Trng I hc s phm H Ni

Tp ch khoa hc s 6 nm 2005

Dy - hc THNG QUA THc hnh dy: MT PHNG HNG TCH CC TRONG O TO GIO VIN
Nguyn Th Phng Hoa Trng i hc Ngoi Ng - HQG H Ni

1. Khi nim
Tin s Jean-Pol Martins ngi c, cha ca phng php "dy hc thng qua thc hnh dy" (DHTQTHD), learning by teaching, a ra nh ngha sau: Phng php "dy hc thng qua thc hnh dy" l mt phng php dy hc nh hng hot ng, trong mi hc sinh (hay mt nhm hc sinh) thay nhau m nhn vai tr nh mt gio vin dy cho cc bn khc trong lp mt vn kin thc no di s hng dn ca gio vin. Vn kin thc ny c th l do hc sinh t la chn hoc cng c th do gio vin phn cng. Trong hnh thc dy hc ny gio vin gi vai tr l ngi quan st, hng dn v gip hc sinh hon thnh nhim v nh mt gio sinh thc tp (student-tutor) [3].

2. S lc lch s ra i ca phng php dy hc thng qua thc hnh dy

Nn tng v c s l thuyt ca phng php DHTQTHD thc ra c t hai nghn nm trc y, khi Seneca, nh trit hc li lc ngi Roman, ni: "Khi chng ta dy cho ngi khc nhng g chng ta hc c ngha l chng ta hc hai ln ri!" (Doceno discimus). Sau , n thi k trung i, nh gio dc hc ni ting J.A. Comenius (15921679) tip tc pht trin trit l . Theo ng, hc sinh (HS) hon ton c th hc thng qua thc hnh dy cho cc bn khc v c cc bn khc dy li. Cng thi vi J.A. Comenius, nh hc gi li lc St Thomas [1] cho rng, v c bn s hc ca con ngi c tin hnh theo hai cch: cch hc theo ch dn ca ngi dy (learning by instruction) v cch th hai c ng cao hn l cch hc c sng to v c khm ph (learning by discovery). Theo ng, ch khi no ngi hc l ng lc chnh ca qu trnh dy - hc th khi chng ta mi thc s hc. Trong l thuyt v dy hc ca mnh, St Thomas gi GV l ng lc th hai, rt cn thit nhng khng phi l yu t khng th thiu. Cch hc tt nht l t tm hiu v dy li nhng g mnh bit cho nhng ngi khc di s hng dn v gip ca GV. y cng chnh l nguyn l c bn ca phng php DHTQTHD. Mc d c mt c s l thuyt t rt sm nhng phi n nm 1980, sau nhiu nm nghin cu v tin hnh thc nghim, tin s Jean-Pol Martins ca trng i hc Eichsttt (c) pht trin mt h thng l lun hon chnh v phng php dy hc (PPDH) m ng gi l DHTQTHD (Lernen durch Lehren, vit tt l LdL, trong ting c hay learning by teaching trong ting Anh). ng ng dng phng php ny vo dy ngoi ng (ting Php) cho hc sinh trung hc c v thy rng bng cch cc HS ca mnh dy cho nhau nhng g chng bit, hng th hc tp ca HS tng ln r rt v t m kt qu hc tp ca cc em c nng cao mt cch ng k. Sau khi ra i, phng php ny c nhiu trng hc c p dng v cho thy kt qu rt kh quan v ngy cng c nhiu trng hc p dng hnh thc dy hc LdL vo ging dy khng ch b mn ngoi ng m cn cc b mn khc, nht l mn ng php. 44

Bi th, n c nhiu nc khc trn th gii nh M, Australia, Anh, Php,... k tha v m rng quy m p dng nhiu cp hc (t ph thng n i hc) trong ging dy nhiu b mn nh Trit hc, Vt l, ting Hy Lp c i, thm ch c Ton hc (v d nh trng i hc v Cao ng St. John tiu bang Annapolis, M). N khng ch b hp trong phm vi mt lp m m rng ra cho cc HS, SV trong mt trng. Nhng HS, SV lp trn s dy cho HS, SV lp di mt vi bi trong chng trnh hc ca lp di . Trn th gii c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu c uy tn v tnh kh thi v hiu qu p dng ca PPDH ny. Tiu biu trong nhng cng trnh nghin cu phi k n kt qu kho st v li ch ca phng php "dy hc ng trang la" (peer tutoring), mt tn gi thng dng khc ca phng php DHTQTHD, i vi SV dy (tutors) v cc SV c dy (tutees) ca cc tc gi nh Cohen (1982), Hedin (1987), Goodlad v Hirst (989), Benard (1990) v Swengel (1991). Ngoi ra, cng c nhiu nghin cu v cc nhn t nh hng n hiu qu p dng phng php DHTQTHD nh tnh ng nht tng i v la tui v trnh ca ngi dy v ngi c dy (DePaulo, 1989), s cha hon thin v kh nng s phm v kin thc ca mt s SV dy (Willis v Crowder, 1974), hay vic thiu s duy tr u n nhng tin b t c ca SV c dy (Atherly, 1989) [2].

3. Cu trc ca phng php dy hc thng qua thc hnh dy

Theo cch hiu nh trn, khc vi cc PPDH khc (ch c hai thnh t chnh l gio vin v ngi hc sinh), PPDH ny c ba thnh t chnh tham gia l: Ngi hng dn: l GV chuyn nghip (professional teachers), c nhim v gip cho nhng SV m nhn vai tr ging dy (hay c th gi l nhng GV khng chuyn = non-professional teachers = student-tutors): nh hng hot ng dy, la chn vn kin thc thc hnh ging, gi nhng ti liu cn thit, hng dn phng php hay tin trnh ging,.... Tuy khng trc tip tham gia m trch cc khu c bn ca bi ging nhng GV chnh vn l ngi a ra kt lun cui cng v vn l thuyt cn nm, b sung hoc chnh l nhng ch sai hay thiu st trong bi ging ca SV. Ngoi ra, ngi GV cn l ngi a ra nhng nhn xt nh gi v phng php dy ca mi SV cng nh s tham gia vo bi ging ca cc SV cn li trong lp. Ngi dy: l SV dy - GV khng chuyn (student-tutors = non-professional teachers). Mt hay mt nhm SV m nhn hu ht cc khu ca qu trnh dy t chun b gio n n thc hnh dy. Nhng SV ny c nhim v la chn mt ni dung kin thc ging dy theo gi ca GV hay theo kin ca c nhn mnh; tm hiu v nghin cu ti liu hiu r vn m mnh cn ln lp; tho lun vi GV chnh v phn ni dung v phng php dy ca mnh, sau tin hnh dy trn lp. Ngi hc: nhng SV cn li trong lp (student-tutees). 4. Cc nhn t nh hng n hiu qu ng dng phng php dy hc thc hnh dy a) Tnh ng nht v la tui v trnh gia ngi dy v ngi hc Trong PPDH truyn thng, khong cch v tui tc v kin thc gia GV v HS, cng nh vic xem GV nh l ngun kin thc duy nht ngoi sch v lm cho HS d c tm l e d s st, cn tr tnh sng to, ch ng v tt nhin l kt qu qu trnh tip thu tri thc. Vi phng php DHTQTHD, hn ch ny khng cn na, ngi hc t tin hn trong vic pht huy tnh tch cc ch ng nhn thc ca mnh, lm ch c vic hc ca bn thn v dn n nng cao hiu qu tip thu tri thc. b) Tnh cha hon chnh v nghip v s phm v kin thc ca ngi dy Vic tn dng ngun nhn lc sn c l SV lm ngi truyn t li ni dung kin thc cho cc SV khc chnh l yu t to nn s mi m mang tnh cch mng ca phng 45

php, nhng ng thi vic cng c nhng hn ch. Do kin thc v nghip v ca SV vn cn cha hon thin nn kh trnh khi nhng sai lch trong ni dung kin thc hay nhng bt cp trong phng php ging dy. Bi th, trong PPDH ny, vai tr ca ngi gio vin chuyn nghip cng cn thit. 5. ngha ca phng php DHTQTHD i vi SV dy v SV c dy Phng php DHTQTHD c ngha tch cc khng ch i vi SV dy m i vi c nhng SV c dy. a) Nng cao kin thc v hiu bit v mn hc

) i vi sinh vin dy
c th m nhn vai tr nh mt ngi GV, nhng SV dy cn phi: - Hiu v nm r vn l thuyt cn dy bng cch t c ti liu lin quan n vn kin thc , tham kho kin GV nu c vng mc. y l ln hc th nht. - Trn c s lm ch c vn la chn, nhng SV dy s phi trnh by li bng ngn ng ca mnh (c th bng vn bn vit hoc vn bn ni) v ni dung kin thc km theo k hoch bi ging ca mnh. y l ln hc th hai v cng l ln cng c kin thc th nht. - Sau khi thit k c k hoch bi ging, SV dy s tin hnh ging cho cc SV cn li trong lp, gip cho cc bn ca mnh hiu c nhng kin thc m mnh nm c. y l ln hc th ba v l ln th hai cng c kin thc. - Ngoi ra, SV dy cn c c hi th su v kin thc ca mnh khi phi tr li cc thc mc ca cc bn hay khi ra bi tp cng c kin thc.

) i vi sinh vin c dy
i vi phng php ny, cc SV c dy cng s nm bi su hn: - Thng qua bi ging ca cc bn, SV hc ln th nht. - Thng qua phn tho lun, thc mc (iu ny t khi c p dng trit trong cc lp hc truyn thng), SV c c hi lm r nhng iu mnh cha thc s hiu v bi hc. ng thi cc SV cng c c hi trnh by cch tip cn hay cch hiu ring ca mnh cc bn v c gio gp . y va l cch SV kim tra s nm bi ca mnh va l cch cng c li kin thc ln hc th hai. - Khi GV cht li bi hc l ln hc th ba ca SV trong thi gian trn lp. Vi qu trnh hc nh vy th mc nm bi su ca SV s tng ln ng k. b) Hnh thnh v pht trin c nhiu k nng trong hc tp DHTQTHD gip HS ch ng trong vic hc ca mnh t khu tm, c v x l thng tin, k nng giao tip, k nng gii quyt vn , k nng tranh lun (c tn s xut hin cao nht trong cc nghin cu v hiu qu p dng ca phng php DHTQTHD), k nng trnh by li hiu ca mnh di dng vn bn vit v cao hn l dy li cho cc bn khc nhng g mnh bit. c) Tng cng tnh on kt gia bn b v mi quan h thn thin gia GV vi SV Trong phng php ny, GV gi vai tr l ngi hng dn, gip , l ngi cng lm vic v cng l ngi bn ca SV. S phn chia lp hc thnh hai cc: mt bn l ngi c quyn a thng tin v mt bn l nhng ngi th ng nhn thng tin khng cn na. Do , mi quan h gia SV vi GV tr nn gn gi, ci m, thn thin v thoi mi hn. Bn cnh , thng qua nhng bui hc thc hnh dy v tho lun trn lp, SV s hiu nhau hn; trn c s tinh thn on kt v tnh bn s ngy cng c tht cht. 46

S gn gi thn thin trong quan h gia ngi hc - gio vin v ngi hc ngi hc l hai nhn t c bn to ra mt mi trung hc tp lnh mnh, thoi mi v gip nng cao hng th hc tp ca SV. Ngoi ra, qua phng php ny, SV khng ch hc cch hc m cn hc cch dy cho ngi khc nhng g mnh hc c. Chnh cm gic tr nn c ch cho ngi khc l mt nhn t tch cc, xt v mt x hi, gip cho th h tr hm nay c li sng lnh mnh v trnh xa nhng t nn hy hoi bn thn, gia nh v x hi. 6. M hnh ca mt lp hc p dng PPDH thng qua thc hnh dy C hai m hnh p dng phng php DHTQTHD: a) M hnh 1 M hnh ny c p dng nhiu vo giai on u khi phng php DHTQTHD mi ra i. Trong m hnh ny, hoc l nhng SV gii hn s dy cho cc SV km hn nh mt hot ng ngoi gi gip nhng HS, SV nng cao kt qu hc tp hoc cc SV lp trn dy km cho cc SV lp di. - u im: cc SV dy l cc SV gii hn, c trnh cao hn nhng SV c dy. Hn th, nhng vn ging dy y hu ht l nhng kin thc m h c GV ging cho nn chnh xc v ni dung thng tin v kinh nghim trong la chn phng php dy ca SV dy s c m bo cao. - Nhc im: cc SV c dy, do thp hn v trnh hoc la tui nn c phn e d v th ng hn trong tip thu tri thc. H coi nhng SV dy mnh l nhng gio vin tr ch khng coi nh l bn b ca mnh. Bn cnh , m hnh ny khng to c hi cho mi SV c dy c thc hnh dy hay ni cch khc l c ng vai tr ca ngi GV. b) M hnh 2 Trong m hnh ny, cc SV trong mt lp hay mt kha hc s ln lt m nhn vai tr l ngi dy. M hnh ny ngy cng c p dng rng ri do nhng u im vt tri ca n so vi m hnh 1. Trong m hnh 2 ny, GV s chia SV thnh cc nhm nh, hoc cc em lm vic c lp (nu s lng khng nhiu). Mi nhm hay c nhn s nhn chng trnh hc cho c k v cc em s ln lt thay nhau m nhn trch nhim dy cc ni dung hc trong chng trnh . thc hin c nhim v ny, SV t tm ti liu hoc c th tham kho kin ca GV v ni dung v phng php dy. Ni chung, cng vic gm ba bc sau: Bc 1: Nhm hay c nhn dy s thuyt trnh trc lp phn ni dung kin thc (c th p dng nhiu PPDH khc nhau nh ng kch/phn vai, thuyt trnh trn bng-phn hay thuyt trnh trn PowerPoint,....) Bc 2: Cho cc bn trong lp tin hnh tho lun (lm vic theo nhm nh suy nghnhm i-chia s (think-pair-share), bn trn (round-table), ziczc v.v ). Nhm SV dy cn c th kim tra kin thc ca cc bn trong lp thng qua bi tp thc hnh hay mt bi test nh do mnh t thit k da trn nhng kin thc trong bi ging. Cng trong bc ny, nhm HS, SV dy c nhim v tr li cc cu hi hay gii p cc thc mc v bi ging. Bc 3: GV nhn xt, b sung, chnh l, nu thy cn. Bc ny c th c lng vo trong qu trnh SV ang iu khin gi hc. - u im: khng c khong cch ng k v trnh v la tui gia ngi dy v ngi hc nn ngi hc s thy thoi mi hn khi tham gia vo tho lun, nhn xt hay ng gp cho bi ging, t pht huy vai tr tch cc, ch ng, sng to trong hc tp, nng cao hng th hc tp cho ngi hc. 47

- Nhc im: v ngi dy phi t tm hiu trc v vn ging dy v t nh hng PPDH nn kh trnh khi nhng sai st trong khi dy. So snh gia hai m hnh p dng trn ta c bng di y: M hnh 1 M hnh 2

HS, SV gii hn dy cho HS, SV Cc HS, SV trong lp (cng trnh , cng la tui) yu hn ch nhng ai gii hn thay nhau m nhn vai tr ngi dy mi ngi u c lm ngi dy c c hi thc hnh dy. Dy li kin thc/lp ch hng cho HS, SV yu km M rng v cng c kin thc cho mi HS, SV

S l thuc ca HS, SV c dy C ngi dy v ngi hc u tham gia tch cc vo vo nhng HS, SV dy km. bi ging, mi quan h gia HS, SV dy v c dy thng xuyn c duy tr. HS, SV c dy tip thu kin thc mt cch th ng Mi HS, SV u hc thng qua thc hnh dy.

Ch trng vo tin b trong kt Ch trng vo tin b ca c ngi dy v ngi c qu hc tp ca ngi c dy hn dy (v ai cng c c hi va lm ngi dy va l ngi l tin b ca ngi dy c dy) Cha s dng trit v c hiu qu ngun nng lc di do ca HS, SV Ch mang tnh cht nh mt hot ng ngoi kha Hiu qu s dng ngun nhn lc tim tng l HS, SV trong vic nng cao cht lng hc tp ca chnh h rt cao. L mt chin lc gio dc trng tm c bn.

Nhng sai st trong kin thc hay nhng bt cp trong t xy ra lm ln trong kin thc phng php dy ca HS, SV l khng th trnh khi. ging dy

7. Kt lun
Nhng nghin cu trn ch ra rt nhiu nhng u im ca phng php DHTQTHD, c bit i vi vic o to gio vin th phng php ny li cng hu hiu v n khng ch gip cho hc sinh nm chc hn nhng vn hc m cn to iu kin cho h hnh thnh, pht trin c kh nng ging dy ngay t khi cn ngi trn gh nh trng.

Ti liu tham kho

[1]. John W. Donohue. St Thomas Aquinas and Education by , S.J, RANDOM House, 1968. [2]. Martin,J.-P.: Zur Geschichte von Lernen durch Lehren, In: Graef,R./Preller,R.-D.(Hg), 1994; 12-18. [3]. Martin, J.-P.: Schuerler organisieren ihren Unterricht selbst. Neue Wege im Franzoesischunterricht. Muenchen-Gruenwald (FWU), 1984, trang 16.

Summary To teach through teaching - practice a positive orientation in training teachers Nguyen Thi Phuong Hoa Learning by Teaching (To learn how to teach by teaching) is a proven training method of students - tutors and students, to improve their active learning. This article presents the aims and methods of this concept, explains some of its variants in practice, and discusses its application in real teaching situations. 48