Sokolov Parametric Beating Prepared Raman 2002

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FuIso conrossIon Iy aranotrIc IoatIng vIth a roarod Hanan cohoronco

Fam Lo Kion

ano K. Hakula
1onInonI u] |:oJ 1|:o nnJ C|on:I, 1n:ro:I u] 1|ooIu-Cunn&n:onI:un, C|u]&, Ju|u 1B3-BB, Jnnn
C115J, Jnnn 5o:onoo nnJ Joo|nu|uj CuunI:un J5J), C|u]&, Ju|u 1B3-BB, Jnnn
A. V. Sokolov
1onInonI u] 1|:o nnJ 1nI:I&Io ]u &nnI&n 5I&J:o,
Jorn U1 1n:ro:I, Cu||ojo 5InI:un, JA 77B-33
(Dufoo: July 17, 2002)
Wo piosonf u gonoiul unulysis foi fho infoiucfion of u pioLo lusoi iuoiufion wifh u cohoionfly
piopuioo nolocului Hunun nooiun. Wo oosciiLo u gonoiul foinulisn which incluoos oispoisivo
ofocfs, such us gioup volocify uno gioup volocify oispoision (G\D). Whon oispoision is nogligiLlo,
fho unulysis is ospociully sinplo uno insighfful. Wo show fhuf nolocului oscillufions iosulf in u
nooulufoo insfunfunoous suscopfiLilify of fho nooiun. 1ho ofocf of fho fino-vuiying suscopfiLilify
on u pioLo lusoi pulso is fwo-folo: fho oufpuf fioguoncy Loconos nooulufoo Locuuso of fho fino-
vuiying phuso volocify, uno fho pulso shupo Loconos oofoinoo Locuuso of fho fino-vuiying gioup
volocify. Wo ioonfify fwo nochunisns foi pulso conpiossion: (1) Fioguoncy chiiping wifh suLsoguonf
pulso conpiossion Ly noinul linoui G\D (possiLly in fho suno nooiun) uno (2) Conpiossion
ouo fo fho fino-vuiying gioup volocify. Wo unulyzo vuiious uspocfs of pulso conpiossion in fho
cohoionf Hunun nooiun uno ooiivo consoivufion iolufions foi fhis piocoss. Whon wo consiooi u
pioLo lusoi pulso which is nuch shoifoi fhun fho nolocului oscillufion poiioo, wo oLsoivo fioguoncy
chiiping, conpiossion, oi sfiofching of fhis pulso, ooponoing on ifs iolufivo fining wifh iospocf fo
fho nolocului oscillufions. Lusoo on oui unulysis, wo pioposo u nofhoo foi solocfivo conpiossion oi
fioguoncy convoision of singlo ulfiushoif pulsos.
ACS nunbois: 12.6b.o, S2.S0.Ql, 12.b0.Cy, 12.6b.Sf
I. ITHOL\CTIO
Gonoialion of ulliasloil pulsos is a iapioly oovoloping
ano liglly molivaloo folo of oplics [1[. Unlil ioconlly
llo sloilosl oplical pulsos woio piooucoo Ly solio-slalo
Ji:Sappliio lasoi sysloms. Iulsos as sloil as 4. fs (jusl
unooi lwo oplical cyclos) woio oLlainoo Ly oxpanoing
llo spoclium of a mooo-lockoo lasoi Ly solf-plaso moo-
ulalion in an oplical wavoguioo, ano llon componsal-
ing foi gioup volocily oispoision Ly oiliaclion gialing
ano piism paiis [2[. Jlo oovolopmonl of solio-slalo fom-
losocono lasoi loclnology allowoo limo-iosolvoo sluoios
of clomical ioaclions ano moloculai oynamics [8[. Gon-
oialion of ovon sloiloi pulsos woulo oxlono llo loiizon
of ulliafasl moasuiomonls lo llo limo scalo of oloclionic
molion [4[, Lul llo piogioss soomoo lo Lo sluck al llo
fow-fomlosocono Laiiioi foi many yoais.
Jlo yoai 2001 saw a Lioaklliougl in ulliasloil pulso
gonoialion in sovoial oiioclions simullanoously. Woikois
in llo folo of ligl-oiooi laimonic gonoialion lavo moa-
suioo suLfomlosocono pulsos in llo X-iay spoclial iogion
[[. Impulsivo Baman scalloiing las piooucoo pulsos
as sloil as 8.8 fs in llo noai ulliaviolol [6[. Jlo aoi-
aLalic Baman loclniquo las Loon usoo lo oomonslialo
collinoai gonoialion of a wioo spoclium of mulually co-

On lonvo fionopnifnonf of hysics, !nivoisify of Hnnoi, Hnnoi,


\iofnnn; nlso nf nsfifufo of hysics, Nnfionnl Confoi foi Nnfuinl
Scioncos nnd Jochnology, Hnnoi, \iofnnn
loionl siooLanos (spanning infiaioo, visiLlo, ano UV io-
gions) [7, 8[ llal can synllosizo pulsos as sloil as ono
oplical oscillalion (~2 fs) [9[, ano ovon suL-cyclo pulsos.
Jloso oiloionl loclniquos can Lo consiooioo as compli-
monlaiy lo oacl olloi, as lloy piovioo ulliasloil pulsos
will voiy oiloionl claiacloiislics. Higl-oiooi laimonic
gonoialion is a uniquo souico of X-iay pulsos, Lul Ly lloii
voiy naluio lloso pulsos aio oimcull lo conliol Locauso
of inliinsic pioLloms of X-iay oplics; Losioos llo convoi-
sion omcioncy inlo lloso pulsos is voiy small (lypically
10
5
) [10[. On llo olloi lano, llo aoiaLalic Baman
loclniquo allows 100/ convoision [11[ ano piooucos a
woll-conliolloo spoclium conloioo in llo visiLlo iogion.
A oisaovanlago of llo aoiaLalic loclniquo is llal il loaos
lo liains of many pulsos. In llo oiiginal confguialion
[12, 18[ llis loclniquo piooucos liains of pulsos spacoo
Ly llo moloculai oscillalion poiioo, wlicl is as sloil as
11 fs foi moloculai viLialions in oouloiium.
Sovoial iooas lavo Loon pul foiwaio foi gonoialion of
singlo suLfomlosocono pulsos Ly llo Baman loclniquos.
Laily woik on llo oynamics of a singlo inlonso lasoi pulso
in a Baman-aclivo mooium incluooo piooiclions of 2
solilon foimalion ano suLfomlosocono pulso compiossion
[14[. Boconl oxpoiimonls lavo slown llal a woak pioLo
pulso can Lo compiossoo Ly moloculai oscillalions wlicl
aio oxciloo impulsivoly Ly a sliong pump pulso [6, 1, 16[.
Kalosla lavo suggosloo llal moloculai wavopackol
iovivals can pioouco fioquoncy cliip, wlicl in luin woulo
allow fomlosocono pulso compiossion Ly noimal gioup
volocily oispoision (GVD) in a llin oulpul winoow [17[.
Lailols lavo oomonslialoo llis possiLilily oxpoi-
2
imonlally [18[. A oisaovanlago of llo impulsivo oxcila-
lion molloo compaioo lo llo aoiaLalic loclniquo is llal
llo oxcilalion lovol ano llo gonoialoo Baman coloionco
aio sovoial oioois of magniluoo smalloi. Jloiofoio, llo
impulsivo oxcilalion molloo ioquiios sliong pump inlon-
sily, foi wlicl nonlinoai iosponso of llo mooium Locomos
suLslanlial ano ullimaloly limils llo lovol of oxcilalion.
Jloio las Loon a pioposal [19[ lo comLino llo aoiaLalic
loclniquo will llo impulsivo loclniquo. Accoioing lo
llis molloo, a sloil pioLo pulso can Lo compiossoo inlo
a singlol, oouLlol oi liiplol of suLfomlosocono pulsos Ly
Loaling will an aoiaLalically piopaioo Baman coloi-
onco. Jlis molloo las llo aovanlago of llo aoiaLalic
pumping in piooucing a laigo Baman coloionco ano llo
aovanlago of llo impulsivo oxcilalion in iooucing llo
numLoi of pulsos poi liain.
In llis papoi wo again consiooi llo comLinalion of llo
aoiaLalic ano impulsivo loclniquos. Wo poifoim an aoi-
aLalic Baman oxcilalion Ly lwo naiiow-linowioll lasoi
folos, sligllly oolunoo fiom llo Baman iosonanco. Wo
llon apply a singlo ulliasloil pulso. Wo slow llal, wlon
llo pulso is sloil compaioo lo llo moloculai lalf-poiioo,
il can Lo sliolcloo, compiossoo, oi fioquoncy convoiloo.
In ossonco, coloionl moloculai molion iosulls in a limo-
vaiying inslanlanoous suscopliLilily, wlicl in luin causos
vaiialions in plaso ano gioup volocilios ano piooucos a
limo-vaiying gain coomcionl. Jlo uso of llo loiminology
sucl as llo limo-vaiying suscopliLilily can Lo juslifoo
wlon oispoision is small ano llo oloclionic iosponso can
Lo lioaloo as inslanlanoous [20[. Jimo-vaiying plaso vo-
locily loaos lo fioquoncy mooulalion ano iosulls in an
up- oi oown-convoision of llo pioLo lasoi pulso, oi in a
pulso cliip, ooponoing on llo pulso liming will iospocl
lo llo moloculai molion. Cliipoo pulsos aio llon oi-
lloi sliolcloo oi compiossoo, ooponoing on llo sign of
llo cliip, Ly noimal GVD, possiLly in llo samo mooium
[12[. Jlo socono moclanism foi pulso compiossion oi
sliolcling is llo oiiocl aclion of llo limo-vaiying gioup
volocily [16, 19[. Jloso moclanisms foi fioquoncy moo-
ulalion ano pulso compiossion aio iominisconl of solf-
plaso mooulalion [21[, solf-mooulalion of plasma wako
folos [22[, ano solf-slooponing [28[, wlicl aio piooucoo
Ly solf-inoucoo nonlinoai suscopliLilily. Similai lo solf-
slooponing [28[, oui socono moclanism comos inlo play
wlon llo limo scalo foi signifcanl vaiialions of suscopli-
Lilily Locomos compaiaLlo lo llo ouialion of an oplical
cyclo.
Il las Loon slown oailioi [12, 18[ llal, in a gonoial
caso, will all oispoisivo olocls incluooo, llo numLoi of
plolons in llo lasoi folo inloiacling will a Baman sys-
lom, is consoivoo. In llis papoi wo oLlain aooilional
consoivalion iolalions foi llo limil of nogligiLlo oispoi-
sion. Wo ooiivo llo consoivalion of llo aioa of a lasoi
pulso inloiacling will coloionlly piopaioo moloculai os-
cillalions [24[. Jlis loaos lo a possiLilily of incioasoo
onoigy accompanying fioquoncy up-convoision. In llis
silualion, llo onoigy aoooo lo llo folo is oxliacloo fiom
llo inloinal onoigy of llo mooium. Wo also fno llal,
as llo pulso longll, fioquoncy, ampliluoo, ano onoigy
clango ouiing llo piopagalion in llo mooium, in aooi-
lion lo llo plolon numLoi ano pulso aioa consoivalions,
llo numLoi of oplical oscillalions as woll as llo pioo-
ucl of llo pulso longll ano llo moan fioquoncy aio con-
soivoo. Lvon llougl lloso consoivalion iolalions aio oo-
iivoo in llo iooalizoo caso, lloy aio usoful foi llo gonoial
analysis of llo pioLlom. Lasoo on llis analysis, wo pio-
poso a molloo foi gonoialion of singlo suLfomlosocono
pulsos. Wo suggosl applying a pulso sloil compaioo lo
llo moloculai lalf-poiioo. Jlon llo oulpul will oopono
on llo liming Lolwoon llo pulso ano llo inooponoonlly
piopaioo moloculai molion. In piinciplo, llis liming can
Lo conliolloo Ly plaso-locking among lasois usoo lo pio-
paio ano lo pioLo llo moloculai coloionco. In piaclico,
llis woulo Lo a voiy clallonging oxpoiimonlal lask. Al-
loinalivoly ono can assumo ianoom slol-lo-slol liming,
ano uso a soiling algoiillm (Lasoo on spoclial analysis)
foi llo oulpul pulso soloclion.
Lofoio wo piocooo, wo nolo llal lloio is a laigo lisloiy
of iooas foi sloil pulso manipulalion Ly llo Baman locl-
niquos. Bulman lavo usoo impulsivo slimulaloo
Baman scalloiing lo oLsoivo coloionl moloculai viLia-
lions in llo limo oomain, ano oiscussoo moclanisms foi
fioquoncy convoision [2[. Imasaka ano colloaguos lavo
oLsoivoo gonoialion of a Lioao iolalional Baman spoc-
lium in moloculai lyoiogon, ano oiscussoo possiLililios
foi plaso-locking llis spoclium [26[. Kaplan ano Slkol-
nikov lavo piooicloo llo oxislonco of 2 Baman solilons
will a plaso-lockoo spoclium llal Fouiioi-liansfoims
inlo a liain of suLfomlosocono pulsos [27[. In olloi io-
laloo woik Koclaiovskaya lavo suggosloo using
a Baman mooium insioo a lasoi cavily so as lo piovioo
plaso mooulalion lo causo mooo locking [28[.
Jlo papoi is oiganizoo as follows. In Soc. II wo oo-
sciiLo llo moool ano piosonl llo Lasic oqualions. In Soc.
III wo analyzo llo compiossion of a pioLo folo ouo lo llo
Loaling will a piopaioo Baman coloionco. Finally, Soc.
IV conlains conclusions.
II. OLEL AL HASIC EQ\ATIOS
Wo consiooi llo inloiaclion of llo olocliomagnolic folo
will a moloculai mooium wloso lovols ano liansilions aio
slown sclomalically in Fig. 1. Lovols ) will onoigios .

aio couploo lo lovol a will onoigy .


o
ano lovol / will
onoigy .
b
Ly olocliic oipolo liansilions. Jlo liansilion
Lolwoon lovols a ano / is olocliic oipolo foiLiooon. Wo
allow an aiLiliaiy numLoi of lovols ) ano analyzo llo sys-
lom Ly incluoing all possiLlo compononls of llo Baman
spoclium. Wo assumo llal llo liansilions ) a ano
) / aio fai ol ono-plolon iosonanco, llo liansilion
a / may Lo ol lwo-plolon iosonanco Ly a ooluning
, llo folo is linoaily polaiizoo, ano llo piopagalion is
ono-oimonsional, along llo . oiioclion.
In llo oipolo appioximalion, llo Hamillonian of llo
8
b
a
j

m
||
FIG. 1: Diugiun of onoigy lovols uno fiunsifions foi fho unul-
ysis. Lovols o uno | uio couploo wifh lovols ) Ly fho spocfiul
conpononfs . uno . . of fho folos. 1ho fiunsifion Lo-
fwoon lovols o uno | is olocfiic oipolo foiLiooon. 1ho fiunsi-
fions ) o uno ) | uio fui of ono-phofon iosonunco, uno
fho fiunsifion o | nuy Lo of fwo-phofon iosonunco Ly u
oofuning c.
inloiaclion of llo folo will a moloculo is givon Ly
H = H
0
H
InI
, (1)
wloio
H
0
= /.
o
o
oo
/.
b
o
bb

/.

(2)
ano
H
InI
=

1(j
o
o
o
j
o
o
o
j
b
o
b
j
b
o
b
). (8)
Hoio o
I|
= [i/[ aio llo opoialois foi onoigy lovol pop-
ulalions (i = /) ano liansilion ampliluoos (i ,= /), 1 is
llo olocliic folo, ano j
o
ano j
b
aio llo oipolo momonls
of llo liansilions ) a ano ) /, iospoclivoly. Foi sim-
plicily, wo assumo llal j
o
ano j
b
aio ioal paiamolois.
Wo inlioouco llo nolalion .
I|
= .
I
.
|
foi llo on-
oigy oiloionco Lolwoon lovols i ano /. Wo assumo llal
llo ono-plolon oolunings .
o,b
.
0
aio laigo compaioo
lo llo BaLi fioquoncios j
o,b
1
0
as woll as lo llo lwo-
plolon ooluning . Hoio, .
0
ano 1
0
aio llo claiacloiis-
lic valuos of llo inpul fioquoncy ano inpul olocliic folo,
iospoclivoly. In llis caso, llo mooium can Lo consiooioo
as an oloclivo lwo-lovol syslom, will lwo lovols a ano /,
ovolving slowly in limo as compaioo lo llo folo. Jo con-
siooi llo silualion wloio llo folo may Lo a sloil pulso,
wo oxpioss 1 as a Fouiioi inlogial
1 =
1
2
_

c
I.r
1
.
d., (4)
will 1
.
= 1

.
, llal is, wo lako inlo accounl all spoclial
compononls of llo folo.
A. EvoIutIon oI tne nedIun state
Wo uso llo local cooioinalos . ano t = t .c. As
slown in Apponoix A, unooi llo fai-ol-iosonanco conoi-
lion, llo oonsily maliix of llo mooium slalo is govoinoo
Ly llo oqualions
0j
oo
0t
= i(!
ob
j
bo
!
bo
j
ob
)
l
j
bb
,
0j
bb
0t
= i(!
ob
j
bo
!
bo
j
ob
)
l
j
bb
,
0j
ob
0t
= i(!
oo
!
bb
i
2
)j
ob
i!
ob
(j
bb
j
oo
).
()
Hoio llo Slaik slifls !
oo
ano !
bb
ano llo complox lwo-
plolon BaLi fioquoncios !
ob
ano !
bo
aio givon Ly
!
oo
=
1
8/

d. d.

c
(.)
oo
1
.
1

.
c
I(..

)r
,
!
bb
=
1
8/

d. d.

c
(.)
bb
1
.
1

.
c
I(..

)r
,
!
ob
=
1
8/

d. d.

c
(.)
ob
1
.
1

.
c
I(..

)r
,
!
bo
=
1
8/

d. d.

c
(.)
bo
1
.
1

c
I(..

)r
, (6)
wloio .
n
= .
bo
is llo mooulalion fioquoncy. Jlo
coomcionls c
(.)
I|
aio llo Baman polaiizaLilily maliix ano
aio givon Ly
c
(.)
oo
=
2
/

j
2
o
.
o
.
,
c
(.)
bb
=
2
/

j
2
b
.
b
.
,
c
(.)
ob
=
2
/

j
o
j
b
.
b
.
,
c
(.)
bo
=
2
/

j
b
j
o
.
o
.
. (7)
In Lqs. () wo lavo aoooo llo plonomonological loims
wlicl oosciiLo llo populalion oocay al a ialo
l
ano llo
coloionco oocay al a ialo
2
.
Nolo llal Lqs. () foi llo mooium slalo lavo Loon oo-
iivoo pioviously foi llo caso of oisciolo Baman siooLanos
[18, 29[. In llo piosonl caso, llo folo spoclium is conlin-
uous ano llo slowly vaiying onvolopo appioximalion foi
4
llo limo ooponoonco of llo folo is nol usoo. Jloiofoio,
llo Slaik slifls ano llo lwo-plolon BaLi fioquoncios aio
givon in llo foim of inlogials ovoi llo conlinuous vaiiaLlo
..
H. ProagatIon equatIon Ior tne BeId In tne
Irequency donaIn
Wo sluoy llo piopagalion of llo folo in llo silualion
wloio llo clango of llo mooium slalo is nogligiLlo. Wo
mako llo slowly vaiying onvolopo appioximalion foi llo
spalial ooponoonco of llo folo (llo paiaxial appioxima-
lion), llal is, wo assumo llal llo vaiialion of 1 will . al
conslanl t occuis only ovoi oislancos mucl laigoi llan
an oplical wavolongll. In llis caso, llo piopagalion of
llo folo is, as slown in Apponoix L, govoinoo Ly llo
oqualion [18, 29[
01
.
0.
= i(c
.
j
oo
3
.
j
bb
)1
.
iq
.
j
bo
1
..
i/
.
j
ob
1
..
. (8)
Jlo piopagalion coomcionls c
.
ano 3
.
ano llo coupling
coomcionls q
.
ano /
.
aio givon Ly
c
.
=
A/
c
0
c
.a
.
,
3
.
=
A/
c
0
c
./
.
,
q
.
=
A/
c
0
c
.d
..

,
/
.
=
A/
c
0
c
.d
.
, (9)
wloio A is llo moloculai oonsily. Hoio wo lavo inlio-
oucoo llo nolalion
a
.
=
1
4/
[c
(.)
oo
c
(.)
oo
[,
/
.
=
1
4/
[c
(.)
bb
c
(.)
bb
[,
d
.
=
1
4/
[c
(.)
ob
c
(.)
bo
[, (10)
oi, oquivalonlly,
a
.
=
1
2/
2

_
j
2
o
.

.
o
.

j
2
o
.

.
o
.
_
,
/
.
=
1
2/
2

_
j
2
b
.

.
b
.

j
2
b
.

.
b
.
_
,
d
.
=
1
2/
2

_
j
o
j
b
.

.
b
.

j
o
j
b
.

.
o
.
_
. (11)
Lqualion (8) is wiillon in llo fioquoncy oomain. Wlon
llo conlinuous fioquoncy . is ioplacoo Ly oisciolo Ba-
man siooLanos .
j
, Lq. (8) iooucos lo llo piopagalion
oqualion of Bofs. [18, 29[. Lqualion (8) incluoos llo ois-
poision in llo vicinily of oacl inoivioual siooLano as woll
as llo oispoision fiom a siooLano lo anolloi siooLano in
a mulli-siooLano spoclium. Nolo llal, in llo caso wloio
llo mooium slalo vaiios slowly in limo, Lq. (8) can Lo
usoo in conjunclion will Lqs. (), Lul llo fioquoncy
compononl 1
.
Locomos limo-ooponoonl ano, lloiofoio,
coiiosponos lo a liansionl, slowly vaiying spoclium of
llo folo 1.
C. ProagatIon equatIon Ior tne Hanan sIdeLands
Wo consiooi llo caso wloio llo spoclium of llo folo
is conconlialoo in naiiow vicinilios of llo siooLano fio-
quoncios .
j
= .
0
q.
n
. Hoio q is an inlogoi numLoi
ano .
j
0. Wo iopiosonl llo olocliic folo 1 in llo foim
1 =
1
2

j
_
1
j
c
I.r
1

j
c
I.r
_
, (12)
wloio 1
j
is llo onvolopo of llo qll siooLano ano is oo-
fnoo Ly
1
j
=
_
.

2
.

2
1
.
c
I(..

)r
d.. (18)
Foi llo siooLano will llo lowosl fioquoncy, llo lowoi
limil of llo inlogial on llo iigll-lano sioo of Lq. (18)
sloulo Lo ioplacoo Ly zoio.
Foi convonionco wo uso llo nolalion
)
j
= )(.
j
), )

j
=
d)(.)
d.

.
, )

j
=
d
2
)(.)
d.
2

.
, (14)
wloio )(.) can Lo any of llo coomcionls c
.
, 3
.
, q
.
, /
.
,
a
.
, /
.
, ano d
.
. Wo oxpano llo coomcionls c
.
, 3
.
, q
.
,
ano /
.
in llo vicinily of .
j
lo llo socono oiooi of ..
j
will llo lolp of llo Jayloi foimula
)(.) = )
j
)

j
(. .
j
)
1
2
)

j
(. .
j
)
2
. (1)
Wo suLmil lloso oxpansions inlo llo fioquoncy-oomain
piopagalion oqualion (8) ano poifoim llo inlogialion
fiom .
j
.
n
2 lo .
j
.
n
2. Jlon, wo oLlain llo
following piopagalion oqualion foi llo siooLano folo on-
volopos:
01
j
0.
= i[(c
j
j
oo
3
j
j
bb
)1
j
q
j
j
bo
1
jl
/
j
j
ob
1
jl
[

_
(c

j
j
oo
3

j
j
bb
)
01
j
0t
q

j
j
bo
01
jl
0t
/

j
j
ob
01
jl
0t
_

i
2
_
(c

j
j
oo
3

j
j
bb
)
0
2
1
j
0t
2
q

j
j
bo
0
2
1
jl
0t
2
/

j
j
ob
0
2
1
jl
0t
2
_
. (16)

In Lq. (16), llo loims piopoilional lo llo siooLano


ampliluoos oosciiLo llo linoai piopagalion of llo inoi-
vioual siooLanos ano llo Baman coupling Lolwoon llom.
Jlo loims conlaining llo fisl-oiooi limo ooiivalivos ac-
counl foi llo olocl of llo gioup volocilios of llo inoivio-
ual siooLanos. Jlo loims conlaining llo socono-oiooi
limo ooiivalivos accounl foi llo olocl of llo gioup vo-
locily oispoision of llo inoivioual siooLanos. Jlus, Lq.
(16) is Loyono llo slanoaio slowly vaiying onvolopo ap-
pioximalion, wlicl noglocls llo limo ooiivalivos of llo
siooLano ampliluoos. Wlon wo apply llis appioxima-
lion, llo siooLano piopagalion oqualion (16) iooucos lo
llo slowly vaiying onvolopo oqualion
01
j
0.
= i[(c
j
j
oo
3
j
j
bb
)1
j
q
j
j
bo
1
jl
/
j
j
ob
1
jl
[,
(17)
wlicl was sluoioo in Bofs. [18, 29[.
L. ProagatIon equatIon Ior tne BeId In tne tIne
donaIn
Wo wiilo llo olocliic folo 1 in llo foim
1 =
1
2
(S S

), (18)
wloio llo posilivo-fioquoncy folo compononl S is oofnoo
Ly
S =
_

0
1
.
c
I.r
d. =

j
1
j
c
I.r
. (19)
Wo assumo llal llo piopagalion coomcionls c
.
ano 3
.
ano llo coupling coomcionls q
.
ano /
.
vaiy slowly will
.. Wo uso Lq. (1) lo oxpano c
.
ano 3
.
aiouno llo
claiacloiislic inpul fioquoncy .
0
. Similaily, wo oxpano
q
.
ano /
.
aiouno llo anli-Slokos fioquoncy .
l
ano llo
Slokos fioquoncy .
l
, iospoclivoly. Wo suLmil lloso ox-
pansions inlo llo fioquoncy-oomain piopagalion oqua-
lion (8) ano poifoim llo inlogialion fiom 0 lo .
Jlon, will llo assumplion llal 1
.
= 0 foi [.[ < .
n
,
wo oLlain
0S
0.
= i[j
oo
1j
bb
1(t)[S
[
l
j
oo
1
l
j
bb
1
l
(t)[
0S
0t

i
2
[
2
j
oo
1
2
j
bb
1
2
(t)[
0
2
S
0t
2
, (20)
wloio
1(t) = 1j
bo
c
I.

r
Qj
ob
c
I.

r
,
1
l
(t) = 1
l
j
bo
c
I.

r
Q
l
j
ob
c
I.

r
,
1
2
(t) = 1
2
j
bo
c
I.r
Q
2
j
ob
c
I.r
. (21)
Hoio wo lavo inliooucoo llo nolalion
= c
0
.
0
c

0

1
2
.
2
0
c

0
,
1 = 3
0
.
0
3

0

1
2
.
2
0
3

0
,
1 = q
l
.
0
q

l

1
2
.
2
0
q

l
,
Q = /
l
.
0
/

l

1
2
.
2
0
/

l
, (22)

l
= c

0
.
0
c

0
,
1
l
= 3

0
.
0
3

0
,
1
l
= q

l
.
0
q

l
,
Q
l
= /

l
.
0
/

l
, (28)
ano

2
= c

0
,
1
2
= 3

0
,
1
2
= q

l
,
Q
2
= /

l
. (24)
In Lq. (20), llo loim conlaining S oosciiLos llo plaso
slifl ano llo amplifcalion oi aLsoiplion. Jlo loim con-
laining llo fisl-oiooi limo ooiivalivo oosciiLos llo olocl
of llo limo-vaiying gioup volocily. Jlo loim conlaining
llo socono-oiooi limo ooiivalivo accounls foi llo olocl
of llo limo-vaiying gioup volocily oispoision. Nolo llal
llo limo-oomain piopagalion oqualion (20) foi llo folo
ampliluoo S can also Lo ooiivoo fiom Lq. (16) as woll
as Lq. (17) foi llo folo siooLanos 1
j
if wo oxpano llo
piopagalion coomcionls c
j
ano 3
j
aiouno .
0
ano oxpano
llo coupling coomcionls q
j
ano /
j
aiouno .
l
ano .
l
,
iospoclivoly.
Wo now uso Lqs. (9) lo iowiilo Lqs. (22), (28), ano
(24) in loims of llo oispoision coomcionls a
0
ano /
0
ano
llo coupling coomcionls d
0
ano d
l
. Jlo iosulls aio
=
A/
2c
0
c
.
3
0
a

0
,
1 =
A/
2c
0
c
.
3
0
/

0
,
1 =
A/
c
0
c
_
.
n
d
0
.
0
.
n
d

0

.
2
0
(.
0
.
n
)
2
d

0
_
,
Q =
A/
c
0
c
_
.
n
d
l
.
0
.
n
d

l

.
2
0
(.
0
.
n
)
2
d

l
_
,
(2)
6

l
=
A/
c
0
c
(a
0
.
0
a

0
.
2
0
a

0
),
1
l
=
A/
c
0
c
(/
0
.
0
/

0
.
2
0
/

0
),
1
l
=
A/
c
0
c
[d
0
(.
0
.
n
)d

0
.
0
(.
0
.
n
)d

0
[,
Q
l
=
A/
c
0
c
[d
l
(.
0
.
n
)d

l
.
0
(.
0
.
n
)d

l
[,
(26)
ano

2
=
A/
c
0
c
(2a

0
.
0
a

0
),
1
2
=
A/
c
0
c
(2/

0
.
0
/

0
),
1
2
=
A/
c
0
c
[2d

0
(.
0
.
n
)d

0
[,
Q
2
=
A/
c
0
c
[2d

l
(.
0
.
n
)d

l
[. (27)
Sinco llo mooium is fai fiom iosonanco will llo folo,
wo may assumo llal a
j
.
j
a

j
.
2
j
a

j
, /
j
.
j
/

j

.
2
j
/

j
, ano d
j
.
j
d

j
.
2
j
d

j
. Will llis assumplion, wo
can koop only llo oominanl loims on llo iigll-lano sioo
of Lqs. (2), (26), ano (27). Jlon, wo oLlain
=
A/
2c
0
c
.
3
0
a

0
,
1 =
A/
2c
0
c
.
3
0
/

0
,
1 = Q =
A/
c
0
c
.
n
d
0
, (28)

l
=
A/
c
0
c
a
0
,
1
l
=
A/
c
0
c
/
0
,
1
l
= Q
l
=
A/
c
0
c
d
0
, (29)
ano

2
= 2
A/
c
0
c
a

0
,
1
2
= 2
A/
c
0
c
/

0
,
1
2
= Q
2
= 2
A/
c
0
c
d

0
. (80)
Honco, Lq. (20) iooucos lo
0S
0.
= i
A/
c
0
c
_
1
2
.
3
0
(a

0
j
oo
/

0
j
bb
)
.
n
d
0
(j
bo
c
I.

r
j
ob
c
I.

r
)
_
S

A/
c
0
c
(a
0
j
oo
/
0
j
bb
d
0
j
bo
c
I.r
d
0
j
ob
c
I.r
)
0S
0t
i
A/
c
0
c
(a

0
j
oo
/

0
j
bb
d

0
j
bo
c
I.r
d

0
j
ob
c
I.r
)
0
2
S
0t
2
. (81)
Similai lo llo gonoial limo-oomain piopagalion oqua-
lion (20), llo simplifoo ol-iosonanl piopagalion oqua-
lion (81) also incluoos llo olocl of llo oispoision on llo
scalo of mulliplo siooLanos. Jlo coomcionl of llo loim
conlaining S oosciiLos llo plaso slifl poi longll ano llo
amplifcalion oi aLsoiplion ialo. Jlo coomcionls of llo
loims conlaining 0S0t ano 0
2
S0t
2
claiacloiizo llo
limo-vaiying gioup volocily ano llo limo-vaiying gioup
volocily oispoision, iospoclivoly. All lloso coomcionls
aio mooulaloo Ly llo Baman coloionco, llal is, Ly llo
moloculai oscillalions.
III. OL\LATIO AL COPHESSIO OY A
PHOHE YIELL HEATIC VITH A PHEPAHEL
HAA COHEHECE
A. odeI and roagatIon equatIon In tne case oI
zero dIsersIon
Wo assumo llal llo Baman coloionco j
ob
is oslaL-
lisloo aoiaLalically Ly using lwo long ol-iosonanl oiiving
folos [18, 29[. Afloi llo Baman coloionco is piopaioo,
wo sono a woak pioLo folo 1 inlo llo mooium. Wlon all
oispoision olocls, oxcopl foi llo gioup volocily ano llo
gioup volocily oispoision, aio nogligiLlo, llo piopagalion
of llo pioLo folo is govoinoo Ly Lq. (20).
Wo consiooi llo caso wloio llo oispoision of llo
mooium is nogligiLlo, llal is, a
j
= a
0
, /
j
= /
0
, d
j
= d
0
,
ano, consoquonlly, a

j
= /

j
= d

j
= a

j
= /

j
= d

j
= 0.
In llis caso, Lqs. (2), (26), ano (27) yiolo = 1 =

2
= 1
2
= 1
2
= Q
2
= 0, 1 = Q = (A/c
0
c).
n
d
0
,
1
l
= Q
l
= (A/c
0
c)d
0
,
l
= (A/c
0
c)a
0
, ano 1
l
=
(A/c
0
c)/
0
. Honco, Lq. (20) foi llo posilivo-fioquoncy
compononl S loaos llo following oqualion foi llo pioLo
folo 1 [16, 19[:
01
0.
=
A/
c
0
c
0
0t
(a
0
j
oo
/
0
j
bb
d
0
j
bo
c
I.r
d
0
j
ob
c
I.r
)1. (82)
Wlon wo compaio Lq. (82) will llo iooucoo wavo oqua-
7
lion
01
0.
=
1
2c
0
c
01
0t
, (88)
wo fno llal llo inslanlanoous suscopliLilily = 1c
0
1
of llo polaiizalion 1 lo llo pioLo folo 1 is givon Ly
=
2A/
c
0
(a
0
j
oo
/
0
j
bb
d
0
j
bo
c
I.r
d
0
j
ob
c
I.r
).
(84)
Nolo llal llis suscopliLilily is mooulaloo in limo Ly llo
piopaioo Baman coloionco j
ob
al llo Baman fioquoncy
.
n
.
Using llo oofnilion (84) foi llo limo-vaiying inslan-
lanoous suscopliLilily , wo can iowiilo llo piopagalion
oqualion (82) in llo foim
01
0.
=
1
2c
0
0t
1
1
2c

01
0t
. (8)
Jlo coomcionl (12c)00t of llo fisl loim on llo iigll-
lano sioo is piopoilional lo llo slopo of llo limo-vaiying
suscopliLilily . Jlis coomcionl ooloiminos gain oi aL-
soiplion, ooponoing on ils sign. Moanwlilo, llo coom-
cionl 2c of llo socono loim on llo iigll-lano sioo is
llo iocipiocal of llo gioup volocily in llo local limo. Lo-
causo of llo aLsonco of oispoision, llo gioup volocily is
oqual lo llo plaso volocily.
In llo coloionco piopaialion slop, will llo assump-
lions of laigo lwo-plolon ooluning, limiloo Lanowioll,
ano nogligiLlo oispoision, llo mooium follows an aoia-
Lalic oigonslalo will [18, 29[
j
oo
= cos
2
0, j
bb
= sin
2
0, (86)
ano
j
ob
= c
I(r:)
sin0 cos 0. (87)
Hoio c
0
is llo iolalivo plaso Lolwoon llo oiiving folos al
llo inpul, i is llo plaso slifl poi longll of llo piopaioo
Baman coloionco ano is givon Ly
i =
A/
c
0
c
.
n
(a
0
j
oo
/
0
j
bb
), (88)
ano 0 is ooloiminoo Ly llo oqualion
lan 20 =

2!
(oxI)
ob
!
(oxI)
oo
!
(oxI)
bb

sgn(), (89)
wloio [0[ _ 2. In Lq. (89), !
(oxI)
oo
ano !
(oxI)
bb
aio llo
Slaik slifls ano !
(oxI)
ob
is llo lwo-plolon BaLi fioquoncy,
piooucoo Ly llo oiiving folos. Wo assumo llal llo pioLo
folo is woak ano sloil as compaioo lo llo oiiving folos so
llal llo mooium slalo is mainly ooloiminoo Ly llo oiiv-
ing folos ano is nol suLslanlially alocloo Ly llo pioLo
folo.
H. AnaIytIcaI soIutIon and conservatIon reIatIons
Wo now uso llo iooucoo local limo j = t .c.
n
,
wloio = .
n
i ano c = c
0
(2)sgn(). Jlon, llo
piopagalion oqualion (82) simplifos lo
01
0.
=
c
.
n
0
0j
sin(.
n
j)1. (40)
Hoio wo lavo inliooucoo llo coupling paiamoloi
c =
2/
c
0
c
A.
n
d
0
j
0
, (41)
wloio j
0
= [ sin0 cos 0[ = [j
ob
[. Jlo solulion of Lq. (40)
is [16[
1(., j) = 1
In
(c)G(j), (42)
wloio 1
In
(c) = 1(. = 0, c) is llo inpul folo, llo in-
pul limo c is ooloiminoo fiom llo oulpul limo j Ly llo
oqualion
lan(.
n
c2) = c
o:
lan(.
n
j2), (48)
ano llo funclion G(j) = sin(.
n
c) sin(.
n
j) is givon Ly
[19[
G(j) =
1
c
o:
cos
2
.p
2
c
o:
sin
2 .p
2
. (44)
Il follows fiom Lq. (48) llal
dcdj = G(j). (4)
Wlon llo oulpul limo j is closo lo a givon limo j
I
, wo fno
fiom Lq. (4) llal llo inpul limo c can Lo appioximaloo
as
c(j) = c(j
I
) G(j
I
)(j j
I
). (46)
Honco, foi llo inpul fioquoncy .
0
, llo inslanlanoous fio-
quoncy .
osc
(j
I
) of llo oplical oscillalions of 1 in llo
vicinily of llo givon limo j
I
is G(j
I
).
0
, llal is,
.
osc
(j) = G(j).
0
=
.
0
c
o:
cos
2
.

p
2
c
o:
sin
2 .

p
2
.
(47)
Lqualion (47) slows llal llo inslanlanoous oscillalion
fioquoncy .
osc
(j) is mooulaloo in limo.
Accoioing lo Lqs. (42) ano (4), llo loigll ano ouia-
lion of oplical oscillalions in llo pioLo folo aio clangoo
Ly llo iocipiocal faclois 1(., j)1
In
(c) = G(j) ano
djdc = 1G(j), iospoclivoly. A consoquonco of lloso
oqualions is llo iolalion
_
p
p
1(., j) dj =
_
s
s
1
In
(c) dc, (48)
wlicl moans llo consoivalion of llo pulso aioa in any
givon limo inloival (j
l
, j
2
).
8
Using Lqs. (42), (4), ano (47), wo can slow llal
cc
0
2
_
p
p
1
2
(., j)
/.
osc
(j)
dj =
cc
0
2
_
s
s
1
2
In
(c)
/.
0
dc. (49)
Jlo oxpiossion on llo iigll-lano sioo of llo aLovo oqua-
lion is llo numLoi of plolons in llo inpul folo, will
llo fioquoncy .
0
. Jlo oxpiossion on llo lofl-lano sioo
is llo numLoi of plolons in llo oulpul folo, will llo
inslanlanoous fioquoncy .
osc
(j). Jloiofoio, Lq. (49) oo-
sciiLos llo consoivalion of llo plolon numLoi. Jlis is a
voiy gonoial iolalion wlicl is always salisfoo foi Baman
piocossos [12, 18[.
Il follows fiom Lqs. (4) ano (47) llal
c
2
c
l
=
_
p
p
G(j) dj =
_
p
p
.
osc
(j)
.
0
dj. (0)
Wo oofno llo moan fioquoncy of oscillalions in llo limo
inloival (j
l
, j
2
) Ly
.(j
l
, j
2
) =
1
j
2
j
l
_
p
p
.
osc
(j) dj. (1)
Will llis oofnilion, Lq. (0) yiolos
.(j
l
, j
2
)(j
2
j
l
) = .
0
(c
2
c
l
). (2)
Lqualion (2) inoicalos llal llo piooucl of llo pulso
longll ano llo moan fioquoncy is conslanl ouiing llo
piopagalion piocoss. Fuilloimoio, wo lavo 1(., j) = 0
if 1
In
(c) = 0 ano vico voisa, llal is, a zoio of llo inpul
folo al an inpul limo c loaos lo a zoio of llo oulpul folo
al llo coiiosponoing oulpul limo j. Honco, llo numLoi
of oplical oscillalions is consoivoo. Jlis consoivalion is
a simplo consoquonco of llo pulso ioslaping oosciiLoo Ly
Lq. (42).
Jlo aLovo consoivalion iolalions aio ospocially usoful
foi llo analysis in llo caso wloio llo pulso ouialion is
mucl sloiloi llan llo moloculai poiioo. Wlilo llo plo-
lon numLoi consoivalion is voiy gonoial, llo olloi con-
soivalion iolalions oLlainoo Ly us aio appioximalo ano
aio soiiously violaloo wlon oispoision oi nonaoiaLalic
olocls aio suLslanlial.
Jo gol ooopoi insigll inlo llo solulion (42), wo iowiilo
llo iooucoo piopagalion oqualion (40) as
01
0.
= ccos(.
n
j)1
c
.
n
sin(.
n
j)
01
0j
. (8)
Jlo coomcionl ccos(.
n
j) of llo fisl loim on llo iigll-
lano sioo is a limo-vaiying gain oi aLsoiplion ialo, oo-
ponoing on ils sign. Jlo coomcionl (c.
n
) sin(.
n
j) of
llo socono loim on llo iigll-lano sioo is a moasuio of llo
limo-vaiying gioup ano plaso volocilios. Jlo mooulalion
in llo ampliluoo of llo solulion (42) is ouo lo llo fisl
coomcionl, ano llo mooulalion in llo inslanlanoous os-
cillalion fioquoncy is ouo lo llo socono coomcionl. Loll
coomcionls oiiginalo fiom llo limo-vaiying suscopliLilily
, givon Ly Lq. (84), wlicl in loims of llo iooucoo local
limo j lakos llo foim
=
2c
.
n
[i csin(.
n
j)[. (4)
Jlo gain oi aLsoiplion ialo ccos(.
n
j) is ooloiminoo
Ly llo slopo of llo invoisoo limo-vaiying gioup volocily
(c.
n
) sin(.
n
j), oi moio oxaclly, Ly llo slopo of llo
limo-vaiying suscopliLilily . Jlis gain (aLsoiplion) is
accompanioo Ly llo incioaso (oocioaso) in llo oscillalion
fioquoncy. Sinco llo plolon numLoi is consoivoo [Lq.
(49)[, llis gain (aLsoiplion) is nol llo convonlional gain
(aLsoiplion), in wlicl llo plolon numLoi incioasos (oo-
cioasos).
In llo pailiculai caso wloio c. 1 ano .
n
.
0
,
wo can noglocl llo fisl loim on llo iigll-lano sioo
of Lq. (8). In llis caso, foi llo inilial conoilion
1
In
(c) = S
(In)
0
cos(.
0
c), wo fno llo appioximalo solulion
1(., j) = S
(In)
0
cos[.
0
_
p
0
G(a) da[, wlicl slows fioquoncy
cliiping Lul no compiossion oi sliolcling.
C. Yrequency conversIon and uIse conressIon
due to tne tIne-varyIng suscetILIIIty
Foi any fxoo valuo of ., llo funclion G las poaks ano
oips al oquioislanl limos
j
n
= (2n 1).
n
()
ano
j
nl2
= 2n.
n
, (6)
iospoclivoly. Foi j = j
n
, wo lavo cos(.
n
j2) = 0 loao-
ing lo G = c
o:
1. Jlis valuo inoicalos a pulso com-
piossion in llo vicinily of j
n
, will llo compiossion fac-
loi c
o:
[16[. Foi j = j
nl2
, wo lavo sin(.
n
j2) = 0
loaoing lo G = c
o:
< 1. Jlis valuo inoicalos a pulso
sliolcling in llo vicinily of j
nl2
. Compiossion ano
sliolcling, occuiiing soquonlially al j
n
ano j
nl2
, loao
lo llo foimalion of a liain of sloil pulsos will sopaia-
lion T
n
= 2.
n
(llo Baman poiioo) ano pulso longll
T
n
c
o:
. Jlo poak fioquoncy ano poak ampliluoo of llo
pulsos in llo liain giow will c
o:
. Sucl pulso compiossion
ano sliolcling aio ouo lo llo mooulalion of llo gain-oi-
aLsoiplion coomcionl ccos(.
n
j), wlicl is llo slopo of
llo limo-vaiying suscopliLilily [soo Lq. (4)[. Jlus,
llo limo-vaiying suscopliLilily of llo mooium acls liko
a lompoial gialing wlicl compiossos ano oocompiossos
llo pioLo al coilain limos.
Nolo llal llo gonoialion of an almosl poiiooic liain
of suLfomlosocono pulsos in mullicascaoo slimulaloo Ba-
man scalloiing las Loon piooicloo Ly Kaplan ano Slkol-
nikov [27[. Jloy lavo slown llal Baman aclivo maloiials
can suppoil solilons consisling of a pump lasoi wavo ano
many Baman-couploo compononls. Duo lo mooo locking
all lloso solilon compononls piopagalo will llo samo
9
-6 0 6 12 18 24
0
35
70
O
u
t
p
u
t

s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
Frequency (-
0
) /
m
-6 0 6 12 18 24
(b) (a)

0
3
6
z = 0.6
G
z = 1.4
-2 -1 0 1 2
-4
0
4
E
Time /T
m
-2 -1 0 1 2
FIG. 2: Conpiossion of u pioLo pulso, culculufoo fion Lg.
(42) foi c. = 0.6 (u) uno 1.4 (L). 1ho cuiiioi fioguoncy,
pulso wiofh, uno poul fino of fho inpuf pioLo folo uio .

=
.2 ., T = 10 T, uno j = 0, iospocfivoly. 1ho plofs foi
fho suscopfiLilify us u funcfion of fino show only fho shupo
Luf nof fho oxucf nugnifuoo of fhis funcfion. 1ho plofs foi
fho oufpuf folo 1 uno foi fho spocfiul infonsify 1

uio
noinulizoo fo fho poul vuluo of fho inpuf folo.
gioup volocily, lavo llo samo ampliluoo slapo, ano fully
ovoilap in limo ano spaco. Jlo coloionl inloifoionco of
lloso mooo-lockoo fioquoncy compononls givos iiso lo a
liain of suLfomlosocono pulsos. Wo wisl lo poinl oul
llal llo woik [27[ implicilly assumoo plaso malcling
among llo Baman compononls. Anolloi molloo foi
gonoialion of suLfomlosocono solilons is Lasoo on llo
iooa of olocliomagnolic LuLLlos [80[. Accoioing lo llis
molloo, unipolai, supoisloil, ano inlonso nonoscillaling
solilaiy pulsos of olocliomagnolic iaoialion can Lo gon-
oialoo in a gas of lwo-lovol oi classically nonlinoai aloms
Ly lalf-cyclo pulsos oi sloil lasoi pulsos. Jlo koy oiloi-
onco Lolwoon llo sloil-solilaiy-pulso gonoialion sclomos
[27, 80[ ano oui sclomo is llal solilons aio slalionaiy
wavos llal piopagalo ovoi suLslanlial oislancos will un-
clangoo slapo ano longll, wlilo llo liain of sloil pulsos
foimoo in oui sclomo is nonslalionaiy, iosulls fiom llo
Loaling of a woak pioLo will a piopaioo Baman coloi-
onco, ano las a compiossion facloi incioasing will llo
piopagalion oislanco.
Jo soo llo iolalion Lolwoon llo mooulalion of llo sus-
copliLilily ano llo foimalion of a liain of compiossoo
pulsos, wo illuslialo in Fig. 2 llo compiossion of a pioLo
pulso, calculaloo fiom Lq. (42) foi c. = 0.6 (a) ano 1.4
(L). Jlo caiiioi fioquoncy, pulso wioll, ano poak limo
of llo inpul pioLo folo aio .
0
= .2 .
n
, T = 10 T
n
,
ano j

= 0, iospoclivoly. As soon fiom llo plols foi llo


suscopliLilily ano llo funclion G, llo mooulalion of
gonoialos llo comL sliucluio of G, will poaks (oips) al
llo limos coiiosponoing lo llo slooposl nogalivo (posi-
livo) slopos of . Jlis loaos lo llo foimalion of a liain
of compiossoo pulsos ano lo llo gonoialion of now Ba-
man siooLanos (soo llo plols foi llo folo 1 ano foi llo
spoclial inlonsily [1
.
[
2
). Wo oLsoivo poiiooic clangos
in llo oscillalion fioquoncy as llo limo incioasos. Jlo
spoclium consisls of slaip Baman siooLanos, mosl of
llom aio on llo anli-Slokos iogion of fioquoncy. Wlon
llo facloi c. is incioasoo, wo oLsoivo an incioaso in llo
loigll ano a oocioaso in llo wioll of llo pulsos in llo
oulpul liain. Fuilloimoio, wo oLsoivo llal llo numLoi
of gonoialoo anli-Slokos siooLanos incioasos quickly will
c. wlilo llo numLoi of Slokos siooLanos ooos nol clango
suLslanlially.
Jlo poiiooic clango in llo oplical oscillalion fioquoncy
of 1, oLsoivoo in Fig. 2, is in agioomonl will Lq. (47) foi
.
osc
(j). In pailiculai, in llo vicinily of j
n
(compiossion
iogion) oi j
nl2
(sliolcling iogion), llo inpul limo c is
iolaloo lo llo oulpul limo j as c = j
n
c
o:
(j j
n
) oi
c = j
nl2
c
o:
(j j
nl2
), iospoclivoly. Ano llo
fioquoncy of llo folo incioasos oi oocioasos, iospoclivoly,
Ly llo facloi c
o:
.
Wlon llo ouialion T of llo inpul folo 1
In
is long
compaioo lo llo Baman poiioo T
n
, llo maximal ano
minimal fioquoncios of llo oplical oscillalions of 1 aio
.
nax
= c
o:
.
0
ano .
nIn
= c
o:
.
0
, iospoclivoly. Jlo
oscillalions al lloso fioquoncios gonoialo llo anli-Slokos
ano Slokos Baman siooLanos will llo oiooi numLois
q
.S
= (c
o:
1)
.
0
.
n
(7)
ano
q
S
= (1 c
o:
)
.
0
.
n
, (8)
iospoclivoly. Foi incioasing c., llo anli-Slokos siooLano
oiooi q
.S
incioasos as (c
o:
1) wlilo llo Slokos siooLano
oiooi q
S
clangos slowly ano lonos lo llo limiling valuo
.
0
.
n
(soo llo plols foi llo spoclial inlonsily in Fig.
2). In llo pailiculai caso wloio c. 1, wo lavo
q
.S
= q
S
=
.
0
.
n
c. = ., (9)
wloio
=
.
0
.
n
c =
2/
c
0
c
A.
0
d
0
j
0
. (60)
Jlis iosull is in agioomonl will llo oslimalo foi llo num-
Loi of linos gonoialoo Ly lwo oiiving folos in a mooium
10
will limiloo mooulalion Lanowioll ano zoio oispoision
[18[. Il sloulo Lo omplasizoo loio llal llo Baman sioo-
Lano oioois q
.S
ano q
S
appioximalo Lul oo nol ooloi-
mino piocisoly llo aclual sizo of llo gonoialoo Baman
spoclium.
Wlon llo ouialion T of llo inpul folo 1
In
is mucl
longoi llan llo Baman poiioo T
n
, llo sliucluio of llo
gonoialoo pulso liain is nol sonsilivo lo llo liming of llo
inpul. Howovoi, wlon T is compaiaLlo lo oi smalloi llan
T
n
, llo sliucluio ano numLoi of pulsos in llo oulpul
oopono on llo iolalivo posilion of llo inpul poak limo
j

will iospocl lo j
n
ano j
nl2
. In pailiculai, wlon
T is sloil compaioo lo T
n
, llo oulpul may Lo a singlo
compiossoo oi sliolcloo pulso. Inoooo, in llis caso, if
j

is in llo vicinily of j
n
(j
nl2
), llon llo pioLo pulso
will Lo compiossoo (sliolcloo) ano llo fioquoncy of llo
oplical oscillalions will incioaso (oocioaso).
Jo soo llo sonsilivily of llo pulso slaping lo llo in-
joclion limo of llo inpul, wo illuslialo in Fig. 8 llo
compiossion oi sliolcling of a pioLo pulso will a longll
sloil compaioo lo llo Baman poiioo. Jlo plols aio cal-
culaloo fiom Lq. (42) foi llo injoclion limo j

T
n
= 0
(a), 0.2 (L), 0. (c), ano 0.7 (o). Jlo caiiioi fioquoncy
ano pulso wioll of llo inpul pioLo folo aio .
0
= 1.2 .
n
ano T = 0.1 T
n
, iospoclivoly. Jlo mooium longll ano
llo piopaioo Baman coloionco aio sucl llal c. = 0.8.
Jlo oolloo linos slow G as a funclion of limo. Jlo plols
slow llal, wlon llo inpul folo is sonl in al a limo coiio-
sponoing lo a oip [Fig. 8(a)[ oi a poak [Fig. 8(c)[ of llo
funclion G, llo oulpul is sliolcloo oi compiossoo, llo
oscillalion fioquoncy oocioasos oi incioasos, ano llo gon-
oialoo oulpul spoclium is confnoo in llo iogion of Slokos
oi anli-Slokos siooLanos, iospoclivoly. Nolo llal llo oul-
pul spoclium is conlinuous Locauso llo inpul pulso is
sloil ano, lloiofoio, ils Fouiioi-liansfoim limiloo wioll
covois sovoial Baman siooLanos. Wlon llo inpul is in-
jocloo al a limo Lolwoon a oip ano a poak of G [Figs.
8(L) ano 8(o)[, llo lompoial Lolavioi of llo oulpul ox-
liLils Loll compiossion (in llo iogion noai lo llo poak
of G) ano sliolcling (in llo iogion noai lo llo oip of G),
ano llo oulpul spoclium is spioao in Loll llo Slokos
ano anli-Slokos iogions.
L. Hanan sectrun
Wo calculalo llo spoclium of llo piopagaling pioLo
folo in llo caso wloio llo inpul is a monocliomalic folo,
givon Ly
1
In
(c) = S
(In)
0
cos(.
0
c), (61)
ano llo inpul pulso longll T is laigo compaioo lo llo Ba-
man poiioo T
n
. Using llo foimula [81[ sinla(cosla
cos t) = 1 2

n=l
c
nr
cos nt foi a 0, wo can oxpano
llo funclion G(j) inlo a Fouiioi soiios as
G(j) = 1 2

n=l
(1)
n
lanl
n
_
c.
2
_
cos(n.
n
j). (62)
Wlon wo suLslilulo llis oxpansion inlo Lq. (4) foi llo
inpul limo c ano inlogialo llo iosull, wo oLlain
c = j 2

n=l
(1)
n
n.
n
lanl
n
_
c.
2
_
sin(n.
n
j). (68)
Jlon, will llo uso of llo gonoialing funclion [81[
c
I sIn 0
=

|=
J
|
()c
I|0
of llo Lossol funclions J
|
,
wo can oxpano llo complox funclion c
I.

s
in llo foim
c
I.s
= c
I.p

n=l

|=
(1)
|n
J
|
_
2.
0
n.
n
lanl
n
_
c.
2
_
_
c
I|n.p
. (64)
Wo uso Lq. (64) lo oxpano llo oxpiossion (61) foi llo in-
pul folo 1
In
(c) inlo a Fouiioi soiios in loims of llo oulpul
limo j. Wo suLslilulo llo iosullanl oxpansion ano llo ox-
pansion (62) inlo Lq. (42) foi llo oulpul folo 1. Jlon,
llo siooLano S
j
of llo oulpul folo 1 = Bo

j
S
j
c
I.p
is founo lo Lo
S
j
= (1)
j
S
(In)
0

l=
lanl
l
_
c.
2
_

n=l
J
|

_
2.
0
n.
n
lanl
n
_
c.
2
_
_
. (6)
Hoio /
n

jl
is a sol of inlogois /
n
salisfying llo conoi-
lion

n=l
/
n
n = q l. Lqualion (6) slows llal, in llo
caso wloio llo inpul pulso longll T is laigo compaioo lo
llo Baman poiioo T
n
, llo spoclium of llo pioLo folo
1 is oisciolo ano oxliLils oscillalions govoinoo Ly llo
Lossol funclions (soo llo plols foi llo spoclial inlonsily
in Fig. 2). Wlon T is compaiaLlo lo oi smalloi llan
T
n
, llo spoclium of llo onvolopo S
(In)
0
will iospocl lo
llo oulpul limo j may covoi lwo oi moio Baman linos.
In llis caso, llo gonoialoo Baman siooLanos may lavo
ovoilapping pioflos, llo oisciolo sliucluio of llo Baman
siooLanos may Lo suppiossoo, ano lloiofoio llo spoclium
of 1 may Locomo conlinuous (soo llo plols foi llo oulpul
spoclium in Fig. 8).
Wo now slow llal llo Lossol funclion solulion oL-
lainoo oailioi [18[ foi llo Baman siooLanos is a pailiculai
caso of llo gonoial Lossol funclion soiios (6). Foi llis
puiposo wo consiooi llo silualion wloio .
0
_ .
n
ano
lanl
_
c.
2
_
1,
.
0
.
n
lanl
2
_
c.
2
_
1. (66)
Jlon, using llo piopoily J
|
(0) =
|,0
, wo fno llal llo
oominanl loim on llo iigll-lano sioo of Lq. (6) is llo
loim will l = /
2
= /
3
= = 0 ano /
l
= q. Honco, wo
oLlain
S
j
= (1)
j
S
(In)
0
J
j
_
2.
0
.
n
lanl
_
c.
2
_
_
. (67)
Sinco .
0
_ .
n
, llo conoilions (66) loao lo
c.
_
.
n
.
0
_ 1, (68)
11
-2.5
0.0
2.5
I
n
p
u
t

f
i
e
l
d
(d) (c) (b) (a)
-1 0 1
-2.5
0.0
2.5
O
u
t
p
u
t

f
i
e
l
d
-1 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1
Time /T
m
-15 0 15 30 45
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
O
u
t
p
u
t

s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
-15 0 15 30 45 -15 0 15 30 45 -15 0 15 30 45
Frequency ( -
0
) /
m
G
FIG. 8: Conpiossion oi sfiofching of u pioLo pulso wifh u longfh shoif conpuioo fo fho Hunun poiioo. 1ho plofs uio culculufoo
fion Lg. (42) foi fho puiunofoi c. = 0.S. 1ho cuiiioi fioguoncy uno pulso wiofh of fho inpuf pioLo folo uio .

= 1.2 .

uno T = 0.1 T, iospocfivoly. 1ho injocfion fino is jT = 0 (u), 0.2 (L), 0. (c), uno 0.7 (o). 1ho plofs foi fho inpuf folo,
oufpuf folo, uno oufpuf spocfiun uio noinulizoo fo fho poul vuluo of fho inpuf folo. 1ho ooffoo linos show G us u funcfion
of fino. Nofo fhuf fho nunLoi of opficul oscillufions is fho suno foi ull fino-oonuin plofs.
llal is,
.
_
.
0
.
n
. (69)
Jlo conoilion (68) yiolos c
o: ~
= 1, llal is, llo pulso
compiossion is nol sliong. Jlo conoilion (69) ano Lq.
(9) givo q
.S
= q
S
(.
0
.
n
)
l2
, llal is, llo Lano-
wioll of llo gonoialoo spoclium is limiloo Ly llo valuo
(.
0
.
n
)
l2
.
Wlon wo uso llo appioximalion lanl(c.2)
~
= c.2,
Lq. (67) iooucos lo llo Lossol funclion solulion [18[
S
j
= (1)
j
S
(In)
0
J
j
(.). (70)
Jlo Fouiioi synllosis of lloso Baman siooLanos yiolos
llo folo 1 = S
(In)
0
cos[.
0
j . sin(.
n
j)[, wlicl is moo-
ulaloo in fioquoncy Lul is nol compiossoo.
If wo oxlono llo aLovo iosulls foi llo caso wloio llo
inpul consisls of lwo folos, al .
0
ano .
l
, llon insloao
of Lq. (70) wo will oLlain
S
j
= (1)
j
S
(In)
0
J
j
(.) (1)
jl
S
(In)
l
J
jl
(.). (71)
Jlis oxpiossion is in full agioomonl will llo oailioi io-
sull foi llo siooLano spoclium gonoialoo Ly lwo oiiving
folos in a mooium will limiloo mooulalion Lanowioll
ano zoio oispoision [18[. Jlo coiiosponoing oulpul folo
is 1 = S
(In)
0
cos[.
0
j . sin(.
n
j)[ S
(In)
l
cos[.
l
j
. sin(.
n
j)[. Jlus, llo analylical Lossol funclion so-
lulion [18[ is valio wlon llo conoilion (69) oi, oquiva-
lonlly, llo conoilion (68) is salisfoo. Unooi lloso conoi-
lions, llo Lanowioll of llo gonoialoo spoclium is limiloo
[q
.S
= q
S
(.
0
.
n
)
l2
[ ano llo pulso compiossion Ly
llo limo-vaiying gioup volocily is nol sliong (c
o: ~
= 1).
E. EBect oI grou veIocIty dIsersIon
In aooilion lo llo oiiocl pulso compiossion Ly gioup
volocily mooulalion, lloio is anolloi moclanism: Iulso
cliiping, followoo Ly GVD, can pioouco singlo-cyclo
pulsos [18[. Jo sluoy llo olocl of GVD on pulso compios-
sion, wo poifoim numoiical calculalions foi a ioalislic sys-
lom, namoly, foi moloculai lyoiogon will llo funoamon-
lal viLialional liansilion Q
l
(0) al fioquoncy .
n
= 4149.7
cm
l
ano will llo solio-slalo oonsily A = 2.6 10
22
cm
3
[29, 82[. Wo uso llis ligl-oonsily moloculai ly-
oiogon as a moool of solio lyoiogon. Jlo claiacloiislic
piopoily of llo majoiily of moloculai ciyslals incluoing
solio lyoiogon is llal llo moloculos in lloso solios iolain
lloii ioonlily ano llal lloii inliinsic piopoilios aio moo-
ifoo only sligllly Ly llo inloimoloculai inloiaclion [82[.
Jlo aovanlagos of solio lyoiogon as a Baman mooium
aio llal il las a ligl numLoi oonsily, sloil mooium
longll, small ooplasing ialo, laigo coloionco longll, ano
nogligiLlo plaso mismalcl [8, 88[. In aooilion, llo oxpoi-
12
0
2
4
without dispersion

z=20 m
(a)
with dispersion
(b)
0
4
8
z=30 m
0
7
14
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

f
i
e
l
d

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
z=40 m
-7 0 7 14 21
0
13
26
z=50 m
Local time [fs]
-7 0 7 14 21
FIG. 4: Conpuiison of fho fonpoiul pioflos of u pioLo folo
culculufoo foi fho puiunofois of solio hyoiogon wifh zoio (u)
uno nonzoio (L) oispoision. 1ho nooiun longfhs uio . = 20,
80, 40, uno 0 jn (soo fho luLols in fho plofs on fho iighf-
huno sioo). 1ho nooiun is piopuioo in un unfiphusoo sfufo
wifh j = 0.S, j = 0.1, uno j = 0.86. Foi fho inpuf
folo wo uso u pulso wifh u confiul wuvolongfh of S00 nn, u
pulso longfh of 10 fs, uno u poul fino t

= 0.
imonl will a solio can Lo poifoimoo in vacuum, willoul
llo nooo foi inloimooialo winoows, in oiooi lo piovonl
cliiping of llo gonoialoo suLfomlosocono pulsos. Jlo
uso of nanosocono pumping foi llo naiiow viLialional
liansilion Q
l
(0) in solio lyoiogon allows us lo piopaio
a suLslanlial coloionco al low pump inlonsily, avoioing
llo counloiaclion of llo Koii olocl ano nonlinoai oispoi-
sion. Fuilloimoio, willoul llo nooo foi oxloinal plaso
componsalion, llo pioLo pulso can Lo compiossoo lo a
liiplol, oouLlol, oi ovon singlol of suLfomlosocono pulsos
[19[. Anolloi aovanlago of solio lyoiogon as a Baman
mooium is llal, in a pump-pioLo oxpoiimonl foi sloil-
pulso gonoialion, ono can acliovo Loam sopaialion al llo
oulpul Ly using a small lill anglo Lolwoon llo applioo
folos [84[, wlicl ooos nol alocl plaso malcling oi Loam
ovoilap in llo mooium, sinco llo ciyslal is llin.
Wo uso llo piopagalion oqualions (82) ano (81) lo cal-
culalo llo lompoial pioflos of llo pioLo folo in llo casos
of zoio ano nonzoio oispoision, iospoclivoly, ano plol llo
iosulls in Figs. 4(a) ano 4(L), iospoclivoly. Foi llo inpul
pioLo folo wo uso a Gaussian pulso will a conlial wavo-
longll of 800 nm (.
0
= 12, 00 cm
l
), a pulso longll
of 10 fs, ano a poak limo t

= 0. Jlo mooium slalo is


calculaloo fiom Lqs. (86) ano (87) foi llo paiamolois
0 = 0.4 ano c
0
= 0, wlicl coiiospono lo an anliplasoo
slalo will j
oo
= 0.8, j
bb
= 0.1, ano [j
ob
[ = 0.86.
Jlo oispoision ano coupling coomcionls aio calculaloo
fiom llo oipolo momonls ano lovol onoigios of paialy-
oiogon [29[ ano aio a
0
= 2.42 10
7
, /
0
= 2.68 10
7
,
ano d
0
= .0 10
S
, in llo SI unils. Jlo fisl-oiooi
ooiivalivos of llo oispoision ano coupling coomcionls
will iospocl lo llo fioquoncy aio a

0
= 8.18 10
24
,
/

0
= 8.81 10
24
, ano d

0
= 1.2 10
24
, in llo
SI unils. Jlo socono-oiooi ooiivalivos of llo oispoi-
sion ano coupling coomcionls will iospocl lo llo fio-
quoncy aio a

0
= 1.41 10
39
, /

0
= 1.78 10
39
, ano
d

0
= .0710
40
, in llo SI unils. Wo slow llo lompoial
pioflos of llo folo inlonsily calculaloo foi llo mooium
longlls . = 20, 80, 40, ano 0 jm (soo llo laLols on llo
iigll-lano sioo of llo fguio). Jloso longlls coiiospono
lo llo valuos c. = 0.64, 0.9, 1.27, ano 1.9, iospoclivoly,
llal is, lo llo compiossion faclois c
o:
= 1.89, 2.60, 8.7,
ano 4.91, iospoclivoly.
Compaiison Lolwoon llo plols in Figs. 4(a) ano 4(L)
slows llal llo oispoision of llo mooium ooos nol alocl
mucl pulso compiossion in llo casos of . = 20, 80, ano 40
jm. In llo caso of . = 0 jm, llo oispoision impiovos
pulso compiossion Ly a facloi of aLoul 8. Aooilional
numoiical calculalions foi laigoi mooium longlls slow
llal, wlon llo mooium longll is loo laigo, foi oxamplo,
wlon . = 7 jm, llo oispoision of llo mooium iooucos
pulso compiossion.
Jlo oplimal conoilion foi pulso compiossion Ly GVD
las Loon ooiivoo oailioi foi llo caso wloio llo oiiocl com-
piossion Ly gioup volocily mooulalion is nogligiLlo [18[.
Accoioing lo llom, llo oplimal compiossion may Lo oL-
lainoo wlon llo iolalivo gioup oolay ^t
J
coiiosponoing
lo llo gonoialoo spoclial Lanowioll ^. = .
nax
.
nIn
is oqual lo llo Baman lalf-poiioo T
n
2. Jlo ioason is
llo following: if oispoision is aLsonl, oiloionl fioquoncy
compononls will omoigo al oiloionl limos ouiing a Ba-
man lalf-poiioo [soo Lq. (47) foi .
osc
(j) ano soo also llo
plols foi 1 in Fig. 2[. Howovoi, wlon GVD is piosonl,
llo gioup oolays of llo fioquoncy compononls aio oif-
foionl fiom oacl olloi. If llo oiloionco of llo gioup
oolays componsalos llo oiloionco of llo oispoisionloss
slailing limos, all llo fioquoncy compononls of llo folo
will omoigo al llo samo limo ano will inloifoio will oacl
olloi. Jlon, pulso compiossion may occui.
Wo oxlono llis aigumonl lo incluoo llo olocls of
Loll suscopliLilily mooulalion ano GVD. Wo assumo
llal llo longll of llo inpul folo is long compaioo lo
llo Baman poiioo. In llis caso, llo maximal ano
minimal oscillalion fioquoncios aio .
nax
= c
o:
.
0
ano
.
nIn
= c
o:
.
0
, iospoclivoly. Jloso valuos givo llo Lano-
wioll ^. = 2.
0
sinl(c.). Jlo gioup volocily oispoi-
sion, moasuioo Ly llo socono-oiooi ooiivalivo /

(.) of
llo piopagalion conslanl /(.), is assumoo lo Lo invaii-
anl ano is oslimaloo Ly /

(.
0
). Fiom llo coomcionls
of llo loims in llo gonoial fioquoncy-oomain piopaga-
lion oqualion (8) oi, similaily, in llo limo-oomain oqua-
lion (20), wo fno /

(.
0
) = (A/c
0
c)[(2a

0
.
0
a

0
)j
oo

(2/

0
.
0
/

0
)j
bb
[. Kooping only llo oominanl loims yiolos
/

(.
0
) = (2A/c
0
c)(a

0
j
oo
/

0
j
bb
), in agioomonl will
18
llo coomcionls of llo loims in llo simplifoo piopa-
galion oqualion (81). Sinco llo gioup oolay of a fio-
quoncy compononl is ooloiminoo Ly t
J
(.) = .

(.) =
./

(.), llo iolalivo gioup oolay ^t


J
is appioximaloo Ly
^t
J
= /

(.
0
)^. .. Honco, il follows fiom llo conoi-
lion ^t
J
= T
n
2 llal llo mooium longll 1 ioquiioo
foi llo oplimal olocl of GVD on pulso compiossion is
ooloiminoo Ly
1sinl(c1) =

2.
n
.
0
/

(.
0
)
. (72)
Al llis mooium longll, if llo compiossion ouo lo llo oo-
sliuclivo inloifoionco Lolwoon llo gonoialoo siooLanos is
oplimum, llo compiossion facloi I, oofnoo as llo ia-
lio of pulso sopaialion lo pulso wioll, is oslimaloo lo Lo
oqual lo llo numLoi of siooLanos [18[. Wo appioximalo
llis numLoi Ly q
IoIaI
= q
.S
q
S
1, wloio llo sioo-
Lano oioois q
.S
ano q
S
aio givon Ly Lqs. (7) ano (8),
iospoclivoly. Jlon, wo lavo
I = 1 2(.
0
.
n
) sinl(c1). (78)
Jlis facloi coiiosponos lo llo oplimal compiossion in
llo caso wloio oispoision is piosonl. If oispoision was
aLsonl, llo compiossion facloi woulo Lo I
0
= c
oJ
. Jlo
impiovomonl in compiossion ouo lo GVD is moasuioo Ly
1 =
I
I
0
= c
oJ
_
1 2
.
0
.
n
sinl(c1)
_
. (74)
If llo oplimal longll 1, wlicl is oLlainoo as llo so-
lulion of Lq. (72), is small so llal c1 1, wo lavo
I
0
= 1 ano I = 1 = 121. If llo iolalion .
0
.
n
1
is woll salisfoo so llal, oospilo of llo conoilion c1 1,
llo paiamoloi 1 = c1(.
0
.
n
) is nol small compaioo lo
unily, llon llo pulso compiossion ouo lo GVD is suLslan-
lial. Jlo iolo of llo mooulaloo suscopliLilily in llis caso
is limiloo lo llo fioquoncy mooulalion ano lo llo ooloi-
minalion of llo limos al wlicl compiossion oi sliolcl-
ing occuis. Nolo llal llo conoilion c1 1 loaos lo
I = 1 1 2(.
0
.
n
), llal is, llo compiossion facloi
I is limiloo Ly llo ialio .
0
.
n
. In olloi woios, in oiooi
lo gol a ligl compiossion facloi, wo nooo a laigo ialio
.
0
.
n
. Jlo analysis of Bof. [18[ coiiosponos lo llis
silualion.
If llo oplimal longll 1 is laigo so llal c1 1, wo
fno llo appioximalion 1 = .
0
.
n
. Jlon, in llo caso
wloio .
0
.
n
c
oJ
, wo lavo 1 I
0
, llal is, llo
pulso compiossion causoo Ly GVD is mucl sliongoi llan
llal causoo Ly llo limo-vaiying suscopliLilily. Howovoi,
Locauso I
0
1 ano I = I
0
1, Loll moclanisms aio
suLslanlial foi pulso compiossion in llis caso. In llo op-
posilo caso wloio .
0
.
n
c
oJ
, wo lavo I
0
1, llal
is, llo magniluoo of llo pulso compiossion facloi causoo
Ly suscopliLilily mooulalion is mucl sliongoi llan llo
aooilional facloi causoo Ly GVD. Jlis silualion coiio-
sponos lo llo plols foi llo caso of . = 0 jm in Fig. 4,
wloio c. = 1.9, I
0
= 4.91, ano 1 = .
0
.
n
= 8.0. Foi
-5 0 5 10 15 20
0
6
12
with dispersion
(b)
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

f
i
e
l
d

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
Local time [fs]
0
6
12
without dispersion
(a)
FIG. : Suno us Fig. 4 oxcopf fhuf foi fho culculufions wo
uso fho inpuf wuvolongfh of 400 nn uno fho nooiun longfh
of 8 jn.
llo paiamolois of llis fguio, llo solulion of Lq. (72) foi
llo oplimal longll is 1 = 2 jm.
Jlo olocl of GVD on pulso compiossion is limiloo Ly
llo ialio .
0
.
n
. Jo illuslialo a caso wloio llo ialio
.
0
.
n
is laigo ano, consoquonlly, llo olocl of GVD on
pulso compiossion is sliong, wo plol in Fig. llo lom-
poial pioflos of a pioLo pulso will a conlial inpul wavo-
longll of 400 nm in llo casos of zoio (a) ano nonzoio
(L) oispoision. Wo clooso llo mooium longll . = 8
jm (c. = 1.21), al wlicl llo pulso compiossion is mosl
piofouno. All llo olloi paiamolois aio llo samo as foi
Fig. 4. As soon, llo impiovomonl facloi is on llo oiooi
of .
0
.
n
= 6, laigoi llan llo coiiosponoing oispoision-
loss compiossion facloi c
o:
= 8.84. Nolo llal, foi llo
paiamolois of Fig. , llo solulion of Lq. (72) foi llo
oplimal longll is 1 = 27 jm.
In llis papoi wo consiooi llo Loaling of a woak pioLo
pulso will an inooponoonlly piopaioo moloculai coloi-
onco. Wo noglocl llo olocl of llo mooulaloo pioLo pulso
on llo moloculai slalos. Lul wo can nol oiscaio llo
clangos (piooucoo Ly llo moloculai mooulalion) in llo
sliong oiiving folos, wlicl piopaio llo coloionco. Foi
a collinoai confguialion, llo paiamoloi c. is llo samo
foi llo pioLo ano llo oiiving folos, ano if llo mooula-
lion is laigo onougl lo pioouco signifcanl clangos in llo
pioLo pulso, il also piooucos a laigo olocl on llo oiiving
folos. Lqualion (88) foi llo plaso slifl poi longll of llo
piopaioo coloionco j
ob
is an impoilanl assumplion. Il
is nol aulomalically fulflloo ovon wlon oispoision is aL-
sonl. Jlis assumplion says llal oilloi llo oiiving folos
in a collinoai confguialion aio nol alocloo signifcanlly
(c. is smalloi oi compaiaLlo lo unily) oi llo olocl is
componsaloo Ly a noncollinoai Loam piopagalion goom-
oliy.
14
-8 0 8 16
0.0
0.2
0.4
D
r
i
v
e
-
f
i
e
l
d

o
u
t
p
u
t

s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
Sidebands
0 25 50
0.0
0.3
0.6
P
r
e
p
a
r
e
d

c
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e

0
Length z [m]
-8 0 8 16 24
0.0
0.3
0.6
P
r
o
b
e

s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
Frequency (-
0
) /
m
2 12 22
0
12
24
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

p
r
o
b
e

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
Local time [fs]
FIG. 6: Full nunoiicul culculufions foi fho noinulizoo info-
giufoo spocfiun of fho siooLunos of fho oiiving folos, foi
fho nooiun cohoionco piopuioo uf fho poul fino t

= 0, foi
fho noinulizoo pioLo oufpuf spocfiun, uno foi fho noinul-
izoo pioLo oufpuf infonsify. Wo piopuio u Hunun cohoionco
in u solio hyoiogon nooiun wifh u longfh of 0 jn Ly fwo
Guussiun-shupo pulso lusoi folos wifh wuvolongfhs of 8 uno
416 nn. 1ho fwo oiiving folos huvo fho suno poul infonsify of
10

Wcn

, fho suno poul fino t = 0, uno fho suno pulso


longfh of 10 ns. 1ho fwo-phofon oofuning is c2 = 0
MHz. 1ho piopuioo cohoionco nooulufos fho fioguoncy uno
conpiossos fho longfh of fho pioLo folo wifh un inpuf pulso
longfh of 10 fs, un inpuf poul fino t

= 0, uno un inpuf
confiul wuvolongfh of S00 nn.
Jloio aio sovoial pailiculai casos wloio solf-consislonl
analylical solulions aio possiLlo. In llo caso of small ois-
poision ano limiloo mooulalion Lanowioll (c. 1),
llo caiiioi fioquoncy is mooulaloo Lul llo wavofoim on-
volopo is unclangoo. As a iosull, llo oiiving foico on
moloculos (i.o. llo lwo-plolon BaLi fioquoncy) iomains
unalocloo Ly llo siooLano gonoialion [18[. Jloiofoio,
llo Lossol funclion solulion of Bof. [18[ is solf-consislonl.
Nolo llal in llis caso llo numLoi of gonoialoo siooLanos
(~2.) can slill Lo voiy laigo if .
0
.
n
. Anolloi ox-
amplo of solf-consislonl appioaclos lo llo inloiaclion of
a ligll folo will a moloculai mooium is llo woik on ioso-
nanl non-aoiaLalic Baman scalloiing, wlicl piooicls 2
solilon foimalion [14, 27[.
Jlo analylical solulion ooiivoo in llis papoi is nol
solf-consislonl, ano can Lo usoo only as a lool foi quali-
lalivo sluoios. Lxacl numoiical simulalions aio ioquiioo
foi quanlilalivo lioalmonls. Wo piosonl in Fig. 6 llo
iosulls of llo full numoiical calculalions foi llo oiiv-
ing folos, llo mooium slalo, ano llo pioLo folo. Wo
oiivo a solio lyoiogon mooium will a longll of 0 jm
Ly lwo Gaussian-slapo pulso lasoi folos al fioquoncios of
28, 169 cm
l
(8 nm in wavolongll) ano 24, 019 cm
l
(416 nm in wavolongll). Wo clooso a lwo-plolon oolun-
ing 2 = 0 MHz, al wlicl llo conoilions foi llo
aoiaLalic coloionco piopaialion aio salisfoo ano a suL-
slanlial amounl of moloculai coloionco can Lo piooucoo
[29[. Jlo lwo oiiving folos lavo llo samo poak inlonsily
of 10
9
Wcm
2
, llo samo poak limo t

= 0, ano llo samo


pulso longll of 10 ns. Jlo populalion ano coloionco oo-
cay ialos of llo Baman liansilion aio
l
= 2 10
3
s
l
ano
2
= 10
7
s
l
, iospoclivoly. Jlo mooium slalo ano
llo siooLanos of llo oiiving folos aio calculaloo Ly solv-
ing llo sol of llo oonsily-maliix oqualions () ano llo
piopagalion oqualion (17). Wo uso a pioLo folo will an
inpul pulso longll of 10 fs, an inpul poak limo t

= 0, ano
an inpul conlial wavolongll of 800 nm lo Loal will llo
moloculai coloionco piopaioo Ly llo oiiving folos. Jlo
plols foi llo pioLo folo in Fig. 6 slow llal a Lioao spoc-
lium ano a suLslanlial compiossion of llo pioLo pulso aio
piooucoo.
IY. COCL\SIOS
Wo lavo sluoioo llo piopagalion of llo folo in a fai-
ol-iosonanco Baman mooium. Wo lavo ooiivoo llo piop-
agalion oqualions foi llo folo in llo fioquoncy ano limo
oomains willoul llo uso of llo slowly vaiying onvolopo
appioximalion in limo. Wo lavo analyzoo vaiious as-
pocls of llo compiossion of a sloil pioLo pulso Loaling
will a piopaioo Baman coloionco. In llo fiamowoik of
a solvaLlo moool will zoio oispoision, wo lavo ooiivoo
analylical oxpiossions foi llo pioLo folo, llo oscillalion
fioquoncy, ano llo Baman spoclium. Wo lavo slown
llal llo mooulaloo suscopliLilily ooloiminos llo Lasic
foaluios ano claiacloiislics of llo pulso compiossion in
llo Baman mooium, sucl as llo limos al wlicl com-
piossion oi sliolcling occuis, llo poiiooic clango in llo
oscillalion fioquoncy, llo Lossol funclion naluio of llo
Baman spoclium, ano llo asymmoliic incioaso of llo
numLois of Slokos ano anli-Slokos siooLanos. Wo lavo
ooiivoo llo consoivalion iolalions, sucl as llo consoiva-
lion of llo pulso aioa, llo consoivalion of llo plolon
numLoi, llo consoivalion of llo numLoi of oscillalions,
ano llo consoivalion of llo piooucl of llo pulso longll
ano llo moan fioquoncy. Wo lavo poifoimoo numoiical
calculalions using llo paiamolois of solio lyoiogon, ano
lavo founo llal llo oispoision of llo mooium impiovos
llo pulso compiossion. Wo lavo oomonslialoo numoii-
cally llo silualions, wloio ono of llo lwo compiossion
moclanisms, llal is, llo limo-vaiying suscopliLilily ano
llo GVD, is oominanl compaioo lo llo olloi in llo oo-
loiminalion of llo compiossion facloi. Jlo ciiloiia foi
llo lwo iogimos lavo Loon ooiivoo.
In llis papoi wo lavo consiooioo oxcilalion of a singlo
Baman liansilion, sucl llal llo iosullanl suscopliLilily
mooulalion is puioly sinusoioal. Oui foimalism can Lo
1
gonoializoo foi llo caso of an aiLiliaiy numLoi of moloc-
ulai slalos ano an aiLiliaiily complox mooulalion, will
oxlia loims incluooo inlo llo piopagalion oqualions. In-
oooo, wo can consiooi any complox moloculai molion as a
supoiposilion of sinusoios. Locauso llo inloiaclion will
llo woak pioLo pulso is puioly linoai, conliiLulions fiom
oiloionl Baman liansilions lo llo suscopliLilily will sim-
ply aoo up. Foi oxamplo, oui foimalism can Lo applioo
lo oosciiLo fioquoncy mooulalion ano pulso compiossion
Ly iolalional moloculai wavopackols [17, 18[. Jlo con-
soivalion iolalions ooiivoo in llis papoi foi llo oxcilalion
of a singlo Baman liansilion will also Lo valio foi moio
complox Baman oxcilalions. Jlo analysis will piovo uso-
ful foi gonoialion of singlo suLfomlosocono ano suL-cyclo
pulsos.
AcknovIedgnents
Jlo aullois llank S. L. Haiiis, Nguyon Hong Slon,
ano A. K. Ialnaik foi lolpful oiscussions. A. V. S. ac-
knowloogos suppoil fiom Joxas Aovancoo Bosoaicl Iio-
giam.
APPELIX A: EYOL\TIO OY THE ELI\
STATE
Wo call C

, C
o
, ano C
b
llo pioLaLilily ampliluoos of
llo slalos ), a, ano /, iospoclivoly, in llo inloiaclion
picluio. Wo inlioouco llo liansfoimalion
c

= C

c
I.

r
, c
o
= C
o
, c
b
= C
b
c
Ir
, (A1)
wloio is llo lwo-plolon ooluning ano .
I|
= .
I
.
|
llo onoigy oiloionco of lovols i ano /. Il follows fiom llo
Hamillonian (1) ano Lqs. (2) ano (8) llal llo limo ovo-
lulion of llo mooium slalo is govoinoo Ly llo oqualions
0c

0t
= i.
o
c


i
/
1
_
j
o
c
o
j
b
c
b
c
I.

r
_
, (A2)
0c
o
0t
=
i
/

1j
o
c

, (A8)
0c
b
0t
= ic
b

i
/

1j
b
c

c
I.r
. (A4)
Hoio .
n
= .
bo
is llo mooulalion fioquoncy.
Wo assumo llal llo ono-plolon oolunings .
o,b
.
0
aio laigo compaioo lo llo BaLi fioquoncios j
o,b
1
0
as
woll as lo llo lwo-plolon ooluning . Hoio, .
0
ano 1
0
aio llo claiacloiislic valuos of llo inpul fioquoncy ano
olocliic folo, iospoclivoly. Duo lo llis fai-ol-iosonanco
conoilion, llo mooium slalo clangos slowly in limo.
Wo oxpioss c

as
c

=
_

d. c
I.r
(c
o.
c
I.

r
c
b.
), (A)
ano assumo llal c
o.
ano c
b.
c
Ir
as woll as c
o
ano c
b
c
Ir
aio slowly vaiying funclions of t. Wo suLslilulo Lq. (A)
inlo Lq. (A2), ano sol llo limo ooiivalivos of c
o.
ano
c
b.
oqual lo zoio ano ic
b.
, iospoclivoly. Jlon, wo
fno
c
o.
=
j
o
1
.
c
o
2/(.
o
.)
,
c
b.
=
j
b
1
.
c
b
2/(.
b
.)
. (A6)
Wlon Lqs. (A6) aio inliooucoo inlo Lq. (A), wo oLlain
c

=
1
2/
_

d. c
I.r
_
j
o
c
o
.
o
.
c
I.r
j
b
c
b
.
b
.
_
1
.
.
(A7)
Lqualion (A7) iopiosonls c

in loims of c
o
ano c
b
ano is
juslifaLlo insofai as llo mooium is fai ol iosonanco will
llo folo.
Wo uso Lq. (A7) lo oliminalo c

fiom Lqs. (A8) ano


(A4). Jlon, wo oLlain [18[
0
0t
_
c
o
c
b
_
= i
_
!
oo
!
ob
!
bo
!
bb

_ _
c
o
c
b
_
, (A8)
wloio llo Slaik slifls !
oo
ano !
bb
ano llo complox lwo-
plolon BaLi fioquoncios !
ob
ano !
bo
aio givon Ly Lqs.
(6).
Jo lako inlo accounl llo populalion oocay al a ialo
l
ano llo coloionco oocay al a ialo
2
, wo uso llo oonsily
maliix of llo mooium slalo, wlicl is oofnoo Ly j
I|
=
c
I
c

|
. Wlon wo uso Lq. (A8) ano aoo plonomonological
oocay loims, wo oLlain llo oonsily maliix oqualions ().
APPELIX H: PHOPACATIO OY THE YIELL
Jlo piopagalion of llo folo is govoinoo Ly llo wavo
oqualion
_
0
2
0.
2

1
c
2
0
2
0t
2
_
1 = j
0
0
2
0t
2
1, (L1)
wloio llo polaiizalion oonsily 1 is oofnoo Ly
1 = A

j
o
o
o
j
b
o
b
H.c.. (L2)
Hoio A is llo moloculai oonsily. Wo uso llo local cooi-
oinalos . ano t = t .c. Lqualion (L1) llon lakos llo
foim
_
0
2
0.
2

2
c
0
2
0t0.
_
1 =
1
c
0
c
2
0
2
0t
2
1. (L8)
Wo mako llo slowly vaiying onvolopo appioximalion foi
llo spalial ooponoonco, llal is, wo assumo llal llo vaii-
alion of 1 will . al conslanl t occuis only ovoi oislancos
mucl laigoi llan an oplical wavolongll. In llis caso, llo
16
socono-oiooi pailial ooiivalivo in . can Lo noglocloo ano,
lloiofoio, Lq. (L8) iooucos lo
01
0.
=
1
2c
0
c
01
0t
. (L4)
Wo oxpioss llo folo 1 ano llo polaiizalion 1 as Fouiioi
inlogials
1 =
1
2
_

c
I.r
1
.
d. (L)
ano
1 =
1
2
_

c
I.r
1
.
d.. (L6)
Jlon, Lq. (L4) yiolos
01
.
0.
=
i.
2c
0
c
1
.
. (L7)
Wo now oxpioss llo polaiizalion oonsily 1, oofnoo
Ly Lq. (L2), in loims of llo pioLaLilily ampliluoos c
I
,
oofnoo Ly Lq. (A1). Jlon, wo lavo
1 = A

_
j
o
c

o
j
b
c

b
c
I.

r
c.c.
_
. (L8)
Wlon wo suLslilulo Lq. (A7) inlo Lq. (L8) ano uso llo
spoclial oxpansion (L6), wo fno
1
.
= 2A/(a
.
j
oo
1
.
/
.
j
bb
1
.
d
..

j
bo
1
..

d
.
j
ob
1
..

), (L9)
wloio llo coomcionls a
.
, /
.
, ano d
.
aio givon Ly Lqs.
(10). In ooiiving llo aLovo oxpiossion wo lavo usoo llo
assumplions llal llo clango in llo mooium slalo is slow
ano llo lwo-plolon ooluning is small compaioo lo llo
ono-plolon oolunings. Finally, wo insoil Lq. (L9) inlo
Lq. (L7). Jlon, wo oLlain llo fioquoncy-oomain piop-
agalion oqualion (8).
[1[ I. Coilun, Opf. Ihofonics Nows 6, 1S, (100); F.
Kiuusz, 1. LiuLoc, M. Schnuioi, uno C. Spiolnunn, :h:J.
9, 46, (100S); 1. LiuLoc uno F. Kiuusz, Hov. Moo. Ihys.
72, 4 (2000).
[2[ H. L. Foil, C. H. Liifo-Ciuz, I. C. Locloi, uno C. \.
Shunl, Opf. Loff. 12, 4S8 (10S7); A. Lulfuslu, Z. Woi,
M. S. Ishonichnilov, uno D. A. Wioisnun, :h:J. 22, 102
(1007); M. Nisoli, S. DoSilvosfii, O. Svolfo, H. Szipocs,
K. Foioncz, Ch. Spiolnunn, S. Suifuniu, uno F. Kiuusz,
:h:J. 22, 22 (1007).
[8[ S. A. Hico uno M. Zhuo, CI:on| CunIu| u] 1u|oo&|n
1nnn:o (Wiloy, Now Yoil, 2000); M. Shupiio uno I.
Liunoi, Aov. Af. Mol. Opf. Ihys. 42, 2S7 (2000); W.
S. Wuiion, H. HuLifz, M. Duhloh, Scionco 259, 1S1,
(1008).
[4[ F. Kiuusz, Ihys. Woilo 14, 41, (2001).
[[ M. Dioschoi, M. Honfschol, H. KionLoigoi, G. 1onpou,
Ch. Spiolnunn, G. A. Hoiooi, I. L. Coilun, uno F.
Kiuusz, Scionco 291, 1028, (2001); I. M. Iuul, L. S.
1onu, I. Liogoi, G. Mullof, F. Aug, Ih. Lulcou, H. G.
Mulloi, uno I. Agosfini, :h:J. 292, 16S0, (2001); M.
Honfschol, H. KionLoigoi, Ch. Spiolnunn, G. A. Hoiooi,
N. Milosovic, 1. LiuLoc, I. Coilun, U. Hoinznunn, M.
Dioschoi, uno F. Kiuusz, Nufuio 414, 00, (2001).
[6[ N. Zhuvoionlov uno G. Koin, Ihys. Hov. Loff. 88,
208001 (2002).
[7[ A. \. Sololov, D. H. Wulloi, D. D. Yuvuz, G. Y. Yin,
uno S. L. Huiiis, Ihys. Hov. Loff. 85, 62 (2000); A. \.
Sololov, D. D. Yuvuz, D. H. Wulloi, G. Y. Yin, uno S.
L. Huiiis, Ihys. Hov. A 63, 01S01(H) (2001).
[S[ In u iolufoo oxpoiinonf Liung oI n|. oononsfiufoo om-
cionf ioplicufion of u LiouoLuno signul info u oifoionf
spocfiul iogion: J. Q. Liung, M. Kufsuiuguwu, Fun Lo
Kion, uno K. Hulufu, Ihys. Hov. Loff. 85, 2474 (2000);
Soo ulso M. Kufsuiuguwu, J. Q. Liung, Fun Lo Kion, uno
K. Hulufu, Ihys. Hov. A 65, 02S01 (2002).
[0[ A. \. Sololov, D. H. Wulloi, D. D. Yuvuz, G. Y. Yin,
uno S. L. Huiiis, Ihys. Hov. Loff. 87, 088402 (2001).
[10[ Gy. Fuicus uno Cs. 1ofh, Ihys. Loff. A 168, 447, (1002);
S. L. Huiiis, J. J. Mucllin, uno 1. W. Hunsch, Opf. Con-
nun. 1UU, 4S7 (1008); I. L. Coilun, N. H. Luinoff, uno
M. Y. Ivunov, Opf. Loff. 19, 1S70, (1004); I. Anfoino,
A. L.`Huilloi, uno M. Lowonsfoin, Ihys. Hov. Loff. 77,
1284 (1006); K. J. Schufoi uno K. C. Kulunooi, :h:J. 78,
68S (1007); I. I. Chiisfov, M. M. Muinuno, uno H. C.
Kupfoyn, :h:J. 78, 121 (1007).
[11[ D. D. Yuvuz, D. H. Wulloi, G. Y. Yin, uno S. L. Huiiis,
Opf. Loff. 27, 760 (2002).
[12[ S. L. Huiiis uno A. \. Sololov, Ihys. Hov. A 55, H4010
(1007); A. \. Sololov, D. D. Yuvuz, uno S. L. Huiiis,
Opf. Loff. 24, 7 (1000).
[18[ S. L. Huiiis uno A. \. Sololov, Ihys. Hov. Loff. 81,
2S04 (100S).
[14[ L. M. Lolonov, A. \. Nuzuilin, uno I. I. Iiolopovich,
Iis`nu Zh. Llsp. 1ooi. Fiz. 55, 228 (1002); L. M.
Lolonov, I. G. Kiyulov, A. \. Nuzuilin, uno I. I.
Iiolopovich, Zh. Llsp. 1ooi. Fiz. 1U5, 2S (1004); I.
I. Iiolopovich uno A. A. Khiushclinslii, Lusoi Ihys.
7, 80 (1007).
[1[ A. Nuzuilin, G. Koin, M. Wiffnun, uno 1. Llsuossoi,
Ihys. Hov. Loff. 83, 260 (1000); M. Wiffnun, A.
Nuzuilin, uno G. Koin, :h:J. 84, 0S (2000); M.
Wiffnun, A. Nuzuilin, uno G. Koin, Opf. Loff. 26, 20S
(2001).
[16[ \. I. Kuloshu uno J. Hoiinunn, Ihys. Hov. Loff. 85,
1226 (2000).
[17[ \. Kuloshu, M. Spunnoi, J. Hoiinunn, uno M. Ivunov,
Ihys. Hov. Loff. 88, 108001 (2002).
[1S[ H. A. Luifols, 1. C. Woinuchf, N. Wugnoi, M. Luoifschy,
Chiis H. Gioono, M. M. Muinuno, uno H. C. Kupfoyn,
17
Ihys. Hov. Loff. 88, 018008 (2002).
[10[ Fun Lo Kion, Nguyon Hong Shon, uno K. Hulufu, Ihys.
Hov. A 64, 01S08(H) (2001).
[20[ Dispoisionloss nolocului nooulufion cun Lo ioulizoo in
fhin nooiu wifh luigo nolocului cohoionco. Lmcionf fio-
guoncy convoision uf nuxinul cohoionco wus fisf oonon-
sfiufoo in un ufonic vupoi: M. Juin, H. Xiu, G. Y. Yin,
A. J. Moiiiun, uno S. L. Huiiis, Ihys. Hov. Loff. 77,
4826 (1006).
[21[ H. W. Loyo, 1un|:non CI:o (Acuoonic, Now Yoil,
1002).
[22[ K. Nulujinu oI n|., Ihys. Hov. Loff. 74, 442S (100); S.
I. Lo Llunc oI n|., :h:J. 77, 8S1 (1006).
[28[ F. DoMuifini, C. H. 1ownos, 1. K. Gusfufson, uno I. L.
Kolloy, Ihys. Hov. 164, 812 (1067); I. L. Kolloy, ILLL
J. Quunfun Llocfion. 4, 804 (106S); D. Giischlowsly,
L. Couifons, uno J. A. Ainsfiong, Ihys. Hov. Loff. 31,
422 (1078); J. L. HooLnoi, H. W. Loyo, uno Q-Hun Iuil
(unpuLlishoo).
[24[ Iulso conpiossion Ly fho fino-vuiying gioup volocify,
such fhuf fho pulso uiou is consoivoo uno fho pulso on-
oigy is inciousoo, wus oiscussoo ouilioi in iolufion fo Hu-
nun lusois wifhouf invoision: A. J. Moiiiun uno A. \.
Sololov, Ihys. Hov. A 56, 067 (1007).
[2[ S. Huhnun, A. G. Joly, uno K. A. Nolson, ILLL J. Quun-
fun Llocfion. 24, 460 (10SS).
[26[ S. Yoshiluwu uno 1. Inusulu, Opf. Connun. 96, 04
(1008); H. Kuwuno, Y. Hiiuluwu, 1. Inusulu, ILLL J.
Quunfun Llocfion. 34, 260, (100S).
[27[ A. L. Kuplun, Ihys. Hov. Loff. 73, 1248 (1004); A. L.
Kuplun uno I. L. Shlolnilov, J. Opf. Soc. An. L 13,
847 (1006).
[2S[ O. A. Kochuiovsluyu, Yu. I. Khunin, uno \. L. 1suio-
giuoslii, Sov. J. Quunfun Llocfion. 16, 127 (10S6).
[20[ Fun Lo Kion, J. Q. Liung, M. Kufsuiuguwu, K. Ohfsuli,
K. Hulufu, uno A. \. Sololov, Ihys. Hov. A 6U, 162
(1000).
[80[ A. L. Kuplun, S. F. SfiuuL, uno I. L. Shlolnilov, Opf.
Loff. 22, 40 (1007); A. L. Kuplun, S. F. SfiuuL, uno I.
L. Shlolnilov, J. Opf. Soc. An. L 14, 8018 (1007).
[81[ I. S. Giuoshfoyn uno I. M. Hyzhil, Jnh|o u] 1nIojn|,
5o:o nnJ 1uJ&oI (Acuoonic, Now Yoil, 106).
[82[ J. \un Kiunonoonl, 5u|:J 1Jujon (Ilonun, Now Yoil,
10S8).
[88[ K. Hulufu, M. Suzuli, M. Kufsuiuguwu, uno J. Z. Li,
Ihys. Hov. Loff. 79, 200 (1007); J. Z. Li, M. Kufsuiu-
guwu, M. Suzuli, uno K. Hulufu, Ihys. Hov. A 58, HS
(100S).
[84[ Nguyon Hong Shon, Fun Lo Kion, K. Hulufu, uno A. \.
Sololov, Ihys. Hov. A 65, 088S00 (2002).

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