1

ic 1-cc ||e:e we:e 1e c|||es a:occd ||e wo:|d w||| oc|a||ocs o| 1 c||||oc o: co:e eo|e,
a |cos| ec||:e| |c dee|oed cocc|:|es i ccc, ||e:e we:e |cc c|||es w||| oc|a||ocs o| co:e
||ac 1 c||||oc a:occd ||e wo:|d, ||:ee qca:|e:s o| w||c| we:e |c dee|o|cg cocc|:|es (Li, cc)
i c}c, ||e g|o|a| oc|a||oc w||| s|acd a| - |||||oc, acd ||e g|o|a| c:|ac oc|a||oc w|||
accocc| |o: c |o ec e: cec| o| |||s |gc:e (|||d) A|cos| a|| oc|a||oc g:ow|| |c ||e ce.| }c
ea:s w||| |a|e |ace |c c:|ac sea|cgs lo c| |||s s||| |c|o e:sec||e, ||e:e w||| |e a|cos| |w|ce
as cac eo|e |||cg |c c|||es c}c as ||e:e we:e eo|e |||cg oc ||e |ace| |c 1-c
\os| o| |||s c:|ac g:ow|| w||| |e |c sca|| acd ced|ccs|zed c|||es :a||e: ||ac cegac|||es,
w||| a|oc| |a|| o| ||e wo:|ds c:|ac oc|a||oc :es|d|cg |c c|||es o| cc,ccc eo|e o: |ewe:
(LiiAiilAl, cc-) !ese |eec|cg c|||es w||| accocc| |o: c |o -c e: cec| o| a|| g|o|a|
ecococ|c ac|||| (Li, cc)
ic |e:cs o| s|ee: ccc|e:s, As|a w||| coc||cce |o |ocse ||e |a:ges| ccc|e: o| eo|e |c ||s |owcs
acd c|||es A|:|ca, a|||ocg| ||e |eas| c:|ac|sed coc||cec| |oda, w||| |ecoce |oce |o 1 |||||oc
c:|ac dwe||e:s | cc, w||| a s|gc||cac| oc|| ca,o:|| (|||d)

L:|ac|sa||oc |s a soc|a| |ecocecoc acd a |s|ca| |:acs|o:ca||oc o| |acdscaes ||a| |as |eec desc:||ed
as oce o| ||e cos| owe:|c|, |::ee:s|||e, acd |s|||e ac||:oogec|c |o:ces oc ia:|| (iili, cc) i| ca
we|| acocc| |o ||e cos| s|gc||cac| c|acge |c |ccac c||||sa||oc s|cce ||e coc|cg o| ag:|cc||c:e !e |o|a|
c:|ac oc|a||oc, w||c| s|ood a| ,cs| 1c e: cec| o| ||e g|o|a| oc|a||oc a| ||e s|a:| o| ||e c|| cec|c:, |as
|c ||e as| |ew ea:s :eac|ed ac cc:ecedec|ed c e: cec| (Li, cc) !|s ccc|:eo:|ed eec| |as |eec
desc:||ed as ac |::ee:s|||e |||cg o|c| (:ace acd i|cz|g, cc) ||e ||:es|o|d o| a cew c:|ac c|||ecc|cc
(LiiiA, cc) \cc| o| ||e aa||a||e da|a |cd|ca|es ||a| c:|ac|sa||oc w||| coc||cce a| a sca|e acd seed ||a|
:ede|ces oc: :e|a||ocs|| w||| eac| o||e: acd w||| ||e |ace| (iili, cc)
1. Introduction
Were not
in the feld anymore
Adapting humanitarian efforts to
an urban world
27TH ALNAP
MEETI NG
CHENNAI , I NDI A
Background Paper
Figure 1: Urban and rural populations, 19502050 (UN Department of Economic and Social Afairs (UNDESA), 2010)

i| |s we|| es|a|||s|ed ||a| c|||es cac |e ccc| co:e e|c|ec| acd e|ec||e ||ac :c:a| sea|cgs (iaa|||oc
e| a|, cc, AiiAi, cc-) i| cac |e co:e s|:a|g|||o:wa:d |o :o|de |as|c ceeds, as we|| as soc|a|
acd cc||c:a| se:|ces |o: eo|e |||cg c|ose: |oge||e: |c sea|cgs w||| co:e dee|oed |c|:as|:cc|c:es
(\o:|d iac|, c1c) iowee:, c:|ac|sa||oc |s |a: |:oc |e|cg ac cca||oed good As c|||es g:ow,
oc|a||oc decs|| acd d|e:s|| a|so |cc:ease iccac c|ce:a||||| acd s|:esses oc ||e ec|:occec|
acd ca|c:a| :esoc:ces a:e ||ca|| |e|g||eced As |||s |aecs, ||e cos| o| cee||cg |as|c ceeds
|ce||a|| |cc:eases (|||d)
ie:|as ||e g:|cces| cac||es|a||oc o| c:|ac|sa||oc |s ||e :|se o| s|ccs acd |c|o:ca| sea|ecec|s,
|ocs|cg a:occd 1 |||||oc eo|e g|o|a||, !|s |gc:e |s cc::ec|| g:ow|cg | ac es||ca|ed c||||oc
eo|e e: ea: acd |s :o,ec|ed |o doc||e | c}c (LiiAiilAl, cc-)
\|||e scc| da|a secds a owe:|c| cessage a|oc| ||e sca|e acd ace o| c:|ac c|acge, wo:||cg oc|
sec||c soc|a|, o||||ca| acd ecococ|c |c||ca||ocs |s co| eas !e:e |s a g:ea| dea| o| c|s:eo:||cg
acd c|sccde:s|acd|cg o| scc| ||g||ee| da|a acd :o,ec||ocs a|oc| w|a| ||e ceasc:e, w|a| ||e
ceac acd |ow ||e s|oc|d |e |c|e::e|ed (o|ec, cc|)
L:|ac |acce:s wo:||cg a|cos| |c ea:s ago dee|oed ||e |e:c w|c|ed :o||ecs w||| sec||c
:e|e:ecce |o ||e coc|e.|| o| c:|ac dee|ocec| |ssces ic a:||cc|a:, ||e |occd ||a| c:|ac
:o||ecs we:e |a:d |o so|e |ecacse o| |ccoc|e|e, coc|:ad|c|o:, acd c|acg|cg :eqc|:ecec|s ||a|
a:e o|ec d||cc|| |o :ecogc|se !e e|o:| |o so|e oce asec| o| a w|c|ed :o||ec w||| |:eqcec||
:eea| o: c:ea|e o||e: :o||ecs (i|ae|| acd \e|e:, cc}) i| ac|||cg, ||e c|a||ecges o| c:|ac|sa||oc
|ae |cc:eased |c |o|| scoe acd coc|e.|| s|cce ||a| ||ce ic cc, c:|ac scs|a|ca||||| acd
c|ce:a||||| we:e |dec|||ed | ||e \|||ecc|cc icoss|ec Assesscec| as a:eas w|e:e s|gc||cac|
|cow|edge gas e.|s| acd e:s|s|
1
i| |s e:|as ccsc::|s|cg ||a| c:|ac|sa||oc |s |cc:eas|cg|
:ecogc|sed as oce o| ||e cos| |co:|ac| c|a||ecges o| ||e 1s| cec|c:
L:|ac|sa||oc :esec|s a ca,o: se| o| c|a||ecges |o: ||e |c|e:ca||oca| |ccac||a:|ac sec|o: (AiiAi,
cc-, li, c11, :aae:||wa||e, cc) Oc ||e oce |acd, ||e:e |s ac o||ocs |ssce o| a g:ow|cg
c:|ac case|oad, d:|ec | a coc||ca||oc o| |ac|o:s |cc|cd|cg g:ow|| |c oc|a||oc ccc|e:s acd :|s|
|ee|s (iii) Oce w|de| c||ed |e.| oc c:|ac c|ce:a||||| c|||s|ed a|cos| 1c ea:s ago |occd ||a|
c:|ac a:eas |c dee|o|cg cocc|:|es we:e |ac|cg d:aca||ca|| esca|a||cg d|sas|e: :|s|s (ie|||cg, cc}),
acd ||e:e |as |eec ||a|e e|decce s|cce |o coc|:ad|c| |||s assesscec| (iii, c1c)
!e aae:c o| c:|ac c|ce:a||||| |as |o||owed soce gece:a| |:ecds, w||c| cac |e sccca:|sed as
|o||ows. a g:ow|cg c:|ac oc|a||oc |s |e|cg |cc:eas|cg| acd d|s:oo:||oca|e| e.osed |o co:e
|aza:ds acd :|s|s w|e||e: ce|eo:o|og|ca|, geo|s|ca|, soc|oecococ|c o: o||||ca| (o|ec, cc})
ioe:| acd |ceqca||| ceac ||a| ||ese oc|a||ocs a:e |ecoc|cg |cc:eas|cg| c|ce:a||e l|sas|e:s
acd c:|ses ||g|||g|| |||s c|ce:a||||| !e |c|e:ca||oca| cocccc|| ca ecgage, |c| w||| ||g||
a:|cg deg:ees o| scccess ia|d |c| oo:| coo:d|ca|ed :esocses o|ec |ead |o ac |cc:ease |c |ocg
|e:c c:|ac c|ce:a|||||, a||e|| |c e: coc|e.|sec||c was \eacw|||e ||e w|cdow o| oo:|cc||
|o: |a||cg :eec|a||e ac||oc aga|cs| |c|c:e c:|ses |s d|sca|cg| ca::ow (see ase :|cd 1 oc :ao
iac|o |o: co:e de|a|| oc |ow |||s |as oc| |c a a:||cc|a: coc|e.|)
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper

1 \ct:aca|ac e| a| cc
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
ic a:a||e|, ||e :c:a| asscc||ocs ||a| ccde:|c |ccac||a:|ac a|d de||e: |ae :oed :eca:|a||
:es|||ec| :oce o|se:e:s, |cc|cd|cg la|d :acde:soc o| O.|o:d i:oo|es, |ae ||c|ed |||s |o ||e |a:ge
sca|e acd |a:ge| :c:a| |ac|ce :esocses o| ||e c|| cec|c: (:acde:soc, ccc, iA:, c1c) \||| ||e
g:ow|| |c c:|ac c:|ses, |owee:, ||e:e |s ac |cc:eas|cg c|sca|c| |e|weec ||e |ocg|e|d asscc||ocs
acd ||e cew c:|ac :ea||| As oce e.e:| d:|| co|ed dc:|cg ||e :ea:a||oc o| |||s |ac|g:occd ae:,
we:e co| |c ||e |e|d acco:e

As a :esc||, we a:e |cc:eas|cg| see|cg a ccc|e: o| se:|ocs :o||ecs |c |ow ca,o: agecc|es |||c| a|oc|
acd de||e: |ccac||a:|ac a|d !e:e a:e a|so se:|ocs :o||ecs |c ||e :e|a|ed |ccc||ocs o| d|sas|e: :|s|
:edcc||oc (lii) acd d|sas|e: :ea:edcess \|||e cac o| ||e |a||c:es o| ||e a|d :esocse |o ||e ia|||
ea:||qca|e |c c1c we:e a|| |oo |ac|||a: |o |ocg|e:c o|se:e:s (li, c11, t:oce Lil, c11),
||e:e we:e a|so ccce:ocs |ssces :esc|||cg |:oc ||e cc|qce c:|ac sea|cg o| io:|aci:|cce !ese :acged
|:oc :e|a||e| |as|c |ssces scc| as ||e |og|s||cs o| ca|cg c ece:gecc s|e||e:s o: |a|:|ces oc cocc:e|e
|cs|ead o| |c so||, |o |ow |o ecgage e|ec||e| w||| ccc|c|a| ac||o:|||es, |ega| codes acd s|:cc|c:es, acd
c:|ac c||| soc|e| !e c:|ac coc|e.| :oed ||a| cac |ccac||a:|ac s|acda:d oe:a||cg :ocedc:es
we:e d||cc|| |o |c|ecec| a| |es| acd |::e|eac| a| wo:s| (li, c11)
!|s |ac| o| oe:a||oca| :og:ess |e||es ||e aaec||oc ||a| |as |eec a|d |o ||e |ssce oe: ||e ea:s !e:e
a:e a ccc|e: o| |c|||a||es cc::ec|| ccde:wa w||c| see| |o add:ess ||e c|a||ecges o| |ccac||a:|ac
ac||oc |c a :edoc|ca|e| c:|ac wo:|d (see io. 1) L:|ac d|sas|e: |c|||a||es a:e co| cew a ccc|e:
we:e |c |ace 1c ea:s ago ic| ||e do co| (a| ||ce o| w:|||cg, a| |eas|) seec |o |ae |ad ||e cecessa:
|c|cecce oc |ow ||e sec|o: goes a|oc| ||s wo:| As |c cac o||e: coc|e.|s, ||e gas |e|weec o||c
d|a|ogce, acadec|c de|a|es acd oe:a||oca| :ea||||es a:e cocs|de:a||e
c1c saw ||e |accc| o| ac |co:|ac| cew Lii:li caca|gc oc :es|||ec| c|||es, |o w||c| : c|||es
|ae s|gced c a| ||e ||ce o| w:|||cg (Lii:li, c11) ic| ||e |cd|cgs o| ||e i||| As|a iac||c L:|ac
io:cc |c }cce c11 we:e so|e:|cg !e |o:cc osed ||e qces||oc. oc|e. c:|ac d|sas|e:s a:e we
:ead !e acswe: |:oc e.e:|s |c }aac, ||ca acd iacg|ades| :e:esec||cg ||e sec|:cc |:oc ||g|
|o |ow|ccoce cocc|:|es was. co, co| e| A coccoc c|a||ecge |dec|||ed | ||e a:||c|ac|s was ||e
|cs|||c||oca| coc|acecc ||a| se|s |c a|e: see:a| ea:s o| co| |ac|cg a a:||cc|a: ||cd o| d|sas|e:. :e|eac|
e.ecd||c:e |cdge|s ge| cc|, |ea|cg oc|a||ocs a| |e|g||eced :|s| (A|e:|ce|, c11)
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
}
Box 1: Initiatives to address urban disaster-related issues
TheInter-AgencyStandingCommittee(IASC)projectonurbanhumanitarianism
UnitedNationsEducational,ScientifcandCulturalOrganisations(UNESCO)initiativeonurbanbiospheres
TheMillenniumEcosystemAssessment
WorldBanksCitiesAllianceandCitiesinTransition
InternationalHumanDimensionsProgramme(IHDP)urbanisationscienceproject
Diversitasscienceplanonurbanisation
InternationalUnionfortheScientifcStudyofPopulation(IUSSP)UrbanisationsandHealthWorkingGroup
USNationalAcademiesPanelonUrbanPopulationDynamicsandRoundtableonScienceandTechnologyforSustainabilitysTaskForce
onRapidUrbanisation
UNInternationalStrategyforDisasterReductions(UNISDR)Asiadisasterriskreductionnetwork
EffortswithinspecifcagenciesInternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties(IFRC),OxfamGB,WorldVision
la|d :acde:soc, ie:soca| occcc|ca||oc, Acgcs| c11
As ||e Lii:li caca|gc s|a|ecec| co|es, |c:oecec|s |c c:|ac d|sas|e: :esocse cacco| |e
ac||eed a| ccc|c|a| |ee|s a|oce (Lii:li, c11) !e c|a||ecge o| c:|ac d|sas|e:s :eqc|:es scs|a|ced,
co|e:ec| acd s|:a|eg|c e|o:| |:oc ac:oss ca||oca| acd |c|e:ca||oca| cocccc|||es lo da|e, |owee:, scc|
ac e|o:| |as |eec co||cea||e :edoc|ca|e| | ||s a|secce !e |essocs ece:g|cg |c a:||cc|a: |:oc ||e
|c|e:ca||oca| :esocse |o ||e ia||| ea:||qca|e |ae se:ed as soce|||cg o| a wa|ec ca||
Aga|cs| |||s |ac|g:occd, ||e || AiiAi \ee||cg :esec|s a ||ce| acd a:o:|a|e |a||o:c |o:
d|sccss|oc o| |||s ||a| |ssce i| o|e:s ac oo:|cc|| |o coe |owa:ds a :oadca |o: ||e |ccac||a:|ac
ss|ec as a w|o|e AiiAis cee||cgs a:e cow w|de| ac|cow|edged as a |e |a||o:c |o: a||
|c|e:ca||oca| agecc|es |o coce |oge||e: acd |o:ge cew s|a:ed agecdas |o: :e|ec||oc acd ac||oc
ic :ecec| ea:s, ||eces |ae |cc|cded ced|a :e|a||ocs, |cac| assesscec|s, |ccoa||ocs acd cos|
:ecec|| co||a|o:a||oc w||| ca||oca| ac|o:s !ese cee||cgs |ae |ad cocs|de:a||e |c|cecce, |:|cg|cg
|e |ssces |c|o s|a:ed s|:a|eg|c |occs acd g||cg s|ae acd cocec|cc |o ccce:ocs cew |c|||a||es
!|s iac|g:occd iae: w||| se| oc| ||e |e |deas ccde:|cc|cg c:|ac|sa||oc, c:|ac c|ce:a|||||
acd c:|ac :esocses, d:aw|cg oc a sc||es|s o| ||e |a|es| :esea:c| acd :ac||ce i| w||| ||ec oc|||ce
a se:|es o| s|:a|eg|c acd oe:a||oca| qces||ocs |aced | ||e |c|e:ca||oca| |ccac||a:|ac acd lii
cocccc|||es |c :esocd|cg |o acd :ea:|cg |o: d|sas|e:s l|sccss|oc o| ||ese c|a||ecges acd was
|o ca|ga|e ||ec w||| |o:c ||e |as|s o| ||e AiiAi || \ee||cg |c |ecca| (see Aecd|. 1 |o: ||e
|e qces||ocs |o |e add:essed a| ||e coc|e:ecce)
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
|
Case Study 1: A typical urban disaster scenario Sao Paulo foods January 2011
SaoPauloisthelargesturbanagglomerationinBrazilandtheforemostindustrialcenterinSouthAmerica.Butuntilthe1880s,SaoPaulo
wasaminorcommercialcenter.In1890,whenRiodeJaneirohadapopulationofmorethanhalfamillion,thepopulationofSaoPaulo
wasonly65,000.Widespreadcoffeecultivationbroughtsuddenprosperitytotheregionandtransformeditfromanisolatedfrontiertoa
vibranteconomicregion.Bytheearly1900s,manufacturingbecameestablishedinSaoPauloandthepopulationgrewto240,000,duein
largeparttoamassiveinfuxofimmigrantsfromvariouspartsofEurope.By1950,SaoPaulohadbecomethechiefmanufacturingcenter
ofBrazil.Today,theSaoPauloMetropolitanAreaaccountsforabouthalfofBrazilstotalindustrialoutput.
Notsurprisinglyperhaps,SaoPaulofacesmanyenvironmentalandecologicalproblemsassociatedwithrapidindustrializationand
populationgrowth.Morethan50percentofthepopulationlivesinsubstandardhousingandmanyresidentsdonothaveaccess
tocleanwaterorsanitationservices.Airandnoisepollution,crime,overcrowding,andtraffccongestionareallpervasiveproblems.
Moreover,despiterapideconomicgrowth,thelocaleconomyhasonlybeenabletoabsorbafractionofthegrowinglabourforcesothat
unemploymentandunderemploymentremainpersistentproblems.PoorperformanceoftheBrazilianeconomyduringthe1990scoupled
withthedevaluationoftherealinJanuary1998furtherexacerbatedweaknessesinthelocaleconomy(extractfromCohen,2003).
ThevulnerabilityofSaoPaulotodisasterswasdramaticallyhighlightedinJanuary2011,whentorrentialrainfallledseveralriverstoburst
theirbanksandcausedfashfoodsacrossthesouthofthecountry.SaoPaulowastheworsthitcity,withmanyroadsleftimpassableand
partsofthecitysubmerged.Mudslidesinthesprawlingfavelas,positionedonthehighinclinesaroundthecity,displacedlargenumbers
ofthepopulation,andkilledalmost500peoplearoundthecountry.Althoughtherewasntaninternationalappeal,somesupporttothe
responsewasprovidedbyUSAIDandothers.
Expertsblamedinadequatedrainage,whichhadfailedtokeeppacewiththerapidgrowthofthecity.Resourceswerepromisedinthe
immediateaftermathforimprovementsduringthere-building.Therewasawidelyacknowledgedneed,expressedespeciallyforcefullyby
Braziliancivilsociety,forimprovementstobemadeinacomprehensiveandequitablemanneriffuturedisastersaretobeprevented.
Althoughitisjustonecase,theSaoPaulostoryisanincreasinglycommononearoundtheworld.
!e |e qces||ocs a:e as |o||ows.
What are urban disasters? \|a| e.ac|| do we ceac acd ccde:s|acd w|ec we sa c:|ac
d|sas|e:s iow do c:|ac d|sas|e: sea|cgs d||e: |:oc o||e: coc|e.|s |c w||c| |ccac||a:|ac wo:|
|a|es |ace
What is the nature of urban vulnerability? iow cac we |eae: ccde:s|acd ||s ca|c:e, |o:c
acd dcac|cs
What are the challenges of urban disaster responses and how should they be met?
\|a| cac we sa a|oc| :esocses |c c:|ac sea|cgs, acd ||e c|a||ecges ||e |ace
What do we need to do diferently in urban disaster risk reduction? \|a| a:e e.|s||cg
:ac||ces acd |ow cac ||ese |e |c:oed
How does urban development policy support or hinder humanitarian eforts? iow
cac dee|ocec| o||c acd :ac||ce |a|e accocc| o| c:|ac c|ce:a|||||, :|s| acd d|sas|e:s
!e |o||ow|cg sec||ocs se| oc| soce o| ||e |a|es| |deas acd :esea:c| a:occd ||e |e |e gas, d:aw|cg
oc |||e:a|c:e acd a se:|es o| |e |c|o:cac| |c|e:|ews
iesea:c| doce |c :ea:a||oc |o: ||e AiiAi cee||cg |as |ed |o ||e |dec|||ca||oc o| a ccc|e: o| qces||ocs
||a| ceed |o |e add:essed w||| :ega:d |o d|sas|e:s acd c:|ses |c c:|ac coc|e.|s !ese qces||ocs cac |e seec
as :e|a||cg |o gas |c |ccac||a:|ac |cow|edge acd :ac||ce iowee:, |||s s|oc|d co| |e |a|ec |o ceac
||a| ||e:e |s co |cow|edge o| |ow ||ese c|g|| |e add:essed ia||e:, ||e:e a:e a ccc|e: o| |cd||dca|s acd
g:ocs wo:||cg |c ||e ss|ec w|o |ae a |eec secse o| ||ese |ssces acd was |o ca|ga|e ||ec ic| ||e
|essocs |:oc c:|ac :esocses scc| as ia||| scgges| ||a|, as w||| cac o||e: a:eas o| |cow|edge |c ||e ss|ec
(AiiAi, cc, AiiAi, cc|)
}
oc: co||ec||e ccde:s|acd|cg |s a|c|, |c|o:ca| acd |a:ge| |ac|| As a :esc||,
|cs|||c||oca| :esocses a:e co| sc|c|ec|| we|| ada|ed |o ||ese coc|e.|s !|s |as |ecoce co:e aa:ec|
w||| ||e |cc:eased |cc|decce o| c:|ac d|sas|e:s
3.1 From the urban-rural divide to the urban-rural continuum
ie:|as ||e cos| s|gc||cac| c|a||ecge |c ccde:s|acd|cg c:|ac d|sas|e:s |s |o es|a|||s| w|a| c:|ac ac|ca|| ceacs (o|ec,
cc}) les||e ccce:ocs :eo:|s (|cc|cd|cg ||ose c||ed |c ||e |c|:odcc||oc) ||a| ||e wo:|d |s |ecoc|cg co:e acd co:e c:|ac
|c ca|c:e, ||e de|c|||oc o| c:|ac ||se|| |s ac||gcocs acd deecdec| oc coc|e.| (i:e acd 7|cce:, cc1)
|
le|c|cg ||e |as|c
|e:cs c:|ac acd :c:a| |c a cc|e:sa| wa |s ||e sc|,ec| o| ocgo|cg de|a|e (o|ec, cc})
\|a| |s |cc:eas|cg| c|ea: |s ||a| a s|c||s||c e|||e:o: ca|ego:|sa||oc |s cc|e||c| acd does co| ca|c| ||e :ea||| o| |ow |ccac
sea|ecec|s a:e eo||cg
2. Adapting to an urban world: fve key questions
3. What are urban disasters?
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper

} :ee :e|ocs AiiAi s|cd|es oc o:gac|sa||oca| |ea:c|cg acd |e|d|ee| |ea:c|cg |o: co:e de|a||s
| Li da|a, w||c| |s ||e |as|s o| cac o| ||e :o,ec||ocs, |s :e||ac| oc ca||oca| s|a||s||cs l||e:ec| cocc|:|es de|ce c:|ac oc|a||ocs |c e: d||e:ec| was ic Acgo|a acd
i|||o|a, |o: e.ac|e, c cc||| :e|a||e| :ecec||, ac |oca||| w||| co:e ||ac ,ccc |c|a|||ac|s was ac|oca||ca|| c|ass||ed as c:|ac ic o||e: cocc|:|es, scc| as iec|c, ||e
|gc:e |s ||g|e: ic soce cocc|:|es scc| as iacg|ades| o: ia||s|ac, c:|ac sea|ecec|s a:e ||ose w||| a ce:|a|c ||cd o| adc|c|s|:a||e o: |c:eacc:a||c s|:cc|c:e (o|ec, cc})
As ||e i:|e|cg s|cd ieocd ic:a|L:|ac. iee|cg c w||| |acg|cg iea||||es (iiiii, cc) co|es.
The labels urban and rural fall far short of capturing the
dynamism and diversity of reality. Conjuring up visions of
crowded cities and isolated countryside, they suggest separate
worlds and ways of living. They mask the many ways urban and
rural overlap and intertwine, as well as the variety of livelihood
strategies within urban or rural areas. (IFPRI, 2005)
!e sace s|cd co|es ||a| || woc|d |e |eae: |o |cag|ce a d|e:se se| o| cocd|||ocs |aced oc a
coc||cccc |:oc ||e e: :c:a| a| oce ecd (|o: e.ac|e, sca|| |ac|e|s |c ||e ||g||acds o| i|||o|a) |o
||e e: c:|ac a| ||e o||e: (cegac|||es scc| as l|a|a acd ||e|: s:aw||cg e:||e:|es), w||| |||ages,
sca|| |owcs, :eg|oca| cec|:es acd ced|ccs|zed c|||es |c |e|weec
!e cc- \o:|d lee|ocec| ieo:| (\o:|d iac|, cc-), w||c| |occsed oc ecococ|c geog:a|,
:e:esec|ed ||e s||| as |o||ows.

Lcde:|cc|cg ||e coc||cccc a:e |ssces o| d|e:s||, decs|| acd dcac|cs !ese |ac|o:s |ae |eec
desc:||ed as d|s||cgc|s||cg :c:a| |:oc c:|ac coc|e.|s, acd cac |e o|se:ed |c a w|o|e swa||e o|
d||e:ec| |:ecds acd |ecoceca !ese |cc|cde oc|a||oc s|ze acd decs||, co|||||, ecococ|c
|ac|o:s scc| as ||e|||ood s|:a|eg|es acd |c|:as|:cc|c:e, |e soc|a| |cd|ca|o:s scc| as se:|ce de||e:
ss|ecs, acd ec|:occec|a| |ac|o:s (AiiAi, cc-)
Oce cse|c| wa o| ca|c:|cg ||ese |c a coc:e|ecs|e |as||oc |s ||e :liii |:acewo:| csed |c :|s|
cacagecec| acd s|:a|eg|c |c|c:es wo:|, w||c| ccde:|cs soce o| ||e wo:| o| ||e iccac||a:|ac
ic|c:es i:og:acce (iii, cc:) !e :liii a:oac| eca||es cs |o |||c| a|oc| a a:||cc|a:
s||ca||oc |c |e:cs o| :oc|a|, lec|co|og|ca|, icococ|c, ic|:occec|a| acd io||||ca| |ac|o:s io.
|||cs|:a|es |ow |||s c|g|| |e a||ed |o |a:ge c:|ac coc|e.|s |e ||e |a:ge c|||es ecd o| ||e
coc||cccc
Figure 2: Beyond Rural and Urban from World Development Report 2009
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
e
!e o|d e|||e:o: code| !e cew coc||cccc
As |||s e: :e||c|ca: docccec||ased aca|s|s |cd|ca|es, || |s co| s|c| ||a| c:|ac soc|e||es a:e
co:e d|e:se, co:e dcac|c, o: decse: ||a| ||e|: :c:a| coca:a|o:s i| |s ||a|, |c ||e e.|:ece, |a:ge c:|ac
cec|:es cac |e a|| ||:ee o| ||ese |||cgs s|cc||aceocs| !e |co:|acce o| eac| o| ||ese ||:ee |ac|o:s,
acd |ow ||e |a oc| |c d||e:ec| soc|a|, |ec|co|og|ca|, ecococ|c, ec|:occec|a| acd o||||ca| coc|e.|s,
a:|es cocs|de:a|| |:oc c|| |o c|| acd :eg|oc |o :eg|oc (ies|||ecce A|||acce, cc)
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper

Box 2: STEEP Analysis of Large Cities

Diversity Dynamics Density
Social Socialdiversitycanbe
intermsofethnicity,
class,gender,sexuality,
culture,religion,age
anddisability.
Challengesforservice
deliverytomeetthese
differentneeds.
Urbanpopulationsare
verymobile,bothona
day-to-dayandlonger-
termbasis.
Dynamicsofsocial
interactionare
complexandchange
rapidly.
Therearemanymorekindsof
groupslivingtogetherinclose
proximity.
Culturalconfictsitswithinand
alongsideculturalintegration.
Technological Manymoreforms
ofinfrastructureand
technology.
Manydifferentlevels
oftechnological
development
simultaneously.
Technologicalchange
israpidandposesrisks
andopportunities.
Infrastructureisunderconsiderable
pressuresfrompopulationgrowth.
Urbansprawlsmakefora
dangerouslyhighdensityofland
usewhichincreasesvulnerability
torisks.
Economic Greaterrangeof
economicactorsfrom
large multinationals to
smallbusinesses.
Thereisconsiderable
diversityinwealthand
incomethevery
wealthyandverypoor
oftenlivinginclose
proximity.
Globalisationmakes
citiesmorevulnerable
toshocksandstresses.
Trajectoriesof
growthandrecession
canberapidand
unpredictable.
Economicclustersoccurfor
example,ofsimilarkindsof
businesses.
Manymoreformsoflivelihoodsco-
existandareinterdependent.
Environmental Manykindsofland
useformacomplex
tapestry.
Ecologicalstresses
areconsiderable,and
naturaldisasterscan
haveveryrapideffects
Pollutionandwasteareperennial
issueswhichresultinriskofhealth
epidemicsetc.
Greaterlevelsofdegradation.
Political Institutionsarediverse,
both formal and
informal,toserve
different needs and
constituents.
Urbaninhabitantscan
havediversepolitical
statuscitizens,
internallydisplaced
persons(IDPs),
unoffcialrefugeesetc.
Politicalchangecan
beveryrapidand
turbulent,orthe
politicalsituationcan
beveryentrenched
and resilient to
reforms
Greaterdensityofformalpolitical
mechanisms.
Representationisanissuedueto
sheernumberofgroupsandfuidity
ofurbanidentities.
Greaterpotentialfor
marginalisation.
Issuessuchaslandrightsare
especiallychallengingtotackle.
\|a| |s c|ea: |s ||a| ||e a:||cc|a: c|. o| |ac|o:s coc|:||c||cg |o a g|ec c:|ac coc|e.| ca::|es w|de
:acg|cg |c||ca||ocs |o: o||c|es acd :ac||ces !|s a|ec|s a|| ||cds o| ac|o:s oe:a||cg |c c:|ac coc|e.|s,
|:oc goe:ccec|s |o |cs|cesses acd c||| soc|e| (AiiAi, cc-), w|e||e: ||e wo:| |c |ea|||,
edcca||oc o: |acc|cg O:gac|sa||ocs ||a| |occs oc d|sas|e: :esocse acd cacagecec| a:e co e.ce||oc
|o |||s (:aae:||wa||e, cc)
A| ||e e: |eas|, ||e d|e:s||, dcac|cs acd decs|| o| c:|ac coc|e.|s :e|c|o:ce decacds |o: d|sas|e:
cacagecec| acd |ccac||a:|ac a|d |o coe awa |:oc a coo||e ccae: code|

acd |cs|ead |o
ac||e| |a|e a co:e :e|ced acd ccacced a:oac| |o c:|ses lo soce e.|ec|, |||s ceacs de||e:|cg
oc ||ose c|acges ||a| |ae |ocg |eec ca||ed |o: |o a co:e aaec||oc |o coc|e.|, |o wo:| w||| |oca|
s|a|e|o|de:s, |o |ea:c acd cacage |cow|edge, |o |e co:e accocc|a||e, |o |e co:e |ccoa||e
ic ||e cos| c|a||ecg|cg c:|ac coc|e.|s, ||ese |oed|o: c|acges w||| co| |e c|ce|o|ae
cocs|de:a||ocs, |c| :a||e: ccs||ae :eqc|:ecec|s ic| ||e:e a:e a|so co:e c|a||ecges osed | ||e
||:ee |ac|o:s o| d|e:s||, dcac|cs acd decs||, w||c| w||| |es| o||c|es acd :ocesses a|||e
!ese c|a||ecges ceac ||a| |ccac||a:|ac agecc|es w||| ceed |o wo:| |a:d |o dee|o a co:e de|a||ed
ccde:s|acd|cg o| c:|ac ||e|||oods acd c|ce:a||||||es :ec||oc | |oo|s a| |||s |c co:e de|a||
!e:e a:e c|a||ecges |o |es o| :esocse io: e.ac|e, cac o| ||e s|:a|eg|c acd oe:a||oca| a:oac|es
csed |c |ccac||a:|ac a|d de||e: a:e c|a||ecged | c:|ac coc|e.|s ic|ecec||cg a|d |c ||ce w|||
|ccac||a:|ac :|cc||es :eqc|:es a good ccde:s|acd|cg o| ||e c:|s|sa|ec|ed oc|a||oc ic| c:|ac
coc|e.|s ose cocs|de:a||e c|a||ecges |o s|acda:d da|aga||e:|cg ce||ods, esec|a|| |c |c|o:ca|
sea|ecec|s lec|c|qces, |:oc ceeds assesscec|s |o |a:ge||cg, coc||o:|cg acd ea|ca||oc a:e e:
d||cc|| |c dcac|c acd d|e:se coc|e.|s Oe:a||oca| de||e: a|so |aces ca,o: c|a||ecges :oce o| ||ese
a:e cocs|s|ec| w||| ||ose |ac|cg ac |o:c o| se:|ce de||e: e|o:| |c ||g|| decse acd d|e:se c:|ac
coc|e.|s ic| o||e:s a:e cc|qce |o d|sas|e: :esocse. |o: e.ac|e, cac o| ||e :ac||ca| |||s de||e:ed
||:ocg| a|d ca s|c| co| |e coc|gc:ed |o wo:| |c c:|ac ec|:occec|s as was seec w||| ||e |a|:|ces
||a| coc|d co| |e |cs|a||ed |c ||e cocc:e|e sea|cg o| io:|aci:|cce :ec||oc |oo|s a| ||ese |ssces |c
co:e de|a||
l|sas|e: :|s| :edcc||oc (lii) ceeds |o |e |eae: coc|gc:ed |o ||e c:|ac ec|:occec| ic a:||cc|a:, ||e
cc:ed|c|a||e ca|c:e o| c:|ac c|ce:a||||| ceacs ||a| e|o:|s ca ceed |o |e |:oade: |c scoe, acd |a|e
a ss|ec|c a:oac| |o ccde:s|acd|cg |ow d||e:ec| ||cds o| :|s|s acd c|ce:a||||||es c|g|| cococcd
eac| o||e: :ec||oc e |oo|s a| ||e c|a||ecge o| c:|ac lii |c co:e de|a||, |occs|cg oc soce o| ||e |e
|essocs |:oc ||e |||e:a|c:e acd ||e ocgo|cg Lii:li caca|gc
i|ca||, ||ese |ssces do co| ce:e| cocce:c d|sas|e::e|a|ed e|o:|s \c|ce:a||||| acd e.c|cs|oc a:e
dee|ocec| |ssces as ccc| as ||e a:e |ccac||a:|ac, acd ||e:e |s a ||a| ceed |o: c:|ac dee|ocec|
o||c |o |a|e accocc| o| ||ese |ssces :ec||oc |oo|s a| ||ese |ssces |c |:|e|
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
:
i:oc coccec| cade | ie|e: \a||e: dc:|cg a |eca: sess|oc o| ||e \o:|d iccac||a:|ac :|cd|es oc|e:ecce, t:oc|cgec, ||e ie||e:|acds, ie|:ca: cc-
i| |s a|cos| a c||c|e |o o|c| oc| ||a| w|||e c|||es :oc|se g:ea| o|ec||a| |o: g:ow|| acd |ccoa||oc, ||e a:e
a|so s||es o| e.|:ece oe:|, |ceqca|||, ccec|ocec|, e.c|cs|oc acd |o|ecce As o| cc:, es||ca|es we:e ||a|
oce |||:d o| a|| c:|ac :es|dec|s we:e oo:, :e:esec||cg a qca:|e: o| a|| ||e wo:|ds oo: (iaa|||oc, |ec acd
:acg:ac|a, cc) !|s acocc|s |o a:o.|ca|e| -c c||||oc eo|e |c c:|ac a:eas |c dee|o|cg cocc|:|es
|||cg |e|ow ||e oe:| ||ce o| L:1 e: da |c cc i| ||e L: e: da |gc:e |s csed, ||e |gc:e :|ses
d:aca||ca|| |o c c||||oc eo|e \||| coc||cced c:|ac|sa||oc, ||e ccc|e:s o| c:|ac oo: a:e :ed|c|ed |o
:|se, ca||cg oe:| |cc:eas|cg| ac c:|ac |ecocecoc (|||d)
4. What is the nature of urban vulnerability?
!ocg| ||e c:|ac oo: a:e d|e:se ac:oss :eg|ocs, cocc|:|es acd eec w||||c c|||es, ||e |ecd |o |ace
a ccc|e: o| coccoc de:|a||ocs w||c| a|ec| ||e|: da|| |||e ic ||e e.|:ece, ||ese de:|a||ocs cac
acocc| |o ac ocgo|cg c|:oc|c |ccac||a:|ac ece:gecc w||cess, |o: e.ac|e, ||e cocd|||ocs o|
ia|||acs |e|o:e ||e ea:||qca|e o| }acca: c1c (li, c11)
!e ca|c |ssces :a|sed |c ||e |||e:a|c:e |cc|cde ||e |o||ow|cg (\o:|d iac|, cc:).
||c||ed access |o |ccoce acd ec|ocec|
|cadeqca|e acd |csecc:e |||cg cocd|||ocs
oo: |c|:as|:cc|c:e acd se:|ces
c|ce:a||||| |o :|s|s scc| as ca|c:a| d|sas|e:s, ec|:occec|a| |aza:ds acd |ea||| :|s|s
a:||cc|a:| assoc|a|ed w||| |||cg |c s|ccs
sa||a| |ssces w||c| |c||||| co||||| acd |:acso:|
|ceqca||| c|ose| ||c|ed |o :o||ecs o| e.c|cs|oc
!e:e a:e a|so a ccc|e: o| cega||e s|dee|ec|s, o: e.|e:ca||||es, o| c:|ac|sa||oc, scc| as |:a|c :o||ecs,
||e :|se o| gacgs, acd |cadeqca|e |cs|||c||oca| acd goe:cacce ss|ecs (LiiAiilAl, cc-)
i| |s |a:d| ccsc::|s|cg ||a| ||ose oc|a||ocs ||a| |ae ||e ||g|es| |ee|s o| c:|ac c|ce:a|||||
a:e ||ose w|o ||e |c |c|o:ca| sea|ecec|s o: s|ccs !e:e a:e cow a:occd 1 |||||oc eo|e |||cg
|c oe:| |c c:|ac s|ccs, |ac|cg e.|:ece |ee|s o| c|ce:a||||| oc a da|| |as|s (LiiAiilAl)
!e|: cocd|||ocs a:e d|e:se, |c| soce coccoc aae:cs cac |e |dec|||ed
i|g| deecdecce oc |ood :odcced oc|s|de c|||es ca|e c:|ac :es|dec|s c|ce:a||e |o d:ocg||s,
|ood|cg, acd o||e: e.|:ece wea||e: eec|s !e c:|ac oo: a:e ||e cos| c|ce:a||e iood acd
Ag:|cc||c:e O:gac|za||oc (iAO) s|cd|es |c c:|ac a:eas s|ow ||a| a 1c e: cec| :|se |c ||e :|ce o|
a s|a|e cac |c:| ||e |oaoc c e: cec| o| ||e |ccoce d|s|:||c||oc ||e cos|
}ec c||||oc eo|e ||e |c c|||es |c |ow e|ea||oc coas|a| zoces acd a:e c|ce:a||e |o sea|ee| :|ses
:|o:c sc:ges acd :|s|cg ||des coc|d dacage c:|ac |c|:as|:cc|c:e acd ||e :o|s|oc o| se:|ces
A:occd 1 |||||oc c:|ac dwe||e:s ||e |c oo: qca|||, oe:c:owded |ocs|cg |c s|ccs o:
|c|o:ca| sea|ecec|s ||a| |ac| adeqca|e :o|s|oc |o: |ed wa|e: acd cos| o||e: |o:cs o|
|c|:as|:cc|c:e
|||es a:e a:||cc|a:| c|ce:a||e dce |o ||e ||g| coccec|:a||oc o| eo|e acd ecococ|c asse|s,
acd |c cac cases, ||e|: |aza:d:oce |oca||oc |c coas|a| a:eas, a|ocg :|e:s, acd |c se|sc|c zoces
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
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io. } :o|des ||:ee sec||c e.ac|es d:awc |:oc ||e c1c ied :oss \o:|d l|sas|e:s ieo:|
(iii, c1c)
ic cac |ow acd c|dd|e|ccoce cocc|:|es w||c| a:e ||e as| ca,o:|| o| ||ose aea||cg |o: |c|e:ca||oca|
|ccac||a:|ac a|d ||e cega||e |c||ca||ocs o| :a|d c:|ac|sa||oc cac oc|we|g| ||e os|||es L:|ac
g:ow|| |c dee|o|cg cocc|:|es |s |:eqcec|| |a|aza:d acd oe:w|e|c|cg, |a: e.ceed|cg ||ese c|||es
caac|| |o |ac adeqca|e| acd coc|:o| dee|ocec| :cc| cccoc|:o||ed c:|ac|sa||oc |eeds ||e g:ow|| o|
s|ccs, :e|c|o:ces oe:|, acd d|c|c|s|es c|||es a||||| |o dea| w||| d|sas|e:s
As a ||cese o|c|a| a| ||e As|a iac||c L:|ac io:cc |c }cce c11 co|ed, dc:|cg :a|d c:|ac|sa||oc,
cac c:|||ca| |c|:as|:cc|c:e acd |cs|||c||oca| a::acgecec|s a:e |gco:ed |c |aoc: o| o||e: :|o:|||es
(A|e:|ce|, c11) As ||e 1---ccc \o:|d lee|ocec| ieo:| co|ed o| A|:|cac c|||es. ||e a:e co|
se:|cg as ecg|ces o| g:ow|| acd s|:cc|c:a| |:acs|o:ca||oc ics|ead ||e a:e a:| o| ||e cacse acd a ca,o:
sc|oc o| ||e ecococ|c acd soc|a| c:|ses ||a| |ae ece|oed ||e coc||cec| (\o:|d iac|, ccc)
As we|| as ||g|e: |ee|s o| c|ce:a|||||, |||s |||cs|:a|es ||a| ||e:e |s a|so g:ea|e: d|e:s|| |c ||e d:|e:s o|
c|ce:a|||||, acd a g:ea|e: deg:ee o| |c|e:deecdecce |c ||e |ac|o:s ||a| c:ea|e c|ce:a||||| (ie|||cg,
cc})
i|s|s a:e esec|a|| ||g| |c |ow acd c|dd|e|ccoce cocc|:|es w|e:e a |||:d |o oce |a|| o| ||e
oc|a||oc |c c|||es ||es |c s|ccs ieo|e |c ||ese acd o||e: |ow|ccoce ce|g||oc:|oods
a:e cade eec co:e c|ce:a||e | oe:c:owded |||cg cocd|||ocs, ||e |ac| o| adeqca|e
|c|:as|:cc|c:e acd se:|ces, ccsa|e |ocs|cg, |cadeqca|e cc|:|||oc acd oo: |ea|||
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
1c
Box 3: Three examples of urban vulnerability
InBangladeshs capital, Dhaka,almost30percentofthe14millionpeopleliveinslumsalongthewatersedge,exposingthemto
severefoodrisks.Moreover,theStanford-basedearthquakedisasterriskindexlistsDhakaasoneofthe20mostvulnerable
citiesintheworldtoearthquakes.
Mumbai in Indiaisthefourthlargestcityintheworldwith20millionpeople,ofwhomsome6.7millionareslumdwellers
(WorldHealthOrganization).Mumbaiisoneofthetop10mostvulnerablecitiesintermsoffoods,stormsandearthquakes
andisthemostvulnerablecityintheworldintermsoftotalpopulationexposedtocoastalfoodhazard.LikemanyofAsiascoastal
mega-cities,mostofMumbaiislessthanametreabovesea-level.Moreover,italsoliesonanearthquakefault-line.Withthecity
accountingforalmost40percentofIndiastaxrevenue,UNHABITATnotesthatanyseriouscatastropheherecouldhavedrastic
economicconsequencesfortheentirecountry.
In Jakarta, Indonesia,40percentofthelandareaisbelowsea-level.Asaresult,its10millioninhabitantsareatriskoffash
foods,particularlyalongthe13riversystemsthatpassthroughthecity.Jakartaalsohasamoderateriskofearthquakesdue
tothecountryslocationalongtheIndo-Asiasubductionzone.Thehighpopulationdensity,averaging14,000peoplepersquare
kilometre,asignifcantportionofwhomareslum-dwellers,increasesthepotentialofadisastertocauseseriousharm.
!e e.ac|e o| ia|doa, :oca||a |s :o|ded |c ase :|cd , acd |||cs|:a|es ||e cc||||ace|ed ca|c:e
o| c:|ac c|ce:a||||| !|s |s ac |c|e:es||cg e.ac|e |ecacse, as a |owc, || s||s a:occd |a||wa a|ocg
oc ||e :c:a|c:|ac coc||cccc :esec|ed |c :ec||oc } A :esocse ||a| asscces ||a| ia|doa |s a c:e|
:c:a| coc|e.| |s |||e| |o |e s|c|ed | ||e |ssces a:|s|cg |:oc ||e d|e:s||, dcac|cs acd decs|| o| ||e
coc|e.|
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
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Common forms of urban vulnerability
Social Thesocialcontextincitiesmaybecharacterisedbycrime,fragmentationand
othersocialproblemswhichwillreducetheabilityofhouseholdstosupportone
anotherinordertofurthertheirlivelihoodstrategies.
Inaddition,poormenandwomenmaybeexcludedfromlivelihoodopportunities
duetodifferencessuchascultureorethnicitywhichresultintheirexclusionfrom
socialnetworks.
Technological Urbanresidentslivingonillegallyoccupiedlandorininformallowcostrental
housinglacklegaltenurerights.Assuch,theyexperiencepoorhousingqualityand
facethethreatofsummaryeviction.
Theurbanpoormaybeespeciallyvulnerabletotechnologicalhazardssuchasfres,
emissions,etc.
Economic Thoseininformalemploymentgenerallylacklabourrights.Theyare
thereforesusceptibletosuddenunemployment,andthedangersaccruingto
unprotectedworkingconditions(longhours,poorpay,insanitaryorunsafe
conditions).
Freegoodsandservices,suchascommonland,cleanwaterandfuel,arerarein
cities.Mostofthebasiclivingneedsofurbanresidentsmustbepaidforincash
makingtheurbanpoorparticularlyvulnerabletomarketvagariessuchasinfation,
andtheremovalofgovernmentsubsidies.Dependenceonthecasheconomy
frequentlymeansthatpoorhouseholdsarevulnerabletodebt(especiallywhere
theycannotrelyoninformalorsocialnetworksforloans).Borrowing,normallyat
usuriousrates,mayleadtolong-termindebtednesswithdisastrousresultssuchas
bondedchildlabour.
Environmental Poorlivingenvironmentsoftenendangerthelivesandhealthoftheurbanpoor,
especiallywheretheyareforcedtoliveandworkinmarginalareasthroughlackof
cheapalternatives.Thiscreatesfurthervulnerability,asillhealthunderminesoneof
thechiefassetsoftheurbanpoortheirlabour(Satterthwaite,1997).
Linkedtohousingrights,thoseresidentsundertakingurbanagriculturemayalso
lacklegaltenure,andrisklosingtheirlandandcrops.
Political Manyresidentswilllacklegalregistration,maybedisenfranchised,excludedfrom
politicaldecision-makingand,inaddition,maysufferfrompoliceharassmentand
bureaucracy(Wratten,1995).
io|e. i.|:ac|ed acd ada|ed |:oc \e|||e, :, iacasc|, l acd } \a||e: (cc1) :cs|a|ca||e L:|ac i|e|||oods. occe|s acd |c||ca||ocs |o: o||c
|a.e:|c|scc|acc|}1w11d|
Box 4: A STEEP view on urban vulnerability
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
1
Case Study 2: Urban vulnerability in Baidoa, Somalia
BaidoaisthecapitalcityoftheBayregion,whichislocatedincentralsouthernSomalia.ThetownofBaidoaissituated245kmwestofMogadishu
and240kmsoutheastoftheEthiopianborder.Baidoahasanestimatedpopulationof59,110people.However,populationfguresregularly
fuctuateduetofrequentshiftsinIDPnumbers.BaidoaisanessentialpartoftheSorghumBelt,oftenreferredtoasSomaliasbreadbasket.
SituatedintheBaysAgro-pastoralHighPotentialLivelihoodZone,itservesasanagriculturalandlivestocktradecentrewithstrongeconomic
linkstoneighbouringruralandurbancentres(Mogadishu,Merka,Qoryoley,BarderaandBeledHawa).Italsoconductstradeactivitieswiththe
EthiopiancitiesofDolowandQalaafe,andtheKenyantownofGarissa.
ThemaineconomicactivitiesinBaidoaincludebusiness(small,mediumandlarge-scale),casuallabour,self-employment,andlivestockand
agriculturaltrade.AnothernotableaspectistheregularlabourmigrationfromBaidoatothetownsofBossaso,Galkayo,Garoweandfurther
northtoYemenandtheArabianGulf.
Generally,thekeydrivingfactorsofBaidoaseconomyincludecropandlivestockproduction,thepresenceoftheTFG(TransitionalFederal
Government),fnancialcontributionsfrominternationalorganisations,includingtheUNandotherNGOs,andremittancesfromthediaspora.

Baidoadistricthasexperiencedperiodicunrestsincethe1991falloftheSiadBarreregime.Regularinter-clanfghtinghasgreatlyimpactedthe
livelihoodsofthelocalpopulation.Inaddition,duringmuchofthe1990s,heavyfghtingandfrequentchangesofcontrolbetweentheSNA
(SomaliNationalAlliance)andtheRRA(RahanweyneResistanceArmy)alsoaddedtothesufferingofBaidoasmostvulnerablegroups.
AftertheRRAsrecaptureofBaidoainJune1999,asignifcantnumberofpeoplewhoweredisplacedtootherpartsoftheBay,Banadir,Lower
ShabelleandGedoregions,returnedandlivelihoodandgeneralsecurityimprovedinBaidoa.However,recentinstabilitycausedbyfrequentshifts
ingovernmentcontrolhasonceagainleftBaidoaspopulationvulnerable.TheremovaloftheUnionofIslamicCourtsandthere-installation
oftheTFGin2006,followingtheBattleofBaidoa,meantthatBaidoatemporarilybecametheseatofSomaliasinterimgovernment.This
madeBaidoaatargetforIslamistmilitantsandledtothestationingofEthiopiantroopswithinBaidoaasprotectionagainstattacks.Theensuing
violenceleftmanydeadandforcedhundredstofeethetown.TheTFGreturnedtoMogadishuin2007,andalthoughBaidoahasseensome
improvementintermsofsecurityanditseconomy,ithasyettofullyrecoverfromtheeffectsoftheviolence.Successiverainfailure,recurrent
drought,recentinfationandpoornutritionhavealsomadethislivelihoodhighlysusceptibletohumanitariancrisis.
Analysisoftheurbanvulnerabilityidentifedthefollowingrisksfacedbyallincomegroups:
Security:civilinsecurityaffectsallwealthgroups,causingdisplacement,lossoflifeandpropertyandahighrateofunemployment.
Infation:theaverageexchangerateduringthestudyyearwas14,500SomaliShillingsperUS$and[inMay2008]stoodat
35,000SoShperUS$(anincreaseofmorethan140percent).Thiswillsignifcantlyreducethepurchasingpowerofpoorand
lower-middlewealthgroups.Severeexchangeratedepreciationshaveincreasedthecostsofimportedfoodandnon-fooditems.
Ifdepreciationscontinue,poorerhouseholdswillsuffermost,particularlyiftheirwagesandproftsdonotrisetocompensate
forsuchdevaluation.
Drought (failure of the rainy season):cropproductionisadrivingeconomicfactorinBaidoa.Cropfailureduetodroughtwill
signifcantlyreducefoodandincomeaccessforpoorergroups.Incomefromagriculturallabourandthecerealtradewillalso
decline.Cerealpriceswillincreaseresultinginpoorergroupsnotmeetingrequiredenergyneeds.
Water shortages:forthemajorityofthepeopleinBaidoa,themainwatersourceisshallowwells,whicharefreetoaccess.
Duringperiodsofpoorrain,thereareextremewatershortages,whichraisewatercosts.
Unemployment:jobopportunitiesweregenerallymanageableduringthereferenceyearduetorelativestability.However,there
iscurrentlyahighprobabilityofunemploymentduetoincreasinginsecurityandreducedtradeactivities.
Increased cereal prices:duringthereferenceyear,cerealpriceswerelowduetoabumpercerealharvestinthe06/07season.
However,recentpoorlocalcerealproduction,combinedwithhighcerealdemandfromotherpartsofthecountry,hascaused
cerealpricestoincrease.Cerealstocksalsodepletedearlierthanexpected,whichfurtherreducedcerealavailabilitywithinthe
SorghumBelt.
Disease (e.g. AWD (acute water diarrhoea) and malaria):diseasecauseshighchildmortalityrates.Riskofexposureishigher
duringdryseasonswhenwatershortagesforcethelocalpopulationstousedirtywater.Theabsenceofmosquitonetsalso
increasestheriskofmalaria.
Other risk factorsmentionedbykeyinformantsincludelimitedtradeactivities,adeclineinthetermsoftradeandaninfuxofIDPs.
Extractedfromwww.fsnau.org/downloads/Baidoa-Urban-Baseline-Analysis-Report.pdf
5. What are the challenges of urban disaster responses and how
should they be met?
!e |ac|o:s o| d|e:s||, dcac|cs acd decs|| ceac ||a| c:|ac d|sas|e:s cac |ae soce coccoc c|a:ac|e:|s||cs.
i|g| oc|a||oc decs|| ceacs ||a| co:e eo|e ca |e ||||ed acd |c,c:ed w||||c a sca|| sace, |c|
d|e:s|| o| a oc|a||oc w||| ca|e ||e|: ceeds ||g|| d||e:ec||a|ed
!e decse |s|ca| ca|c:e o| c|||es ceacs ||a| ||e:e w||| |e co:e dacaged |c|:as|:cc|c:e |o coc|ecd
w||| |c||d|cgs, :oads, |cs|cess a:eas, sewe:s
!e dcac|cs o| c|acge ceac ||a| ||e:e w||| |e |o|| a g:ea|e: secse o| co||ase w|ec a d|sas|e: |||s,
|c| a|so |as|e: :a|es o| :ecoe:, sco:|ed | d|e:se ecococ|c s|:cc|c:es
!e d|e:s|| acd decs|| o| o||||ca| |cs|||c||ocs ceacs ||a| ||e:e |s a ceed |o: |eae: acd co:e
ccacced ecgagecec|
!e \o:|d iac|s c1c c|||ca||oc Natural hazards-unnatural disasters a|so a:gces ||a| |cc:eas|cg
acd |c|e:coccec|ed :|s|s w||||c :a|d| c:|ac|s|cg |owcs acd c|||es a:e a gacec|acge: |c |e:cs o|
|ccac||a:|ac :esocse A :ecec| l|sas|e:s ice:gecc occ|aee (li) ea|ca||oc o| ||e ia|||
:esocse (li, c11) :o|des |c:||e: |cs|g||s.
agecc|es ceed |o |ea:c cew :c|es o| ||e gace |c c:|ac os|d|sas|e: :esocse issces o| coc|e.||,
:acge o| ac|o:s, sace, ||e |co:|acce o| cocce:ce acd |:ade, se:|ces, |c|:as|:cc|c:e acd s|ee:
coccec|:a||ocs o| eo|e :eqc|:e a cocs|de:a||oc o| |ow |o oe:a|e coca:ed |o :c:a| coc|e.|s
!e 1c |e |essocs |:oc ||e li ea|ca||oc a:e wo:|| sea|cg oc| |c de|a|| (see io. )
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
1}
Box 5: Lessons from DEC agencies in Haiti
This2010evaluationisoneofanumberthatfocusontheurbannatureofdisastercontexts.The10lessonsonrespondingtourban
disastersidentifedbythereportareasfollows:
1. Workwithandthroughmunicipalitieswhereverpossible.
2. Findanduseneighbourhoodnetworksandcapacities.
3. Workwiththelocalprivatesectoranddontcompeteunfairly.
4. Focusonlong-termhomes,notshort-termshelter.
5. Keeppeopleinorclosetotheirneighbourhoods,ifsafe.
6. Assumeskillsandresourcescanbefoundlocally.
7. Assumefast-changingenvironmentsandhaveanexitstrategy.
8. Usecashtostimulatemarkets.
9. Usetherighttoolsforworkingwithcomplexsetsofstakeholders.
10. Preparenowforthenextbigurbandisaster.
5.1 The scale of the challenge
!e ca|c:e o| c:|ac coc|e.|s acd c:|ac c|ce:a||||||es ca:: cac |c||ca||ocs |o: |ccac||a:|ac e|o:|s
iecacse c|||es a:e |oce |o |a:ge oc|a||ocs |||cg |c ||g| decs|||es acd o|ec |c |coe:|s|ed cocd|||ocs, ||e
o|ec||a| |cac| o| ece:gecc|es cac |e |cge |c |e:cs o| |oss o| |||e acd ecococ|c asse|s iowee:, c|||es a|so
gece:a|| :o|de a ||g|e:, a||e|| a:|a||e, |ee| o| |ccac acd |cs|||c||oca| :esoc:ces ||a| ca |e d:awc coc |o:
||e de||e: o| ece:gecc :esocses acd |ocge:|e:c :es|||ecce
!e:e |s a c|ea: ceed |o ada| e.|s||cg |c|e:ca||oca| :esocse cec|ac|scs acd :ocesses |c o:de:
||a| ||e a:e co:e :e|eac| |o c:|ac coc|e.|s !|s |cc|cdes :esocse co||||sa||oc, |acc|cg, ceeds
assesscec|s, |a:ge||cg, coc||o:|cg acd ea|ca||oc ie:|as cos| |co:|ac||, ||e |ccac||a:|ac :esocse
|oo||o. ca ceed |o |e :ad|ca|| :e||ocg|| |c was ||a| w||| :oe c|a||ecg|cg |o: oe:a||oca| agecc|es
acd doco:s a|||e (AiiAi, cc-)
\o:| | t:oce Lil
e
oc ||e ia||| :esocse |dec|||ed ||a| |ccac||a:|ac acd :ecocs|:cc||oc a|d
ceeds |o |e |eae: ada|ed |o ||e sec||c c|a:ac|e:|s||cs o| c:|ac coc|e.|s !|s |cc|cdes :ac||ca| |ssces
scc| as wo:||cg ||:ocg| e.|s||cg ce|g||oc:|oods :a||e: ||ac c:ea||cg cacs acd a:|||c|a| s||es A| a
co:e s|:a|eg|c |ee|, ||e |ccac||a:|ac :esocse ceeds |o coe |:oc a ss|ec ||a| |a:ge|s |cd||dca|s acd
|ocse|o|ds |o oce ||a| |a:ge|s cocccc|||es |c ac c:|ac ec|:occec| w||| ||e a|c o| coc|ecec||cg
acd s|:ecg||ec|cg c|||c se:|ces (t:oce Lil, c11)
!e iA: s|:a|eg |o: c:|ac |ccac||a:|ac|sc (iA:, c1c) se|s oc| soce o| ||e sec||c |ssces,
d:aw|cg oc a c:osscocc|: :e|ew ic a:||cc|a:, || |dec|||ed co:e e|o:| :eqc|:ed |c ||e |o||ow|cg a:eas.
ac||c|a||oc, :ea:edcess, acd c:|ac sc:ge caac||
wo:||cg w||| cew a:|ce:s
a cew c:|ac aca|||ca| acd oe:a||oca| |oo||||
cew a:oac|es |o e:|o:cacce acd accocc|a|||||
!e :es| o| |||s sec||oc d:aws e.|ecs|e| |:oc ||e iA: wo:|, w||| :e|e:ecces |o o||e: ca|e:|a| w|e:e :e|eac|
Anticipation and preparedness for response
!e sca|e acd o|ec cc:ed|c|a||e |oca||oc o| c:|ac|ased |ccac||a:|ac d|sas|e:s ccde:sco:es ||e ceed
|o: :ea:edcess, :|s| cacagecec| acd coc||cgecc |acc|cg |o |e dee|oed |o: a|:|s| c:|ac a:eas A
g:ow|cg |od o| e|decce o|c|s |o ||e |ece|c|a| |cac|s o| :ea:edcess |c |e:cs o| |owe:ed oe:a||
cos|s o| :e||e| ass|s|acce, :edcced |oss o| |||e acd ||e|||oods, g:ea|e: cse o| sa|e: |ec|c|qces, ecgagecec|
w||| |oca| caac|||es acd :es|||ecce, acd ec|acced caac|| |o :e|c||d acd :ecoe: |as|e: (iA:, c1c)
lo qco|e ||e iA: s|:a|eg d|:ec||.
Recent experience in the aftermath of floods in Manila demonstrates
that joint implementation plans with host governments and service
providers, including the private sector, are most effective if forged
prior to an emergency. This is because agencies are reluctant to
take the time required to plan when confronted with an emergency
and instead resort to pre-established (pre-emergency) ways of
doing business. These strategies need to recognise that the host
government must lead, or at the very least coordinate, an emergency
response (IASC, 2010).
5.2 Addressing the response challenge: Key Lessons from the IASC urban strategy
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
1|
e |a.|a||||ccoa||oco:gecc11c1-|eocdece:gecc:e||e||a|||g:ocec:d
!|s cac |e :o||eca||c, |owee:, |c |aces w|e:e goe:ccec| |s wea|, as |c ||e case o| c:|ac ia||| a|e:
||e c1c ea:||qca|e
ie ceasc:es scgges|ed |cc|cde.
!e cse o| |oca| :|s| acd c|ce:a||||| aca|ses acd ea:| wa:c|cg caac|||es, |cc|cd|cg ca|cg
cocccc|| |o|so|s (co:e oc |||s |c :ec||oc e)
:|:ecg||ec|cg coc||cgecc |acc|cg acd a:|ce:s|||c||d|cg |c adacce o| ac c:|ac c:|s|s,
|cc|cd|cg cocccc|| :es|||ecce cec|ac|scs w||| gecde: acd oc|| secs|||||
ic:oed :eos|||oc|cg o| ece:gecc s|oc|s o| |ood, |eco:a: s|e||e:, acd |ea||| :o|de:s,
:ea:|cg |og|s||cs c|a|cs acd es|a|||s||cg :o|o:ca coc|:ac|s w||| |oca| :o|de:s
le|c|cg :o|es acd :esocs|||||||es o| d||e:ec| ac|o:s acd ca|cg caac|||es
:|:ecg||ec|cg c|||zec secc:||, cocccc|| o||c|cg acd coc||o:|cg :o|es | c||| soc|e|
o:gac|sa||ocs (:Os)
\o:||cg |c a:|ce:s|| |o |c||d ||e caac|| o| a:|ce: ca||oca| acd |oca| goe:ccec|s |c
:esocses acd :ea:edcess :|a|e|o|de:s |c ||ese a:|ce:s||s s|oc|d |cc|cde. |os| ca||oca| acd
|oca| goe:ccec|s, d|sas|e: :esocse agecc|es, c||| de|ecce o:gac|sa||ocs, ece:gecc :esocse
se:|ces (eg |:e se:|ces), ca||oca| itOs, c||| soc|e| (ce|g||oc:|ood cocccc|||ased
o:gac|sa||ocs (iOs)) acd |cs|cess ac|o:s |c c:|ac a:eas
!e:e |s a a:||cc|a: ceed |o :ea:e |o: co:e cegad|sas|e:s |||e ia|||, ia||s|ac, }aac w||c| |ae ||e
o|ec||a| |o d:aca||ca|| a|ec| |a:ge ccc|e:s o| a oc|a||oc, s|a|cg |o|| s|o:||e:c c|ce:a||||| acd
|ocg|e:c dee|ocec| :cc| d|sas|e:s w||| ceed co||a|o:a||e :ea:a||oc e|o:|s ac:oss ||e w|o|e o|
||e |c|e:ca||oca| cocccc||, |cc|cd|cg dee|ocec|, d||oca||c acd c||||a: e|o:|s (iii, cc:)
Aco||e: |e |o:c o| :ea:edcess |s |c :e|a||oc |o |c|e:ca| caac|||es iccac||a:|ac agecc|es ceed |o
ada| acd cg:ade ||e s||||s |ase o| ||e|: s|a| |o add:ess c:|ac|ased c|a||ecges (iA:, c1c) iecec|
ece:gecc|es |ae se:ed |o |:c| ccde:||ce |||s |ssce
Working with new partners
\|||e a a:|ce:s|| a:oac| |as |ecoce ac |cc:eas|cg| |co:|ac| cococec| o| ||e dee|ocec|
s|:a|eg|es ado|ed s|cce ||e 1--cs, d|sas|e: :esocse |s s|||| |agg|cg soce wa |e||cd (AiiAi, cc)
!e ceed |o co||a|o:a|e |eae: w||| ca||oca| acd |oca| ac|o:s :eca|cs a ca,o: |ssce, ||g|||g||ed |c
scccess|e ea|ca||ocs (|o: e.ac|e, ||e li ea|ca||oc acd ||e ia||| ea|ca||ocs), |c| w||| seec|cg|
||a|e o: co :og:ess As oce ae: c|s ||.
Perhaps the biggest challenge for humanitarian actors and also a
major opportunity is to develop ways of working with the existing
institutional framework of municipal and civil society organisations
which exists in most towns and cities in the developing world...
(Zetter and Deikun, 2007)
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
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ics|ead o| scc| a:|ce:s||s |e|cg seec as a c|ce|o|ae (AiiAi, cc), |c c:|ac coc|e.|s ||e
s|oc|d |e seec as |ccdacec|a| |o eca|||cg ac e|ec||e :esocse ic a:||cc|a:, |oca| acd ca||oca| ac|o:s
|ae |cow|edge o| ||e |aza:ds acd c|ce:a||||||es o| |ece|c|a: cocccc|||es acd o| |cs|||c||oca|
:esoc:ces |o coc|ecec| de||e: o| ass|s|acce | |c|e:ca||oca| ac|o:s !e a|so ossess cocccc||
oc|:eac| caac|| |o ecgage ||e cos| c|ce:a||e |ece|c|a:|es
!e:e |s g:ow|cg :ecogc|||oc o| ||e o|ec||a| :o|e o| ||e :|a|e sec|o:, o: c|||c:|a|e a:|ce:s||s
(iiis), |o: ||e de||e: o| c:|ac |c|:as|:cc|c:e acd |ocs|cg !e:e |s a ceed |o cocs|de: ||e deg:ee |o
w||c| ||e :|a|e sec|o: cac |a a |ece|c|a| :o|e, |:oc :ea:edcess |o :esocse acd :ecoe:
iecec| coc|e. ece:gecc|es acd ca|c:a| d|sas|e:s |c ia||s|ac, ia||| acd i:gzs|ac decocs|:a|e ||e
|co:|acce o| cocccc|||es acd |os| |ac|||es |c sa|cg ||es w|ec ||e sco:| a|ec|ed oc|a||ocs
!e cac |e c:|||ca| |o |c||d|cg :es|||ecce o| cocccc|||es acd |c :o|s|oc o| essec||a| se:|ces i|cd|cgs
|:oc :eea|ed ea|ca||ocs |cd|ca|e ||a| ca|cg cocccc|||es a| ||e co:e o| ac |c|eg:a|ed :esocse |e|ds
||g|e: |cac|s
occ|: case s|cd|es

cocdcc|ed | ||e iA: las| io:ce |ae s|owc ||a| |ccac||a:|ac ass|s|acce
|s co:e e|ec||e w|ec c|ea: acd e|ec||e s|:a|eg|es |o: cc|||s|a|e|o|de: a:|ce:s||s a:e dee|oed
|e|o:e a c:|s|s |||s, o: |a|||cg ||a|, as ea:| as oss|||e a|e:wa:ds
A cec|:a| |occs o| scc| s|:a|eg|es w||| |e |o de|e:c|ce |ow ccc| o| ||e :esocse cac |e :o|ded
| e.|e:ca| ass|s|acce acd |c sea|cg c|ea: |cd|ca|o:s |o: e.|| s|:a|eg|es, |e ||e o|c| a| w||c| e.|e:ca|
agecc|es s|oc|d |eae |o a||ow |oca| acd ca||oca| ac|o:s |o |a|e oe: ||e :ecoe: :ocess (li, c11)
!|s ceacs |a|cg a c|ea: acd co||ec||e secse o| w|a| scccess |oo|s |||e |o: ac e|ec||e :esocse
:
Adapt and develop new urban analytical and operational toolkits
!e iA: assesscec| o| ||e |ccac||a:|ac |oo|s, a:oac|es acd gc|de||ces csed | cec|e: agecc|es
acd o||e:s |occd ||a| ||e as| ca,o:|| we:e dee|oed |o: :edoc|cac| cse |c :c:a| sea|cgs \|||e
soce |oo|s a:e a|:ead |e|cg ada|ed, e.e:|ecce scgges|s ||a| |||s |s co| ecocg|, acd ||a| cew |oo|s w|||
a|so |e ceeded
!ese |cc|cde a g:ea|e: :acge o| :a|d assesscec| |oo|s, c:|ac |cd|ca|o:s |o: ceed assesscec|s, c:|ac
ca:|e| assesscec| |oo|s, c:|ac ||e|||ood assesscec| |oo|s acd c:|acsec||c assesscec| |oo|s |o:
eac| o| ||e |e sec|o:s o| :esocse (|ood secc:||, s|e||e:, \A:i, |ea||| acd :o|ec||oc) Oce o| ||e
ca,o: gas |dec|||ed | ||e iA: was ||e ceed |o: a s|acda:d|sed c:|ac c|ce:a||||| acd :es|||ecce
assesscec| |o de|ce acd ca ||e c|ce:a||||||es acd :es|||ecce o| d||e:ec| c:|ac g:ocs acd |ow ||e
c|g|| |e a|ec|ed | c|acg|cg s|:esses acd s|oc|s, a o|c| w||c| |s |c|ed c |c ||e ce.| sec||oc
!e:e |s a|so a :acge o| a:eas w|e:e |ccac||a:|ac :ac||ces w||| ceed |o|| :ad|ca| acd |cc:ecec|a|
|c:oecec|s la:ge|ed |ccoa||oc :ocesses w||| |e| |dec|||, |es| acd sca|e c cew |deas acd
:ocesses ac:oss a|| o| ||e |e sec|o:s o| |ccac||a:|ac :esocse (:ee io. e)
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iA: las| io:ce oc \ee||cg iccac||a:|ac |a||ecges |c L:|ac A:eas ase :|cd|es |o: ia|:o||i|do:e|, \ac||a acd ia|||, \a}cce, c1c
: la|d :acde:soc, ie:soca| occcc|ca||oc, Acgcs| c11
Adapt humanitarian evaluation and accountability approaches
t|ec ||e ||a| |co:|acce o| |oca| acd ca||oca| caac|||es |c d|sas|e: :esocse, || |s |co:|ac| |o |dec|||
acd cocccc|ca|e c|ea:, accocc|a||e :o|es |o: ||e |c|e:ca||oca| ss|ec |c was ||a| a:e sco:||e o|
|oca| |ccc||ocs !|s ceeds |o |e doce a| ||e oc|se| o| a :esocse, ||:ocg| |:a|c|cg, secocdcec|s acd
|ec|c|ca| sco:| !e:e |s a|so scoe |o |c||d scc| wo:| |c|o :ea:edcess e|o:|s L:|ac d|sas|e:
:esocse oses a:||cc|a: c|a||ecges |o: accocc|a||||| |o d|sas|e:a|ec|ed eo|e !e ca|c:e o| |oca|
oc|a||ocs decacds a co:e dcac|c a:oac| |o accocc|a||||| iecec| |ccoa||ocs, esec|a|| |c
cocccc|ca||oc |ec|co|og|es, |oo| |o |a a cec|:a| :o|e |c scc| e|o:|s |c ||e |c|c:e
!e ca|c:e acd scoe o| c:|ac :esocse ceacs ||a| s|acda:d e. os| ea|ca||ocs ca co| a|was |e
sc|c|ec| |o add:ess |ea:c|cg acd accocc|a||||| ceeds ic a:||cc|a:, ||e:e ca ceed |o |e a |eae:
dee|oed cecc o| ea|ca||e o||ocs A| ||e e: |eas|, |||s s|oc|d |cc|cde cew a:oac|es |o c:|ac
:ea|||ce ea|ca||ocs, co:e a:||c|a|o: acd |cc|cs|e |o:cs o| cc|||s|a|e|o|de: ea|ca||oc, acd
coc|e.|sec||c was o| dea||cg w||| |cac| assesscec| |c dcac|c acd |c|d ec|:occec|s
Oc ||e ea|ca||oc s|de, |||s ceeds |o |e ccde:|cced w||| co:e :ea||s||c ||eo:|es o| c|acge ec|oed
|:oc ||e oc|se| o| a :og:acce o: |c|e:ec||oc Agecc|es w||| ceed |o wo:| |a:d |o |||c| ||:ocg| |ow
d||e:ec| |c|e:ec||ocs c|g|| wo:|, acd ||e ceed |o :e|s|| |||s oc a :egc|a: |as|s so as |o eca||e ||e
cecessa: ada|a||ocs |o |a|e |ace As a :esc||, c:|ac :esocses ca :eqc|:e ||e |a|acce o| ea|ca||oc
|ces|cec| |o |e co:e ||||ed |owa:d |o:ca||e a:oac|es Oc ||e :og:acce cacagecec| s|de, |||s
ceacs |e|cg oec |o :og:acces ||a| ecd c |oo||cg e: d||e:ec| |o ||e o:|g|ca| :oosa|s
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Box 6: Sector-specifc innovations needed for urban response

Shelter:Thereisaneedtoimplementbettertransitionalshelterprocesses,i.e.notjustshedsbutactivitiesthatinvolvepeople,
makeuseofrentalmarkets,etc.Urbanplanningalsoneedstobere-thoughttotakeaccountoflandtenureandpropertyrights
issues.Approachesformoreeffectiveurbanrubbleremovalanddisposalneedtobedeveloped,whichwillhavebeneftsin
freeinguplandfortransitionalorpermanentshelterconstruction.
WASH:Promisingapproachesincludede-sludgingtechnologies,pre-identifedwastedisposallandflls,upgradingschoolsanitary
facilitiesandcommunity-ledtotalsanitation.
Food aid:Thisneedstoconsiderthechallengesoffoodpreparation,distributionandurban-basedagriculturalproductionin
limitedandverycrowdedurbanneighbourhoodsaswellasnavigatingsecurityrisksrelatedtostockpilinglargerations.Haiti
demonstratedthatworkingwithpre-existingfoodvendorswasaneffectiveapproachformeetingsomeimmediatefoodneeds.
Livelihoods:Humanitariansshouldscaleupexistinginnovativetools,suchasmicrofnanceandsmallbusinesssupport,andmore
effectivelytargettheseinurbanareas,includingthroughstrengthenedpartnershipswithlocalcommunitiesandtheprivate
sector.Newtoolsareneededforenhancednaturalresourcesmanagementandadaptationtodifferinglivelihoodcontextsin
urbanareas.
Use of technology forbettercommunicationofissuesandofresources,e.g.theuseofmobilephonestosendcashtransfersand
tocommunicatesimplemessages.
Protection:Thesecurityandprotectionneedsofaffectedpopulationsdiffersignifcantlybetweenruralandurbansettings.
InnovativeapproacheshavebeendevelopedbytheprotectionclustersinNairobiandBogotatoprovideprotectionagainst
needsforincreasingnumbersofrefugeesandIDPswhomigratetocities.UNHCRhasalsodevelopedanewurbanrefugeepolicy
(IASC,2010).

6. What do we need to do diferently in urban disaster risk
reduction?
As we|| as :esocse, d|sas|e: :|s| :edcc||oc a|so ceeds |o |e cocs|de:ed ||:ocg| ||e c:|ac |ecs !e:e a:e a
ccc|e: o| |e d:|e:s o| c|acge acd ||:ea| |o c|||es oc g|o|a|, :eg|oca| acd |oca| |ee|s lii e|o:|s ceed |o |e
|occsed oc ca||cg |o|| |c|e:ca||oca| acd ca||oca| ac|o:s co:e secs|||e |o ||ese d:|e:s !e |||e:a|c:e |cd|ca|es
||e ceed |o: e|o:|s |c ||:ee d|s||cc| a:eas
Development of a global Urban DRR assessment methodology
A| a g|o|a| |ee|, ||e:e |s ceed |o dee|o cse|c| |o|og|es o| c|||es acd ||e|: c|ce:a||||| :o||es as
ca||ed |o: |c ||e iA: s|:a|eg coe:ed ea:||e: Oce |c|e:es||cg dee|ocec| |c |||s :ega:d |s ||e \o:|d
iac|s t|o|a| iccd |o: l|sas|e: iedcc||oc acd iecoe: acd sco:| |o ||e dee|ocec| o| a cc|||
|aza:d L:|ac l|sas|e: i|s| icde. (Llii) Llii |s a |oo| w||c| :o|des a |ase||ce aga|cs| w||c| :|s|s
cac |e caed acd aga|cs| w||c| :og:ess |owa:ds :es|||ecce cac |e ceasc:ed oe: ||ce acd |c :e|a||oc
|o o||e: c|||es !e |ac |s |o: Llii |o |ecoce a g|o|a|| acce|ed s|acda:d |c assess|cg acd coc||o:|cg
d|sas|e: :|s|s acd caac|||es |o: :es|||ecce |c c|||es a:occd ||e wo:|d (tilii, c1c)
!e Llii |c||ds oc ca|cg acd |dec||||cg ||e |o||ow|cg asec|s o| c:|ac :|s|.
|aza:ds (|o|| s|ow acd :a|docse| eec|s, eg ea:||qca|e, o|cac|c e:c||oc, |sccac|, ||ooc,
:ec|||a||oc|ased |ood|cg, |acds||de, sea|ee| :|se, |ece:a|c:e |cc:eases, acd c|acg|cg
:ec|||a||oc aae:cs)
e.osc:e (|c |e:cs o| o|ec||a| dacage acd |oss o| |||e, |c|:as|:cc|c:e, acd ecococ|c asse|s)
ada||e caac|| (eg ca||oca| acd |oca| o||c|es acd |cs|||c||ocs, a||||| |o :a|se |cacces |:oc |oca|
soc:ces, |ec|c|ca| caac|| ||c|s |o |ec|c|ca| |cs|||c|es, coc||cgecc |acc|cg)
Ac Llii ||o| |s cc::ec|| ccde:wa ac:oss |e c|||es |c ||e i|cg|o :eg|oc o| ||ca, w||| a |c:||e: |oc:
c|||es |c icdoces|a acd !a||acd |o |o||ow !ese ||o|s w||| |e| :e|ce ||e ce||odo|og | coca:|cg
c|||es ac:oss cocc|:|es as we|| as w||||c cocc|:|es
!e:e |s scoe |o: cs|cg scc| a |oo| |o dee|o a g|o|a| c:|ac d|sas|e: |o|so|s ca, w||c| cac |e|
s|ae :ea:edcess wo:| !|s ca w||| ceed |o |e |o:wa:d|oo||cg, ac||c|a||cg :a|es o| g:ow|| o| c|||es
acd coccc::ec| |cc:eases |c c|ce:a||||| !e Lili wo:| a|so a|cs |o sc||es|se e.|s||cg da|a, acd
s|oc|d |e a cse|c| |es| o| w|a| cac |e doce cs|cg e.|s||cg da|a acd |c|o:ca||oc
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
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Mainstreaming urban issues into DRR eforts
!e:e a:e cac e|o:|s go|cg oc |c sec||c c|||es a:occd ||e wo:|d, |cc|cd|cg ||e |o||ow|cg.
Lii:li |as es|a|||s|ed |wo :eg|oca| |as| |o:ces |o: L:|ac i|s| iedcc||oc (oce |c ia||c Ace:|ca
acd ||e a:|||eac acd ||e o||e: |c As|a iac||c) !e |as| |o:ces a:e a|:ead |a|cg a |e :o|e |c
|e:cs o| coo:d|ca||cg c:|ac lii e|o:|s acd :o|d|cg gc|dacce acd s|:cc|c:e |o ||e cc||||cde
o| :eg|oca| |c|||a||es !|s |ed |o ||e ies|||ec| |||es caca|gc o| c1c11, cec||oced ea:||e:
(Lii:li, c11) Lili |as :o,ec|s oc c:|ac lii |c ia||cacdc, \ac||a, Accac, Aqa|a,
ie:cac acd o||e:s, acd sco:|s :eg|oca| |c|||a||es !e t|o|a| iac|||| |o: l|sas|e: iedcc||oc acd
iecoe: (tilii) |as |ccded :o,ec|s |c c:|ac lii |c \ac||a acd Qc||o
!e ieg|oca| :|:ecg||ec|cg acd l|sas|e: i|s| iedcc||oc |c \a,o: |||es |c ||e Acdeac
occcc|||es :cc | Lili |as |occsed oc :|s| :edcc||oc e|o:|s |o: ||e ca||a| c|||es o| |e
Acdeac cocc|:|es (io|||a, iccado:, \ecezce|a, ie:c acd o|oc||a)
!e:e |s a|so a |o| o| wo:| ccde:wa oc s|:a|eg|es |o: c||ca|e :es|||ec| c|||es, |ed | d||e:ec| :eg|oca|
cocso:||a, |o: e.ac|e ||e ioc|e|e||e: ioccda||ocs As|ac |||es ||ca|e |acge ies|||ecce ie|wo:|
ia||oca| goe:ccec|s |ae :ecogc|sed d|sas|e: :|s|s |c ||e|: c|||es acd |ae |c|||a|ed :|s| assesscec|,
:ea:edcess acd |c soce cases, c|||ga||oc :og:acs lc:|e, }o:dac, icdoces|a, ||e i|||||ces,
icd|a, Lz|e||s|ac, iccado: acd o|oc||a a|| |ae ac||e ca||oca| c:|ac lii :og:acs
\cc|c|a| acd |oca| goe:ccec|s a:e |cc:eas|cg| ecgaged w||| lii e|o:|s dce |o ||e g:ow|cg
awa:ecess o| ||e :|s|s o| ca|c:a| acd caccade |aza:ds |||es ||a| |ae dee|oed a coc:e|ecs|e
ccde:s|acd|cg o| ||e|: e.osc:e |o |aza:ds acd |ae |a|ec s|es |o |c:oe ||e|: caa||||||es |o
:esocd acd :edcce d|sas|e: :|s|s |cc|cde. is|ac|c|, iogo|a, le|:ac, ia iaz, ia||cacdc acd \cc|a|
As a:| o| ||e ies|||ec| |||es caca|gc, Lii:li :o|des ||e |o||ow|cg 1co|c| c|ec|||s| |o: c:|ac lii.
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
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Box 7: Key lessons for urban DRR

1. Putinplaceorganisationsandcoordinationtounderstandandreducedisasterrisk,basedonparticipationofcitizengroupsand
civilsociety.Buildlocalalliances.Ensurethatalldepartmentsunderstandtheirroleindisasterriskreductionandpreparedness.
2. Assignabudgetfordisasterriskreductionandprovideincentivesforhomeowners,low-incomefamilies,communities,
businessesandthepublicsectortoinvestinreducingtheriskstheyface.
3. Maintainup-to-datedataonhazardsandvulnerabilities,prepareriskassessmentsandusetheseasthebasisforurban
developmentplansanddecisions.Ensurethatthisinformationandtheplansforyourcitysresiliencearereadilyavailabletothe
publicandfullydiscussedwiththem.
4. Investinandmaintaincriticalinfrastructurethatreducesrisk,suchasfooddrainage,adjustedwhereneededtocopewith
climatechange.
5. Assessthesafetyofallschoolsandhealthfacilitiesandupgradetheseasnecessary.
6. Applyandenforcerealistic,risk-compliantbuildingregulationsandland-useplanningprinciples.Identifysafelandforlow-
incomecitizensanddevelopupgradingofinformalsettlements,whereverfeasible.
7. Ensureeducationprogrammesandtrainingondisasterriskreductionareinplaceinschoolsandlocalcommunities.
8. Protectecosystemsandnaturalbufferstomitigatefoods,stormsurgesandotherhazardstowhichyourcitymaybevulnerable.
Adapttoclimatechangebybuildingongoodriskreductionpractices.
9. Installearlywarningsystemsandemergencymanagementcapacitiesinyourcityandholdregularpublicpreparednessdrills.
10.Afteranydisaster,ensurethattheneedsofthesurvivorsareplacedatthecentreofreconstructionwithsupportforthem
andtheircommunityorganisationstodesignandhelpimplementresponses,includingrebuildinghomesandlivelihoods
(UNISDR,2010).
Integrating DRR into development eforts
\o:| | \a:| ie|||cg acd iec \|sce: (cc-) :esec|s de|a||ed case s|cd|es o| c:|ac lii |:oc s|.
d||e:ec| cocc|:|es iac| case s|cd |cc|cdes sec||c |ac|g:occd |c|o:ca||oc oc c:|ac|sa||oc :ocesses,
a ||s|o: o| d|sas|e:s |c a g|ec c|| acd ac aca|s|s o| :ocesses ||a| |ead |o ||e accccc|a||oc o| :|s|s
ic ||e case o| Acc:a, t|aca, ee:da d|sas|e: :|s|s assoc|a|ed w||| cc||||e ec|:occec|a| |ea|||
|cadeqcac|es |c oo: ce|g||oc:|oods a:e desc:||ed, acd a:|ocs :ecoccecda||ocs a:e cade |o
|c:oe c|||c |ea||| acd access |o |as|c se:|ces
ic ||e :oc|| A|:|cac case s|cd oc ||e c|| o| ae lowc, 1 ea:s o| cocso||da|ed da|a oc ee:da
|:e :|s|s |c |c|o:ca| sea|ecec|s a:e d|sccssed
ic ||e case s|cd oc cc|acced sea|ecec|s |c la: is :a|aac, laczac|a, a:|ocs d|sas|e: :|s|s,
:ocesses cacs|cg ||ec acd ceasc:es |a|ec | d||e:ec| s|a|e|o|de:s a:e |dec|||ed
ic a ccc|e: o| ||ese case s|cd|es, ||e ac||o:s |cd ||a| lii ceeds |o |e |c|eg:a|ed w||| dee|ocec|
acd c:|ac |acc|cg !e sace cocc|cs|oc |as |eec :eac|ed | ||e o:gac|sa||ocs co||a|o:a||cg |o
ec|acce lii |c \cc|a|, icd|a, as |||cs|:a|ed |c ase :|cd }
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
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Case Study 3: Mumbai DRR programme
Extract from Sinha and Adarsh, 1997:
Likemostmajorurbancentresinourcountry,Mumbaihasgrowntremendouslyinthelastfewdecadesduetounabatedmigration
fromthesmallertownsandruralareas.Asaresult,thecityhasdevelopedinahaphazardfashionwithlittleconsiderationforproper
town-planningnorms.Thishasresultedinmostareasofthecitylackingbasiccivicamenities.Infact,almost50percentofMumbai
populationlivesininformalhouses(oftenillegalandofverypoorquality)inslums.Eveninthenon-slumareas,thebasicamenitiesmay
belackingandthestructuresmaybeofpoorquality.Anylong-termdisruptionofnormalcyinthiscitymayhaveextremelyadverse
consequencesfortheentirenation.Thereis,consequently,aneedtobepreparedagainstallpossiblenaturalandman-madedisasters
thatarelikelytooccurinMumbai.Forthispurpose,itisessentialtohaverealisticunderstandingoftheconsequencesoflikelydamagein
Mumbaiduetodifferentdisasters.Thiswillpermitrationalplanningofmitigationeffortsinordertominimizeeffectsofthesedisasters.
(SinhaandAdarsh,1997)
Inthepastfewyears,theGovernmentofMaharashtra(GoM),theMunicipalCorporationofGreaterMumbai(MCGM),theIndian
InstituteofTechnology(IIT),theEarthquakeandMegacitiesInitiative(EMI)andtheEarthquakeDisasterMitigationResearchCenter
ofJapan(EdM-NIED)collaboratedtoidentifytherangeofhazardsthathaveimpactedorcouldpotentiallyimpactthecityofMumbai.
Theseincludedfoods,whichhavethepotentialtoparalysethecity,earthquakes,fresandindustrialaccidents,nuclearhazards,terrorist
attacks,andothers.

Anumberoffactorsareseenascontributingtoheightenedvulnerabilitiesandrisksinthecity,includingthefactthatMumbaiisan
islandcitywithgenerallypoortransportnetworks,poorbuildingdesignandconstructionpractices,changinguseofbuildingswithout
retro-fttingorstrengthening,lackofback-upsystemsforwatersupply,inadequatesewerage,weakinfrastructure,vulnerabilitytopower
failures,extensivereclamationofcoastalareas,existenceofhazardousindustries,highpopulationdensityincommercialareasandslums,
andimproperandinadequategarbagecollectionanddisposal.
Consistentwiththenationalapproach,MumbaisDisasterManagementPlanreferstoitsgoalsofmitigationstrategyas:
tosubstantiallyincreasepublicawarenessofdisasterrisksothatthepublicdemandssafercommunitiesinwhichtoliveandwork
tosignifcantlyreducetherisksoflossoflife,injuries,economiccosts,anddestructionofnaturalandculturalresourcesthatresult
fromdisasters.
Followingonfromthis,alldistrictshaveundertakenaninventoryofexistingresourcestoidentifygapsandneeds,toimprove
preparednessandresponsecapabilitytofuturedisasters.District-levelDisasterManagementCommitteeshavebeenestablishedto
7. How can urban development and humanitarian
eforts be mutually supportive?
A|||ocg| co| ||e :|ca: |occs o| ||e AiiAi cee||cg, || |s a|so |co:|ac| |o ||g|||g|| ||e :o|e ||a|
dee|ocec| ac|o:s ccs| |a |c ec|acc|cg c:|ac :es|||ecce !e |a|es| |||c||cg |:oc ||e \o:|d iac| oc c:|ac
dee|ocec| s|:a|eg|es (\o:|d iac|, cc-) acd o||e:s :ecoccecds ||a| dee|o|cg cocc|:|es |a|e a ||:ee
:ocged a:oac| |o c:|ac|sa||oc, eac| e|ecec| o| w||c| |as |acg|||e :e|eacce |o: ||e |ssces coe:ed a|:ead
|c |||s iac|g:occd iae:
les|gc ca||oca| acd ccc|c|a| o||c|es acd |cs|||c||ocs ||a| ac||c|a|e c:|ac|sa||oc acd ca.|c|se
:es|||ecce A| ||e ca||oca| |ee| |||s |cc|cdes cac:oecococ|c o||c |:acewo:|s ||a| :oco|e |:ade
acd ca||a| |ows, ca||oca| |:acewo:|s |o: |acd acd |a|oc: ca:|e|s, acd soccd |c|e:goe:ccec|a|
|sca| ss|ecs w||c| |c|cecce |ow c|||es cacage ||e|: |cacces acd dee|ocec| (|||d)
icsc:e ||a| a:o:|a|e cec|ac|scs a:e |c |ace |o |ac||||a|e ca||oca|, :eg|oca| acd |oca| o||c
coo:d|ca||oc acd dec|s|occa||cg |o: :es|||ec| dee|ocec| occ|:|es co:e scccess|c| |c
cacag|cg ||e c:|ac |:acs|||oc |ae :e||ed oc ded|ca|ed cocc|ss|ocs, |o:ccs acd o||e: scc|
ce|wo:|ed |cs|||c||oca| a::acgecec|s ||a| ||c| a|| |ee|s o| goe:ccec| acd o||cca|e:s w|||
c:|ac |acc|cg |cs|||c||ocs, cc|e:s|||es, itOs acd ||e :|a|e sec|o: i| |||s a:oac| |s |o wo:|,
|| |s esec|a|| |co:|ac| ||a| || |s g:occded |c soccd da|a co||ec||oc acd aca|s|s ss|ecs acd |c
:o|cs| ceacs o| des|gc|cg acd |es||cg d||e:ec| :es|||ecce a:oac|es (|||d)
is|a|||s| c|ose: co||a|o:a||oc ac:oss a|| ||e:s o| goe:ccec| acd ||e |c|e:ca||oca| cocccc||
L:|ac|sa||oc |s co| e.c|cs|e| a c|a||ecge |o: c|||es lo |e e|ec||e, dee|o|cg cocc|:|es w|||
ceed e|c|ec|, cc|||||e:ed coo:d|ca||oc cec|ac|scs |o sco:| o||c |o:cc|a||oc acd coo:d|ca|ed
|c|e:ec||ocs |e|weec ca||oca|, :eg|oca| acd |oca| goe:ccec|s acd ||e |c|e:ca||oca| ss|ec o|
ac|o:s iew |ec|co|og|es |ae a cocs|de:a||e :o|e |o |a |e:e (|||d)
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reviewthethreatsofvariousdisasters,assessvulnerabilityofthedistrict,evaluatepreparedness,andconsidersuggestionsforimproving
thedistrictdisastermanagementplan.
Theadministrativestructuredealswithplanning,coordinationandawarenessissues.Thishasbeenonthebasisofanintegratedmulti-
hazarddisasterplanthatisaccompaniedbyresourcesmaps,anticipatoryresponsestrategiesandthecreationofexpertgroupson
differentkindsofdisasterstoprovideadviceandexpertisetoresponseeffortswhentheydohappen.
Effectivecoordinationamongallinvolvedagenciesforeffectiveresponsehasbeenoneofthemajorconcernsintheprocess.
Communicationsandawarenessraisingarekey,andhaveincludedanumberofcampaignstosensitiseandembedconceptsabout
disastersandriskreductionamongkeyactors,fromeducationalestablishments(schools,colleges,universities),teachersbodies,through
togovernmentalorganisationstoNGOsandcommunity-basedorganisations.
Extractedandadaptedfromwww.emi.pdc.org/cities/CP-Mumbai-09-05.pdf
iesea:c| doce oc doco: e|o:|s |c c:|ac dee|ocec| scgges|s soce c|ea: s|||s |c |||c||cg |c ||e
|c|e:ca||oca| doco: cocccc|| oc ecgagecec| a| ||e ccc|c|a| |ee| (\|||e:| cc|) lc:|cg ||e 1--cs,
c:|ac :o,ec|s we:e o|ec cego||a|ed a| ||e ca||oca| |ee| w||| c|c|ca| ecgagecec| o| |oca| goe:ccec|
|cs|||c||ocs :|cce ||ec, see:a| doco: cocc|:|es |ae ecgaged |c |ocg|e:c a:|ce:s||s w||| |oca|
goe:ccec|s acd |ae |eec |cc:eas|cg sco:| |o: |c|e:ca||oca| acd |oca| itOs ecgaged |c c:|ac a:eas
:cc| |c|e:ec||ocs :ecogc|se ||e |e :o|e o| ccc|c|a| acd |oca| ac||o:|||es acd c||| soc|e| (\|||e:|
cc|)
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|deas o| :es|||ecce !|s cew ||g |dea |as |ad see:a| |:|gge:s, |:oc wo:| oc c||ca|e c|acge, |o dea||cg
w||| g|o|a| c:|ses |c |ood acd |cacce, ||:ocg| |o wo:| oc soc|a| :o|ec||oc acd lii i| |s |cc:eas|cg|
seec as a s|a:ed |:acewo:| |o: |:|dg|cg ||e gas |e|weec :e|ocs| d|sa:a|e a:eas o| |c|e:ca||oca|
a|d !e :e|eacce |o: c:|ac c:|ses |s se||ed oc| |c ||e Li toe:ccec|s iccac||a:|ac ice:gecc
iesocse ie|ew (iiii).
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aca|se g|o|a|, :eg|oca|, ca||oca| acd |oca| :esoc:ce s|:ess acd ca|e sc:e oc: |ces|cec|s do co| |cc:ease
c|ce:a||||| !|s w||| :eqc|:e a s|e c|acge |c liils dee|ocec| wo:| (liil, c11)
A| ||e e: |eas|, s|:ecg||ec|cg c:|ac :es|||ecce :eqc|:es ||e co|e:ec| a||ca||oc o| a w|de :acge o|
s|:a|eg|es w||c| :edcce ||e c|ce:a||||| o| ||ose cos| a| :|s| |o s|oc|s acd s|:esses, acd w||c| eca||e
co:e ada||e :esocses |o s|oc|s acd s|:esses w|ec ||e do occc:
!|s ceacs ||a| c:|ac d|sas|e:s a:e co| seec c:e| as a :esocs|||||| o| |ccac||a:|ac agecc|es, |c| ||a|
scc| :esocs|||||| e.|ecds ac:oss ||e a|d ss|ec acd ||e w|o|e |c|e:ca||oca| cocccc||
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8. Towards urban humanitarianism: a challenge for learning
and leadership
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!e cocce|s acd :ac||ces ||a| ceed |o |e ec|:aced |o: e|ec||e| wo:||cg w||| c:|ac d|sas|e:s
:esec| a cocs|de:a||e ada|a||oc c|a||ecge |o ||e |c|e:ca||oca| cocccc|| !e |e gas oc|||ced
a|oe a:e co| |e|cg add:essed sc|c|ec|| we|| o: w||| ||e cecessa: secse o| c:gecc ia:| o| ||e :easoc
|s ||a| ||e:e a:e cac o||e: gacec|acg|cg |ssces oc ||e |a||e |o: |ccac||a:|ac acd dee|ocec| a|d,
o| w||c| c:|ac|sa||oc |s ,cs| oce
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o||e: c:|ac c:|ses a:e accc:a|e, ||ec c:|ac|sa||oc ca we|| |e a gacec|acge: |o: ||e |ccac||a:|ac
cocccc|| oc a a: w||| c||ca|e c|acge
27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper

Add:ess|cg ||ese gas w||| :eqc|:e a |o| o| |||cgs |o |e c| |c |ace, as ||e |ae cac d||e:ec| d|cecs|ocs
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!ese a:e esec|a|| :e|eac| |o: ||e AiiAi cec|e:s|| acd cacda|e
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as a w|o|e, |s ccc| ceeded !|s ceeds |o |e |o|| |ec|c|ca|, add:ess|cg |ssces o| da|a, accc:ac acd |:ecds,
|c| a|so |ccac, add:ess|cg |:a|c|cg, oe:a||oca| gc|dacce, acd so oc :cc| a |ea:c|cg agecda woc|d a|so
ceed |o |a|e accocc| o| ||e |c|e:ec|| coc|e. ca|c:e o| c:|ac coc|e.|s Oce |c|e:es||cg |dea |s |o: ||e
es|a|||s|cec| o| a g|o|a| c:|ac d|sas|e: o|se:a|o: |o sco:| :esea:c|, dee|ocec| acd caac||
s|:ecg||ec|cg, scc| a cec|ac|sc woc|d ceed |o |e |ccded co||ec||e| | ||e |e ac|o:s |c ||e ss|ec, acd
sco:|ed | e.|s||cg cec|ac|scs
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||a| ceeds |o |e add:essed, |o |e| c| c:|ac |ssces |:c| oc ||e |a||e, acd |o ecsc:e ||a| ||e cecessa:
ad,cs|cec|s a:e c|ac|oced ||:ocg|oc| ||e ss|ec \o:eoe:, ||e |c||ca||ocs |o: |c||d|cg c:|ac :es|||ecce
sac ||e ec||:e |c|e:ca||oca| cocccc|| as we|| as ca||oca| ac||o:|||es L:|ac d|sas|e:s ose a co||ec||e
ac||oc c|a||ecge o| ||e ||cd ||e |ccac||a:|ac ss|ec |as :oed a:||cc|a:| |ad a| |ac|||cg |c ||e as|
\|||e || |s |ea:|ec|cg |o see g:ow|cg e|o:|s |o |a|e |||s |ssce |o:wa:d, c:|ac|sa||oc s|||| ceeds co:e c:gec|
acd s|:a|eg|c aaec||oc ac:oss a|| agecc|es, ce|wo:|s acd coa||||ocs |c ||e sec|o: \o||||sa||oc o| |eade:s o|
|c|e:ca||oca| acd ca||oca| |od|es ca |e oce wa o| do|cg |||s e:|as w||| ||e ||cd o| ||g||ee| |o:cc
||a| was es|a|||s|ed |o: ||e |ood :|ce c:|s|s |c cc:, c|a|:ed | a ||g|:o||e |gc:e
!e li :eo:| oc ia||| wa:ced ||a| we cac e.ec| ||:ee |o |e c:|ac cegad|sas|e:s |c ||e ce.| 1c
ea:s a|oce Acd e|, as co|ed | a:e ic|e:ca||oca|s i:es|dec| ie|ec ta|e, |c|e:ca||oca| agecc|es |ae
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c:|ac d|sas|e:s e| aco||e: a:ea w|e:e ||e |c|e:ca||oca| ss|ec |a||ed |o cee| e.ec|a||ocs acd w|e:e ||
|a||ed |o de||e: oc ||s goa|s o| co||||s|cg :oo:||oca|e, eqc||a||e, acd a|oe a|| :e|eac| :esocses |o ca,o:
d|sas|e:s acd c:|ses
11
Key questions for conference participants to consider ahead of the meeting
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27TH ALNAP MEETI NG CHENNAI , I NDI A 17- 18 J ANUARY 2012 Background Paper
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