content providers and broadcast receivers are shut down once they are done Activities and services require explicit shutdown Components might also be shut down by the system to reclaim memory for higher priority components (life cycle)

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Tasks

Dierent activities can be activated on demand A group of activities composes a task. They are maintained in a stack Users experience of an application can actually be a task consisting of dierent activities from dierent applications Can have a stack of tasks as well

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Activity
Activities can be in one of these states at an instance: Active: has the users focus, displayed in the foreground Paused: still visible but under another active activity Stopped: completely obscured by another activity, no longer visible If an activity is paused or stopped, the system can drop it from memory. When the user returns to it, the system must restore it to its previous state

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Activity

Entire lifetime: from the moment the activity is created till destroyed Visible lifetime: from the moment the activity activated till stopped Foreground lifetime: between resuming and pausing an activity

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Activity Lifecycle

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Service

Services can be shutdown explicity or implicitly Entire lifetime: from creation till destruction Active lifetime: from activation

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Introduction Application Components Components Activation/Deactivation Tasks Components Lifecycle

Broadcast Receiver

Broadcast receiver is active when receiving and reacting to a notication A process with an active broadcast receiver is protected from being killed Active lifetime: from activation

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Overview
The SDK includes a full set of tools for developing and debugging application Designing UIs Major components in version 1.5:
Android Development Tools Plugin (for the Eclipse IDE) Android Emulator Android Virtual Devices (AVDs); speciying dierent platform, hardware options, skins... Dalvik Debug Monitor Service (ddms) Android Asset Packaging Tool (aapt) sqlite3 dx tool
Michael Y. Morckos Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Standard Procedure: Hello, World

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Summary

Whats Android Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

Android Closing...

Questions? Thank you for your attention!

Michael Y. Morckos

Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

References
http://developer.android.com/ http://androidlinux.com/ http://www.dalvikvm.com/ http://www.bindaaspoll.com/googleandroid/index.htm http://benno.id.au/blog/2007/11/26/what-is-android http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Dalvik virtual machine http://blog.codebeach.com/2007/11/android-architectureoverview.html http://stuthathappens.com/blog/2009/04/12/google-io2008-dalvik-virtual-machine-internals/
Michael Y. Morckos Android Architecture

Introduction Android Architecture Android Application Fundamentals Android SDK Summary

References
http://www.kandroid.org/android pdk/intro source code.html http://sites.google.com/site/io/dalvik-vm-internals http://www.brighthub.com/mobile/googleandroid/articles/17822.aspx http://glab.wordpress.com/2008/05/21/android-a-quickoverview/ http://moss.csc.ncsu.edu/ mueller/g1/slides/platform.ppt http://www.softdevtube.com/2008/09/16/inside-the-androidapplication-framework/ http://groups.google.com/group/androidframework/browse thread/thread/34a635dd68c8b4f4
Michael Y. Morckos Android Architecture