CHAPTER1 1.

INTRODUCTION
There is a growing desire for being connected to any device, anytime, and anywhere, which is causing an increasing demand for gaining access to the radio spectrum. However, the spectrum resources being limited, to enable bandwidth-hungry services and applications, future broadband access systems need to combine optical and wireless access technologies in an effective way so as to benefit from their strengths, avoid their shortcomings, and deliver the best of both worlds to the mobile users. This purpose is full filled by fiber based wireless access system 1.1. FIBER BASED WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEM Fiber based wireless access systems support high-speed multimedia in real-time by combining the capacity of optical fiber with the flexibility of wireless networks. As its name suggests it is a means of getting access to any kind of information anytime, anywhere in fraction of seconds developed from two complementary technologies wireless and fiber. By seamlessly converging optical and wireless access technologies, fiber based wireless access system hold great promise to support a plethora of future and emerging broadband services and applications on the same infrastructure. These systems increase capacity, Quality of Service and support wideband multimedia services and have the possibility of utilizing existing ber infrastructure. They aim at combining the huge amount of available bandwidth of optical networks and the ubiquity and mobility of wireless access systems with the objective to reduce their cost and complexity. With the ultimate goal of providing access to information when needed, wherever needed, and in whatever format it is needed, the vision of technological convergence of wireless and optical networks has only becoming a necessity but also plays a key role in future communications networks. They can be implemented using different architectures. Functions such as modulation/demodulation, up/down-converting, and data multiplexing, can be performed at a central office serving several wireless access points, which in turn reduces operational costs, increases flexibility, and facilitates network scalability. Furthermore, radio resources can be allocated dynamically to wireless sites where they are mostly needed, thus making better usage of the available radio resources, and simplifying mobility handling.

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The consolidation of Rof and high-speed baseband signals transport over a common optical infrastructure is foreseen to pave the way for a seamless broadband experience for the endusers. 1.2. ACCESS SYSTEMS Access system is defined as a means by which one may input or output data from information source and get the required bit of information. There are two main types of access technologies: wired and wireless. Wired technology are those which require physical connection to your phone or cable company's central office. Typically, coverage of these wired technologies are limited to the area in which they are already present, or only within their area of coverage. Wired broadband technologies are also comparatively difficult to maintain. Network problems are more difficult to isolate because of the different hops and central offices your data passes through. Wireless technology, on the other hand, is not hampered by the limitations of cables or of digging trenches to access your area therefore making it possible to extend its service nationwide. 1.3. WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEMS Wireless access systems provide multimedia services as well as voice services. This system concept considers the latest trends in technologies and user demand. Wireless systems aim at meeting specific service requirements while coping with particular transmission impairments and optimizing the utilization of the system resources to ensure costeffectiveness and satisfaction for the end user. Wireless access systems potentially go almost everywhere, but provide a highly bandwidth constrained transmission channel susceptible to a variety of impairments.Since wireless access systems are resource limited, it is important that the network be efficiently managed so as to maximize its resource utilization while maintaining the Quality of Service required by various users and traffic types; objectives that raise significant challenges in providing feasible and effective deployment and operation of these networks. The adverse effects of the wireless propagation environment on environment include the increasing demands for busty traffic, the variability in terms of services and applications, and the scarce radio resources. Moreover, emerging applications impose greater resource-sharing and dynamism demands. 1.4.MERGING OF FIBER AND WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEMS

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Ultimate goal of internet and communication network in general is to provide access to information when we need it, where we need it and in whatever format we need it in.to achieve this goal, wireless and optical technologies play a key role. Traditionally wireless and optical fiber systems have been designed separately from each other. Wireless systems aimed at meeting specific service requirements while coping with particular transmission impairments and optimizing the utilization of the system resources to ensure cost-effectiveness and satisfaction for the end user. In optical systems, on the other hand, research efforts rather focused on cost reduction, simplicity, and future-proof ness against legacy and emerging services and applications by means of optical transparency. With the ultimate goal of providing access to information when needed, wherever needed, and in whatever format it is needed, the vision of technological convergence of wireless and optical systems had not only becoming a necessity but also played a key role in future communications networks.[4].Indeed, optical fiber does not go everywhere, but where it does go, it provides a huge amount of available bandwidth. Wireless access systems, on the other hand, potentially go almost everywhere, but provide a highly bandwidth constrained transmission channel susceptible to a variety of impairments. But prohibitive cost of supplying optical fiber to all end users premises as well as the spectrum limitation of wireless access systems fiber based wireless access system seems to be more attractive than by relying on either standalone. Clearly, as providers need to satisfy users with continuously-increasing bandwidth demands, future access systems must leverage on both technologies and converge them seamlessly, giving rise to fiber based wireless access systems. Thus by seamlessly converging optical and wireless access technologies, fiber based wireless access system hold great promise to support a plethora of future and emerging broadband services and applications on the same infrastructure.

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Fig1.representation of fiber based wireless access system Through merging of fiber and wireless access system

CHAPTER 2 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1. HISTORY Wireless access systems were discovered back in 1980s.The initial wireless access systems were FWA (fixed wireless access systems) the scale of their installations was relatively small. Then NWA (Nomadic Wireless Access) systems were used. They used 11-Mbps spot access in airports, train stations, hotel lobbies, and other public places using 2.4-GHz wireless LAN technology (conforming to IEEE802.11b).Then came mobile wireless access (MWA) systems that could be accessed from moving vehicles. These Systems aimed at higher transfer speeds (20 Mbps). Advantage of wireless service was that network access could be provided to existing buildings without the need to wire them with optical fiber. On the other hand, the scarcity of spectrum resources made it impossible to rely entirely on wireless for access lines. As a general, higher frequencies mean more bandwidth and faster Transmission, but also limit communications to line-of- sight (LOS),due to the slight propagation characteristics of high-frequency waves. It therefore became important to choose the frequency based on the type of service targeted, and to be able to configure optical + wireless hybrid systems that combine the wireless advantages with the wide bandwidth of optical fiber communications and this gave rise to fiber based wireless access system. 2.2. TRENDS IN ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES

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Fig.2.2various access technologies available 2.2.1. Wired Access Systems They are widely deployed and able to provide both high data rates and high reliability. These features are of strong importance for many advanced applications. The popularity of these access systems stems from the fact that they are easy to install, highly reliable, provide high speed access and improved quality of service. There are majority of broadband access subscribers have a wired access over telephone lines, in most cases a version of digital subscriber line (DSL) are used. Another widely deployed wired access technology is the hybrid fiber coax (HFC) solution that uses fiber running from the central office of a network provider to a remote node (RN) and coaxial cable from the node to subscribers. An adequate converter in the RN adapts the signal from one to the other transmission medium. HFC systems reuse the widely deployed Cable TV (CATV) network infrastructure. Both these access systems employ copper wires for transmission which have their own losses such as low carrying capacity and complexity.So for better carrying capacity and higher bandwidth fiber access systems are employed. Optical fiber provides an unprecedented bandwidth potential that is far in excess of the wireless and any other known transmission medium. A single strand of fiber offers a total bandwidth of 25000 GHz. To put this potential into perspective, it is worthwhile noting that the total bandwidth of radio on the planet Earth is not more than 25 GHz [10]. More importantly, optical networks lend themselves well to offloading electronic equipments by means of optical bypassing as well as reducing their complexity, footprint, and power consumption significantly while providing optical transparency to modulation format, bit rate, and protocol.They majorly include PON(passive optical networks),AON(active optical
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networks) and P2P.But optical access systems are costly and more power consuming because of use of fiber.

Fig.2.2.1.Wired access technologies.

2.2.2. Wireless Access Technologies While the wireless world is embracing different high-speed communications systems with different radio access technologies (RAT) and complementary capabilities, such as 3G cellular, WPANs, and WLANs, research is forging ahead to future communications systems and networking architectures capable of providing ubiquitous packet-based connectivity for a plethora of applications and services, with low-cost and low-power computing devices and high security, e.g., triple play, video on demand, P2P audio/video file sharing and streaming, multichannel HDTV, multimedia/multiparty on-line gaming, and telecommuting. To accommodate the rapidly growing demand for multimedia services and extend the Internet success to mobile Internet, future broadband wireless access systems are expected to provide data rates up to 100 Mb/s with wide-area coverage and up to 1Gb/s with local area coverage, and to be flexible enough to accommodate a wide range of transmission rates and different degrees of traffic burstiness. Since wireless communications systems are resource limited, it is important that the network be efficiently managed so as to maximize its resource utilization while maintaining the QoS required by various users and traffic types; objectives that raise significant challenges in providing feasible and effective deployment and operation of these networks. They also include WiFi and Wimax. Wi-Fi suggests Wireless Fidelity the name of a popular wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless high speed Internet and network connections. Another technology commonly used is WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a communication technology for wirelessly delivering high-speed Internet service to large geographical areas. The adverse effects of the wireless propagation environment on environment include the increasing
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demands for busty traffic, the variability in terms of services and applications, and the scarce radio resources. Moreover, emerging applications impose greater resource-sharing and dynamism demands.

Fig2.2.2.trends in wireless access system

2.2.3. Radio Over Fiber Access System Radio over Fiber (RoF) refers to a technology whereby light is modulated by a radio signal and transmitted over an optical fiber link to facilitate wireless access. Although radio transmission over fiber is used for multiple purposes, such as in cable television (CATV) networks and in satellite base stations, the term RoF is usually applied when this is done for wireless access. In RoF systems, wireless signals are transported in optical form between a central station and a set of base stations before being radiated through the air. Each base station is adapted to communicate over a radio link with at least one user's mobile station located within the radio range of said base station. RoF transmission systems are usually classified into two main categories (RF-over-Fiber ; IF-over-Fiber) depending on the frequency range of the radio signal to be transported. a) In RF-over-Fiber architecture, a data-carrying RF (Radio Frequency) signal with a high frequency (usually greater than 10 GHz) is imposed on a light wave signal before being transported over the optical link. Therefore, wireless signals are optically distributed to base stations directly at high frequencies and converted to from optical to electrical domain at the base stations before being amplified and radiated by an antenna. As a result, no frequency up/down conversion is required at the various base station, thereby resulting in simple and rather cost-effective implementation is enabled at the base stations. b) In IF-over-Fiber architecture, an IF (Intermediate Frequency) radio signal with a lower frequency (less than 10 GHz) is used for modulating light before being transported over the optical link. Therefore, wireless signals are transported at intermediate frequency over the optical
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Fig.2.2.3. Radio Over Fiber Access System

2.2.4. WIPAS (Wireless IP access system) WIPAS is an innovative wireless access system, easy to manage and with minimal maintenance, offering an ideal solution to connectivity problems that require high speed transmission in places with difficult access and at low cost. This technology can work with two topologies to deploy the links: point-multipoint (P-MP) considering an access point (AP) and up-to 239 wireless terminals (WT).point-to-point (P-P) made of two WT. Both configurations offer high speed data transmission, reaching 46 Mbps for P-MP and 64 Mbps for P-P. In addition, it has adaptive modulation schemes that adjust to environmental conditions, reducing the probability to loose connectivity, making it a very reliable system. WIPAS works at a frequency of 26GHz far in this term from any other wireless data communication system and therefore having almost no impact in terms of interference. This feature brings a high quality and secure communication. Finally, the communication devices are compact and lightweight; they can be installed in any facility, proving to work continuously under heavy duty. It employs fiber based wireless access system and radio over fiber technology thus this can be considered as the most recent development in the wireless access systems

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Fig.2.2.4.wireless IP access system in comparison with WiFi

CHAPTER 3 3.NEED OF FIBER BASED WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEM

Wireless access systems and fiber access systems were in their own way sufficient for meeting the needs of an people for speedy and reliable access. But both these characteristics were achieved at the cost of reduced bandwidth and increased complexity. Wireless access systems could not provide larger carrying capacity whereas fiber access systems architecture got more complex with increased number of users and even the cost of construction and power consumption increased.so there was a growing need for technology which could for the disadvantages of both the technologies as well as include assets of both these complimentary technologies which gave rise to development of a technology which could provide the users with best of both worlds i.e. fiber based wireless access system. Thus Though each of these systems have their own pros and cons still fiber based wireless access system outcasts most of them with the improved quality of service (QoS) on account of use of wireless system and enable wideband services because of employment of optic fibers in the access system. Optical ber based wireless access schemes receive renewed attention with

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the popularity of hot-spots. Although existing hot-spots are typically supported by Wi-Fi access, a similar architecture is often useful to provide cellular services [1]. These optical ber based micro cells not only increase the capacity, but also improve the quality of service (QoS) and enable wideband services. This approach is often useful in crowded areas such as supermarkets, airport concourses and subway stations where the macro-cellular architecture is inadequate. Furthermore the ability to use existing dark ber for radio over-ber solutions will signicantly reduce the deployment cost and time. Note that, most of the modern cities have extensive ber infrastructure and often there is additional dark ber in the same conduit that can be used for this purpose.There is an increasing demand from broadband telecommunication end-users to have instant access to high-capacity information services, whether from a xed or a mobile terminal. Recently fiber based wireless technology has attracted more and more attention to provide wireless connectivity due to its advantages of low-transmission loss and high bandwidth of optical bers

CHAPTER 4 4.WORKING OF FIBER BASED WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEM

4.1.TWO MAJOR WAYS OF REALISING FIBER BASED WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEM 4.1.1.Use Of Most Cell Station The basic conguration of such systems is shown in Fig. 1. They use optical ber between the access control equipment (ACE) and RAPs. Since the modulators and demodulators

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Fig4.4.1.basic figure of fiber based wireless access system

(MODEMs) and controllers for each microcell are centrally housed in the ACE, each RAP consists of only a transmitter (TX), receiver (RX), electric-to-optic converter (E/O) and opticto-electric converter (O/E). This reduces RAP size and complexity. Other advantages include higher transmission capacity, easier system deployment, and effective MODEM use.

4.4.2.Use of hot spots and wireless access points

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Fig4.4.2.Design of fiber based wireless access system using wireless access point

This type majorly uses wireless hotspots technique just as in case of wifi realisation. Optical ber based wireless access schemes receive renewed attention with the popularity of hot-spots. Although existing hot-spots are typically supported by Wi-Fi access, a similar architecture is often useful to provide cellular services [1]. These optical ber based micro cells not only increase the capacity, but also improve the quality of service (QoS) and enable wideband services. This approach is often useful in crowded areas such as supermarkets, airport concourses and subway stations where the macro-cellular architecture is inadequate. Furthermore the ability to use existing dark ber for radio over-ber solutions will signicantly reduce the deployment cost and time. Note that, most of the modern cities have extensive ber infrastructure and often there is additional dark ber in the same conduit that can be used for this purpose 4.2MOSTcell station The concept behind the fiber-oriented wireless system, called "MOST", is shown in Fig. 2. Many MOST-cell stations (M-CSs) are connected to the access control station (ACS) by optical fibers. The CS in each cell houses a radio transmitter and receiver (TX/RX) including frequency converters, a supervisory control, electric-to-optic converters (E/ 0), and optic-toelectric converters (O B). The ACS is fabricated using modulators / demodulators (MODEM), time division multiple access (TDMA) circuits, operation software (CONT), supervisory control, network interface (INT), E/O, and O B
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l Fig.4.2.basic structure of MOST

. A small optical interface (O B and E/O) is key to achieving a compact commercial CS, how- ever, such an interface has not yet to be developed. A wide dynamic range is another important point that must be provided for radio system applications. Both low noise and linearity are required for this optical interface.

4.3. Subcarrier multiplexing in fiber based wireless access system The subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) technique has many advantages for wireless systems applications, especially in cellular and microcell systems. This technique features direct RF/IF signal transmission over an optical fiber. The flexibility of the wireless systems is significantly enhanced enabling construction of a simple cell station (CS) located in each cell to be achieved. The broadband characteristic of an optical fiber encourages High bit rate communication, e.g., data and video transmission. Applying the SCM technique is the way to enhance future personal multimedia communications.

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4.4. SEFA and SSM Technology Since the technology involves fiber structure Signal to noise ratio play an important role in case of fiber based wireless access systems. There are two signal to noise ratios involved, the optical SNR (OSNR) and the electrical SNR. These two form the cumulative SNR in the concatenated ber-wireless channel. The OSNR is a function of the modulation index m, E/O, O/E conversion losses and, the ber length. Shot, RIN and thermal noises terms are involved in the OSNR. The OSNR should be greater than the expected SNR at the cell boundary for a reasonable link design. So in order to improve the overall performance signal extraction frequency is used Signal extraction and frequency arrangement (SEFA) technology is proposed in the trial system to improve the input dynamic range. In this technique, each desired received signal is extracted by tuning in an M-CS, and then the frequency of each extracted signal is converted for avoiding IM3. The frequency converted signals modulate the LD. Since LD non-linearity can be ignored, SEFA can increase the optical modulation index proportional to the electrical input power into LD. Of course, each extracted signal power level can be adjusted by AGC or a limiter. That is to say, this improves the SNR. On the other hand, conventional simple transmission cannot increase the optical modulation index, since LD nonlinearity must be taken into account. Signal extraction with frequency arrangement (SEFA) was proposed to prevent the optical modulation index from restricting performance. This leads to large optical modulation index and large receiver gain .It was conrmed by simulation that the SEFA provides great improvements in DUR. In SEFA, larger DUR improvement was obtained with worse conditions in the optical feeder. A 5-dB improvement was obtained using a DFB-LD (which provides good conditions). Even using an FP-LD, which provides poor conditions in an optical feeder and which has not been investigated well as an E/O device because of its undesirable characteristics, we obtained about 11 dB of DUR improvement. The superimposed subcarrier modulation (SSM) is amethod for reducing the reection noise induced by ber connectors. For optimizing the input power and frequency of the superimposed subcarrier, RIN and IM3 performance was measured under single-mode and reective-ber conditions.SSM was conrmed experimentally to be effective for reducing the reection noise. The input power of the superimposed subcarrier corresponded to an index value of less than 0.6 of the total optical modulation index including desired signals. A RIN improvement of about 11 dB was obtained when fc=1GHz and pc=5 dBm.
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Combining SSM and SEFA, a larger improvement in DUR is obtained under worse optical conditions, such as using FP-LDs may nd application in wireless systems using subcarrier optical transmission. 4.5. Signal Processing for Optical Fiber based Wireless Access Wireless communications has entered a new phase. The focus is shifting from voice to multimedia services, which need wideband radio links. Furthermore, new wireless subscribers are signing up at an increasing rate demanding more capacity. Micro and pico cellular architecture is an attractive solution for both of these issues because; it increases the frequency reuse and enables wideband access. In this micro/pico cell scenario, low power radio access points (RAPs) should provide wireless access instead of conventional base stations for cost considerations. These radio access points should be robust and have low complexity and connected to the central base station via radio-over-ber (ROF) 1 links [1]. Figure 1 (left) shows such architecture and Figure 1 (right) gives a closer look at the downlink. The focus of this work is to investigate various signal processing strategies to provide a cost-eective, high performance solution for high-speed ber based wireless access. We have been investigating signal-processing strategies to improve the performance of ber based wireless access schemes cost-eectively. Several observations can be made from Figure 1. First, the signal at the radio access point (RAP) is either at optical frequencies or at radio frequencies, but not at baseband frequencies. Therefore, baseband signal processing cannot be (cost-eectively) done at the RAP 2.

Figure4.5. Architectural and functional schematics of the ber based wireless access scheme

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Therefore, the (baseband) compensation should preferably be done at the portable unit or at the central base station rather than at the RAP. Note that in both of these cases, the optical ber channel that is concatenated with the wireless channel should be handled jointly. This is a challenging task because of the time varying dynamic nature of the multipath wireless channel and nonlinear characteristics of the optical channel. Furthermore, the uplink and downlink have dierent channel combinations in this scenario and require separate solutions. Secondly, it is desirable not to modify the portable units because of the ROF link. In other words, the portable unit should not be aware of the existence of the ROF link. This deliberation makes seamless roaming between ber-based and conventional wireless systems possible and, reduces the cost of portable units. Thirdly, since one central base station supports several radio access points and a large number of portable units, the cost of the central base station is shared among many users. Therefore, by performing most of the signal processing centrally rather than at portable units, or by asymmetric distribution of the complexity, the overall system cost is reduced. In addition to the nonlinear distortion, multipath dispersion of the wireless link is also a major factor that limits the system performance. The ber-wireless uplink consists of a linear dynamic system (the wireless channel) followed by a static nonlinear system (the ROF link). Therefore, it can be modelled as a Wiener system for Gaussian inputs. However, due to the practical diculties in generating Gaussian inputs, dierent approaches have been proposed. Pseudo noise (PN) sequences have white noise like properties and, easy to generate and analyse. Their correlation properties are well understood. Besides, maximal length PN sequences are widely used in spread spectrum communications. Therefore, using PN sequence for channel estimation is very attractive in wireless communications. The ber-wireless channel has the following properties: 1. The wireless channel varies relatively fast. Therefore, the compensation should follow it in real time. 2. The nonlinearity comes from the laser diode and from the RF amplier. Hence, it is almost stationary. That means the nonlinear compensation needs to be updated only occasionally. 3. When multiple users are supported by this ber based wireless access scheme, each user has a dierent wireless channel. But all of them will share the same ROF channel.

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CHAPTER 5 5. APPLICATIONS OF FIBER BASED WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEM

Fiber based wireless access system is majorly employed in fields where we require speed as well as large bandwidth. The major applications of fiber based wireless access systems may be given as follows: 1. Broadband communication and access 2. FFTA 3.Telepresentations 5.1. Broadband communication and access They can be employed for broadband mobile communications because of improve the

quality of service (QoS) and enabled wideband services. Optical broadband access technologies providing high-speed optical connections to the end users, will play an essential role in alleviating the last mile bottleneck for next generation access networks. With the costreduction in optoelectronic technologies for the past few years, it becomes apparent that optics will move deeper and deeper into the networks to provide the much-needed bandwidth. Compared to the traditional connections via copper, optical systems can certainly offer at least 10 to 100 times more bandwidth over a much larger coverage area, hence having the potential to sign up a sufficient number of customers to support the upgrade efforts. The point-to-multi-point topology further enables flexible deployment toward reaching a large number of end points. Optical wireless technology can be a complementary solution to the fiber-based access networks. The principle of optical wireless technology is to use laser beams to transmit high-speed (mega-gigabit per second) data via point-to-point or mesh topologies through the air2. This is an attractive candidate to provide last-mile connections (up to 5 km) where the buildings are close to the fiber-optic infrastructure but not directly connected with fibers. The transmitting and receiving unit is a telescope with an incorporated optical transceiver, thus allowing bi-directional transmission. Most vendors employ laser beams at 780-920nm range to achieve lower cost while some others use 1550- nm lasers to achieve better eye-safe operation. No FCC license is required for transmission at such optical frequencies. As a line-of-sight technology, optical wireless systems are vulnerable to several environmental factors, including bad weather, poor atmospheric visibility, building sway,
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scintillation, etc. However, these can be resolved by systems with built-in intelligence such as automatic tracking and alignment, etc. To obtain even better reliability, unlicensed frequency radio systems can be used to back up the optical wireless systems when the weather condition is poor. 5.2. FFTA (Fiber To The Antenna) By using an optical connection directly to the antenna, the equipment vendor can gain several advantages like low line losses, immunity to lightning strikes/electric discharges and reduced complexity of base station by attaching light weight Optical-to-Electrical (O/E) converter directly to antenna 5.3. Telepresentation Telepresentation refers to substituting the step of transportation of a person to a destination where his presence is necessitated solely for the purpose of exchange of information by telepresence or videoconferencing or video telephony in order to minimize the anticipated future traffic gridlocks which mandate that the burdens on the transportation infrastructure be reduced to a fifth or at a minimum to a third of the current volumes. Term telepresence refers to a set of technologies that allow a person to feel as if present, to give the appearance that a person is present, without actually being there thus to have an effect, via telerobotics, at a place other than their true location of the person. Telepresence requires that the users' senses be provided with such stimuli as to give the feeling of being in that other location. Additionally, users may be given the ability to affect the remote location. In this case, the user's position, movements, actions, voice, etc. may be sensed, transmitted and duplicated in the remote location to bring about this effect. Therefore information can travel in both directions between the user and the remote location. A popular application is found in telepresence videoconferencing, a higher level of video telephony which deploys greater technical sophistication and improved fidelity of both video and audio than in traditional videoconferencing.

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CHAPTER 6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

6.1.ADVANTAGES: 6.1.1. Improved the quality of service (QoS) and immunity to low line losses This technology combines the assets of two of the leading technologies and covers up their shortcomings thus providing improved quality of service. It provides immunity to low line losses such as lightning strikes/electric discharge 6.1.2. Large Bandwidth Optical fiber provides an unprecedented bandwidth that is far in excess than any other known transmission medium and offers significantly longer ranges without requiring any active devices. Optical fibres offer enormous bandwidth. The enormous bandwidth offered by optical fibers has other benefits apart from the high capacity for transmitting microwave signals. The high optical bandwidth enable high speed signal processing that may be more difficult or impossible to do in electronic systems 6.1.3. Economical and high speed system Fiber based wireless access system aim at combining the huge amount of available bandwidth of optical networks and the ubiquity and mobility of wireless access networks with the objective to reduce their cost and complexity 6.1.4. Low Maintenance Optical fiber has some further advantageous properties such as longevity and low maintenance which will eventually render fiber the medium of in wired first/last mile access networks in most of todays green field 6.1.5. Flexibility Since optical fibers are used in fiber based wireless access systems hence the system can reach to any remote location thus providing a better flexibility. Thus flexibility is one of the most prominent advantages of fiber based wireless system.

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6.1.6. Transparency Fiber based wireless access system provide transparency against data rate and signal format, which eased carriers worldwide into deploying future-proof passive optical network (PON) outside plants that can be flexibly upgraded as new technologies mature or new standards evolve and meet the requirements of future

6.2.DISADVANTAGES 6.2.1. Noise and losses in the signals The single mode ber has enough bandwidth to support radio-over-ber transmission up to several GHz. However, the RF power that can be transmitted over ber is very limited. Typically 40 dB signal loss occurs just due to E/O and O/E conversion only. Half of this loss is contributed to impedance mismatch between the 50 ohm RF system and the low impedance laser diode at the E/O converter and, the high impedance photo diode and the 50 ohm output at the O/E converter. Reactive matching techniques decrease these losses at the expense of bandwidth. In addition, due to square law detection, any loss in the optical domain appears twice in the electrical domain in log scale. These factors make the received signal at the end of the radio over ber (ROF) link weak at which point optical noise is added to the signal. This noisy signal is then amplied and radiated to the air where it is further attenuated and polluted with noise. The challenge is to recover the original information at the portable unit to provide adequate QoS. The overall signal to noise ratio is a function of various noise mechanisms of the ROF link, mainly the shot, thermal and relative intensity noise (RIN) and the wireless channel noise. Of these noise mechanisms, shot noise is a function of the mean optical power while the RIN is a function of the square of the optical power. The RIN dynamically increases with the power of the modulating RF signal. In addition to the above are the wireless channel additive noise and thermal noise that are signal independent. Furthermore, the higher the radio signal bandwidth, the higher the noise power collected at the ROF link.

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Fig.6.2.1 block diagram of losses and added noise

6.2.2. Expensive Since this system employs optical fiber hence it is more expensive as compared to other wireless access systems though it is less costlier as compared to fiber access systems.

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CHAPTER 7 7.CONCLUSION
Fiber based wireless access systems support high-speed multimedia in real-time by combining the capacity of optical fiber with the flexibility of wireless networks The integration of optical and wireless systems is considered to be one of the most promising solutions for increasing the existing capacity and mobility as well as decreasing the costs in next-generation optical access systems. By seamlessly converging optical and wireless access technologies, fiber based wireless access systems hold great promise to support a plethora of future and emerging broadband services and applications on the same infrastructure

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CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES
[1] On the design of optical fiber based wireless accesss Systems Fernando, X.N.; Anpalagan, A Publication Year: 2004 , Page(s): 3550 - 3555 Vol.6 [2] X. Yu, T. B. Gibbon, I. T. Monroy, Converged wireless and wireline access system based on optical phase modulation for both radio-over-fiber and baseband signals, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., to be published [3] H. Ohtsuka, R. Ohmoto, T. Shimizu, and H. Arai, Fiber-optic wireless access systems, in Proc. MWE95, 1995, pp. 424429. [4] K. Araki and H. Ohtsuka, Fiber-oriented wireless systems for intelligent networks, IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E79-B, no. 3, 1996 [5] M.T.C. Howson, K. Rimstad, Next generation wireless access solutions, in: Proceedings of 10th European Conference on Networks & Optical Communications, NOC 2005, 2005. [6] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp [7] Xavier Fernando, Signal Processing for Optical Fiber based Fiber Wireless Access, Ph.D. thesis, University of Calgary, 2001. [8] R. Olshansky, V. A. Lanzisera, and P. M. Hill, Subcarrier multiplexed lightwave systems for broadband distribution, J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 7, pp. 13281340, Sept. 1989 [9] H. Ohtsuka, R. Ohmoto, T. Shimizu, and H. Arai, Potential SEFA Technology in ber-oriented wireless access systems, in Proc. GLOBECOM96, 1996, Vol 40b.4, pp. 16291633.

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